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In mammalia, each salivary gland first appears as a simple canal with bud-like processes, lying in a gelatinous nidus or blastema, and communicating with the cavity of the mouth. As the development of the gland advances, the canal becomes more and more ramified, increasing at the expense of the blastema in which it is still enclosed. the branches or salivary ducts constitute an independent system of closed tubes. Shown are lobules of the parotid, with salivary ducts, in the embryo of the sheep at a more advanced stage.

Lobules of Parotid of a Sheep

In mammalia, each salivary gland first appears as a simple canal with bud-like processes, lying in a…

"Section through right ear. 1, helix; 2, concha; 3, outer passage; 4, 5, 6, semi-circular canals; 7, oval window; 8, cochlea; 9, Eustachian tube; 10, eardrum." -Foster, 1921

Ear

"Section through right ear. 1, helix; 2, concha; 3, outer passage; 4, 5, 6, semi-circular canals; 7,…

"Section through the left eye, closed. 1, lifting muscle; 2, upper straight muscle; 3, optic nerve; 4, fatty cushion; 5, lower straight muscle; 6, vitreous humor; 7, lower cross muscle; 8, lower eyelid; 9, upper eyelid; 10, crystalline lens." -Foster, 1921

Eye Section

"Section through the left eye, closed. 1, lifting muscle; 2, upper straight muscle; 3, optic nerve;…

"Cross-section of the eye. Parts: co, cornea; I, iris; aq, anterior chamber of aqueous humor; L, lens; cp, ciliary process; sc, sclerotic coat; R, retina; ch, choroid; V, vitreous body; m, yellow spot; bs, blind spot; O, optic nerve." -Foster, 1921

Eye Cross-Section

"Cross-section of the eye. Parts: co, cornea; I, iris; aq, anterior chamber of aqueous humor; L, lens;…

A castle and different classes of people in Medieval Europe.

Middle Ages

A castle and different classes of people in Medieval Europe.

A poster of facts and illustrations of the age of feudalism and chivalry.

Feudalism and Chivalry

A poster of facts and illustrations of the age of feudalism and chivalry.

(1807-1882) Italian patriot and hero known as a great military and political leader.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807-1882) Italian patriot and hero known as a great military and political leader.

A: Cephalic ganglion B: Sub-esophagean ganglion C: Prothoracic ganglion D: Mesothorax ganglion E: Metathorax ganglion F: Abdominal ganglions

Nervous System of Carabus Auratus

A: Cephalic ganglion B: Sub-esophagean ganglion C: Prothoracic ganglion D: Mesothorax ganglion E: Metathorax…

In the pupa state, there is no digestive system, but it does have respiration organs.

Pupa of the Gnat

In the pupa state, there is no digestive system, but it does have respiration organs.

A pulley, when fixed in such a way that it can only turn about a fixed axis, confers no mechanical advantage.

Pulley System

A pulley, when fixed in such a way that it can only turn about a fixed axis, confers no mechanical advantage.

This pulley arrangement gives a mechanical advantage of 2; for the lower, movable pulley may be regarded as an endless lever of the second order.

Pulley System

This pulley arrangement gives a mechanical advantage of 2; for the lower, movable pulley may be regarded…

This figure has six pulleys and one cord passes round them all. Each pulley is stretched with the same amount of force, which is equal to the power creating a mechanical advantage of 6.

Pulley System

This figure has six pulleys and one cord passes round them all. Each pulley is stretched with the same…

This arrangement have three movable pulleys, each hanging by a separate cord. The mechanical advantage is 8.

Pulley System

This arrangement have three movable pulleys, each hanging by a separate cord. The mechanical advantage…

This apparatus is used to prove Boyle's Law which describes the relationship between the product pressure and volume within a closed system as constant when temperature remains at a fixed measure; both entities remain inversely proportional.

Proof of Boyle's Law for Expanding Air

This apparatus is used to prove Boyle's Law which describes the relationship between the product pressure…

John C. Calhoun (March 18, 1782 - March 31, 1850) was a leading Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He is perhaps best known as the first Vice President to resign his office. Illustration of John C, Calhoun's grave.

John C. Calhoun's Grave

John C. Calhoun (March 18, 1782 - March 31, 1850) was a leading Southern politician and political philosopher…

Front view of two successive stages in the development of the alimentary canal.

Development of the Alimentary Canal

Front view of two successive stages in the development of the alimentary canal.

Diagram of the relations of the large intestine and kidneys, from behind.

Trunk Showing Organs of Digestion

Diagram of the relations of the large intestine and kidneys, from behind.

Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the relations of the pancreas.

Transverse Section of the Trunk

Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the relations of the pancreas.

Section of human pancreas, showing pancreatic islands.

Section of Pancreas

Section of human pancreas, showing pancreatic islands.

Abdominal organs. Labels: 1, liver turned up; 2, gall bladder; 3, stomach; 4, large intestine; 5, small intestine.

Abdominal Organs

Abdominal organs. Labels: 1, liver turned up; 2, gall bladder; 3, stomach; 4, large intestine; 5, small…

Abdominal organs. Labels: 1, liver turned up; 2, gall bladder; 3, right kidney; 4, spleen; 5, left kidney.

Abdominal Organs

Abdominal organs. Labels: 1, liver turned up; 2, gall bladder; 3, right kidney; 4, spleen; 5, left kidney.

Abdominal organs. Labels: 1, liver; 2, gall bladder; 3, spleen; 4, pancreas.

Abdominal Organs

Abdominal organs. Labels: 1, liver; 2, gall bladder; 3, spleen; 4, pancreas.

The respiratory system. Labels: 1, larynx; 2, trachea; 3, right lung; 4, left lung; 5, heart.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system. Labels: 1, larynx; 2, trachea; 3, right lung; 4, left lung; 5, heart.

The lungs and windpipe (trachea). Labels: 1, larynx; 2, windpipe (trachea); 3, right lung, showing bronchi and bronchial tube.

Lungs and Trachea

The lungs and windpipe (trachea). Labels: 1, larynx; 2, windpipe (trachea); 3, right lung, showing bronchi…

Diagram of vertical median section of abdomen. The fine dots represent the great sac of the peritoneum, the coarse dots the lesser sac. Labels: A, aorta; P, pancreas; I, intestine; R, rectum; L, liver; D, duodenum; B, bladder; St, stomach; c, colon; v, vagina.

Vertical Median Section of the Trunk

Diagram of vertical median section of abdomen. The fine dots represent the great sac of the peritoneum,…

Diagram of horizontal section through upper part of 1st lumbar vertebra. The fine dots represent the great sac of the peritoneum, the coarse dots the lesser sac. Labels: A, aorta; Sp, spleen; B.D, bile duct; V.C, vena cava; P, pancreas; H.A, hepatic artery; K, kidney; L, liver; St, stomach; P.V, portal vein.

Horizontal Section Through Trunk

Diagram of horizontal section through upper part of 1st lumbar vertebra. The fine dots represent the…

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 to his death. Despite his long reign, his personal accomplishments were slim and he was a political and military failure. England, however, prospered during his century and his greatest monument is Westminster, which he made the seat of his government and where he expanded the abbey as a shrine to Edward the Confessor.

Henry III

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as…

Edward II, (April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327?) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. His tendency to ignore his nobility in favour of low-born favourites led to constant political unrest and his eventual deposition. Edward is perhaps best remembered for his supposed murder and his alleged homosexuality as well as being the first monarch to establish colleges in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; he founded Cambridge's King's Hall in 1317 and gave Oxford's Oriel College its royal charter in 1326. Both colleges received the favour of Edward's son, Edward III, who confirmed Oriel's charter in 1327 and refounded King's Hall in 1337.

Edward II

Edward II, (April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327?) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307…

John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century.

John Caldwell Calhoun

John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was a leading United States Southern politician…

Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low.

Samuel J. Tilden

Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S.…

Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and politician. During his long political career, Cass served as a governor of the Michigan Territory, an American ambassador, and a U.S. Senator representing Michigan.

Lewis Cass

Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and politician. During…

William I of England (1027 – 9 September 1087), better known as William the Conqueror, was Duke of Normandy from 1035 and King of England from 1066 to his death. To claim the English crown, William invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans to victory over the Anglo-Saxon forces of Harold Godwinson (who died in the conflict) at the Battle of Hastings, and suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest. His reign, which brought Norman culture to England, had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages. In addition to political changes, his reign also saw changes to English law, a programme of building and fortification, changes to the vocabulary of the English language, and the introduction of continental European feudalism into England.

William I of England

William I of England (1027 – 9 September 1087), better known as William the Conqueror, was Duke…

Henry I (c. 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman Conquest of 1066. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. He was called Beauclerc for his scholarly interests and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brought about in the rudimentary administrative and legislative machinery of the time. Henry's reign is noted for its political opportunism. His succession was confirmed while his brother Robert was away on the First Crusade and the beginning of his reign was occupied by wars with Robert for control of England and Normandy. He successfully reunited the two realms again after their separation on his father's death in 1087. Upon his succession he granted the baronage a Charter of Liberties, which formed a basis for subsequent challenges to rights of kings and presaged Magna Carta, which subjected the King to law.

Henry I of England

Henry I (c. 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first…

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 to his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Ethelred the Unready. Despite his long reign, his personal accomplishments were slim and he was a political and military failure. England, however, prospered during his century and his greatest monument is Westminster, which he made the seat of his government and where he expanded the abbey as a shrine to Edward the Confessor. He assumed the crown under the regency of the popular William Marshal, but the England he inherited had undergone several drastic changes in the reign of his father. He spent much of his reign fighting the barons over the Magna Carta and the royal rights, and was eventually forced to call the first "parliament" in 1264. He was also unsuccessful on the Continent, where he endeavored to re-establish English control over Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine.

Henry III of England

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as…

Pascual Cervera y Topete (February 18, 1839 – April 3, 1909) served as Almirante (or Admiral) of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron during the Spanish-American War, and prior to this served his country in a variety of military and political roles.

Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete

Pascual Cervera y Topete (February 18, 1839 – April 3, 1909) served as Almirante (or Admiral)…

Edward II, (April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. His tendency to ignore his nobility in favour of low-born favourites led to constant political unrest and his eventual deposition. Edward is perhaps best remembered for his supposed murder and his alleged homosexuality as well as being the first monarch to establish colleges in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; he founded Cambridge's King's Hall in 1317 and gave Oxford's Oriel College its royal charter in 1326. Both colleges received the favour of Edward's son, Edward III, who confirmed Oriel's charter in 1327 and refounded King's Hall in 1337

Edward II of England

Edward II, (April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307…

Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, author, and statesman who in his lifetime gained a reputation as a leading humanist scholar, and occupied many public offices, including Lord Chancellor (1529–1532), in which he had numerous Protestant Christians burned at the stake. More coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in the eponymous book published in 1516. He was beheaded in 1535 when he refused to sign the Act of Supremacy that declared Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church in England.

Sir Thomas More

Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer,…

Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c.1470~1471 – November 28 or November 29, 1530), who was born in Ipswich, Suffolk, England, was an English statesman and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in all matters of state and extremely powerful within the Church. The highest political position he attained was Lord Chancellor, the King's chief advisor, enjoying great freedom and often depicted as an alter rex (other king). Within the Church he became archbishop of York, the second most important see in England, and then was made a cardinal in 1515, giving him precedence over even the Archbishop of Canterbury. His main legacy is from his interest in architecture, in particular his old home of Hampton Court Palace, which stands today.

Thomas Cardinal Wolsey

Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c.1470~1471 – November 28 or November 29, 1530), who was born in Ipswich,…

Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, author, and statesman who in his lifetime gained a reputation as a leading humanist scholar, and occupied many public offices, including Lord Chancellor (1529–1532), in which he had numerous Protestant Christians burned at the stake. More coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in the eponymous book published in 1516. He was beheaded in 1535 when he refused to sign the Act of Supremacy that declared Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church in England.

Sir Thomas More's House, Chelsea

Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer,…

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 - June 2, 1882) was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. He then contributed to the independence of Uruguay, leading the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. He has been dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South America and Europe. He is considered an Italian national hero.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 - June 2, 1882) was an Italian military and political figure. In his…

John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 - 27 May 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. In Geneva, his ministry both attracted other Protestant refugees and over time made that city a major force in the spread of Reformed theology. He is famous for his teachings and writings, in particular for his Institutes of the Christian Religion.

John Calvin

John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 - 27 May 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during…

He was an American political figure. A Southern Democrat, Cobb was a five-term member of the United States House of Representatives and Speaker of the House from 1849 to 1851. He also served as a Secretary of Treasury under President James Buchanan and Governor of Georgia.

Howell Cobb

He was an American political figure. A Southern Democrat, Cobb was a five-term member of the United…

Pope Sixtus V (December 13, 1521 – August 27, 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590. The subsequent administrative system of the Church owed much to Sixtus V. He limited the College of Cardinals to seventy; and doubled the number of the congregations, and enlarged their functions, assigning to them the principal role in the transaction of business (1588). He regarded the Jesuits with disfavour and suspicion. He meditated radical changes in their constitution, but death prevented the execution of his purpose. In 1589 was begun a revision of the Vulgate, the so-called Editio Sixtina.

Pope Sixtus V

Pope Sixtus V (December 13, 1521 – August 27, 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope…

Castle Thunder, located in Richmond, Virginia, was a former tobacco warehouse located on Tobacco Row, converted into a prison used by the Confederacy to house civilian prisoners, including captured Union spies, political prisoners and those charged with treason during the American Civil War.

Castle Thunder

Castle Thunder, located in Richmond, Virginia, was a former tobacco warehouse located on Tobacco Row,…

May Day marks the end of the winter half of the year in the Northern hemisphere, and it has traditionally been an occasion for popular and often raucous celebrations, regardless of the locally prevalent political or religious establishment. Traditional English May Day rites and celebrations include Morris dancing, crowning a May Queen and celebrations involving a Maypole.

May Day Celebration

May Day marks the end of the winter half of the year in the Northern hemisphere, and it has traditionally…

John Knox (c. 1510 – 24 November 1572) was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination. He was educated at the University of St Andrews and worked as a notary-priest. Influenced by early church reformers such as George Wishart, he joined the movement to reform the Scottish church. He was caught up in the ecclesiastical and political events that involved the murder of Cardinal Beaton in 1546 and the intervention of the regent of Scotland, Mary of Guise. He was taken prisoner by French forces the following year and exiled to England on his release in 1549.

John Knox

John Knox (c. 1510 – 24 November 1572) was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation…

The Star Chamber (Latin Camera stellata) was an English court of law that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster until 1641. It was mistakenly thought that in 1487 an act was passed which established a special "Court of Star Chamber" to deal with the nobles; however; the only legislation passed in that year in this context was to set up a tribunal to prevent the intimidation of juries and to stop retaining. It seems to have gone out of use by 1509 and it had no connection with the later Court of Star Chamber whose primary purpose was to hear political libel and treason cases.

Interior of the Star Chamber

The Star Chamber (Latin Camera stellata) was an English court of law that sat at the royal Palace of…

Charles Anderson Dana (August 8, 1819 – October 17, 1897) was an American journalist, author, and government official, best known for his association with Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War and his aggressive political advocacy after the war.

Charles Anderson Dana

Charles Anderson Dana (August 8, 1819 – October 17, 1897) was an American journalist, author,…

A political cartoon contrasting American liberty and French liberty.

The Contrast Between American Liberty and French Liberty

A political cartoon contrasting American liberty and French liberty.

William Henry Draper (March 11, 1801 – November 3, 1877) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada and Canada West.

William Henry Drayton

William Henry Draper (March 11, 1801 – November 3, 1877) was a lawyer, judge and political figure…

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military…

A political cartoon criticizing the Embargo placed upon the American colonies by the British.

Embargo

A political cartoon criticizing the Embargo placed upon the American colonies by the British.

A political cartoon criticizing the Embargo placed upon the American colonies by the British. The cartoon portrays the death of a terrapin

Death of Terrapin, or the Embargo

A political cartoon criticizing the Embargo placed upon the American colonies by the British. The cartoon…

Drawing taken from a cast of the ventricular system of the brain, as seen from above. Vent. III, Third ventricle. Vent. IV, Fourth Ventricle. R.SP., recessus suprapinealis.

Ventricles of the Brain

Drawing taken from a cast of the ventricular system of the brain, as seen from above. Vent. III, Third…

Coronal section through the frontal lobes and the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles.

Section Through Lateral Ventricles

Coronal section through the frontal lobes and the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles.

Dissection, to show the fornix and the posterior and descending cornua of the lateral ventricle of the left side.

Dissection to Show Ventricle and Fornix

Dissection, to show the fornix and the posterior and descending cornua of the lateral ventricle of the…

Dissection, to show the posterior and descending cornua of the lateral ventricle. Labels: B.G., Giacomini's band; F.D., gyrus dentatus; F, fimbria; H.C., hippocampal convolution.

Dissection to Show Ventricle

Dissection, to show the posterior and descending cornua of the lateral ventricle. Labels: B.G., Giacomini's…

George I (28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698. George was born in Lower Saxony in what is now Germany, and eventually inherited the title and lands of the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A succession of European wars expanded his German domains during his lifetime, and in 1708 he was ratified as Prince-elector of Hanover. During George's reign the powers of the monarchy diminished and Britain began a transition to the modern system of Cabinet government led by a Prime Minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual power was held by Sir Robert Walpole, Great Britain's first de facto Prime Minister. George died on a trip to his native Hanover, where he was buried.

King George I of Great Britain

George I (28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714…

An illustration of Indian Key located in the Florida Keys. Indian Key State Historic Site is an island within the Florida State Park system located just a few hundred yards southeast of U.S. 1 within the Florida Keys. The island was briefly inhabited in the middle of the 19th century, but is now uninhabited. It is frequently visited by tourists, and is the subject of an archaeological project to uncover the historic building foundations. Some of the survivors of the 19 ships of the 1733 Spanish treasure fleet wrecked in the Florida Keys by a hurricane camped on Indian Key until they were rescued.

Indian Key

An illustration of Indian Key located in the Florida Keys. Indian Key State Historic Site is an island…

The Everglades is a subtropical wetland located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large watershed. The system begins near Orlando with the Kissimmee River, which discharges into the vast but shallow Lake Okeechobee. Water leaving the lake in the wet season forms a slow-moving river 60 miles (97 km) wide and over 100 miles (160 km) long, flowing southward across a limestone shelf to Florida Bay at the southern end of the state. The ever-changing Everglades are shaped by water and fire, with frequent flooding in the wet season and drought in the dry season.

Everglades

The Everglades is a subtropical wetland located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida,…