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King Henry was a builder of beautiful churches. Westminster Abbey, as it is now, was one. And he was charitable to the poor that, when he had his children weighed, he gave their weight in gold and silver in alms. But he gave to everyone who asked, and so always wanted money; and sometimes his men could get nothing for the king and queen to eat, but by going and taking sheep and poultry from the poor farmers around; so that things were nearly as bad as under William Rufus-because the king was so foolishly good-natured. The Pope was always sending for money, too; and the king tried to raise it in ways that, according to Magna Carta, he had sworn not to do. His foreign friends told him that if he minded Magna Carta he would be a poor creature-not like a king who might do all he pleased; and whenever he listened to them he broke the laws of Magna Carta. Then, when his barons complained and frightened him, he swore again to keep them; so that nobody could trust him, and his weakness was almost as bad for the kingdom as John's wickedness. When they could bear it no longer, the barons all met him at the council, which was called the Parliament, from a French word meaning talk. This time they came in armor, binging all their fighting men, and declared that he had broken his word so often that they should appoint some of their own number to watch him, and hinder his doing anything against the laws he had sworn to observe, or from getting money from the people without their consent.

King Henry and His Barons

King Henry was a builder of beautiful churches. Westminster Abbey, as it is now, was one. And he was…

King Edward II was sent to prison for neglecting his Queen and fooling around with other men.

Edward II. And His Jailers

King Edward II was sent to prison for neglecting his Queen and fooling around with other men.

Wat Tyler, while talking to the King, grew violent, forgot to whom he was speaking, and laid his hand on the king's bridle, as if to threaten or take him prisoner. Upon this, the Lord Mayor, with his mace-dealt the man such a blow that he fell from his horse, and an attendant thrust him through with a sword.

Death of Wat Tyler

Wat Tyler, while talking to the King, grew violent, forgot to whom he was speaking, and laid his hand…

Known greatly as the king of hearts, or the man of ruthless wonder, Henry was born in Pembroke Castle, Wales, in 1457, Henry VII was the only son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort.

Henry VII

Known greatly as the king of hearts, or the man of ruthless wonder, Henry was born in Pembroke Castle,…

The place where King Henry VII was laid to rest.

Chapel and Throne of Henry VII

The place where King Henry VII was laid to rest.

Henry VIII and all of his men coming into the city

Henry VIII

Henry VIII and all of his men coming into the city

When Henry VIII became king in 1509, Wolsey's affairs prospered. He became Canon of Windsor, Berkshire in 1511, the same year in which he became a member of the Privy Council. His political star was in the ascendant, and he soon became the controlling figure in all matters of state. 1514, he was made Bishop of Lincoln, and then Archbishop of York.

Cardinal Wolsey Served by Noblemen

When Henry VIII became king in 1509, Wolsey's affairs prospered. He became Canon of Windsor, Berkshire…

Henry VIII was married six times during his life. First, to Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymor, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr.

Henry the VIII and His Wives

Henry VIII was married six times during his life. First, to Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymor,…

Edward VI became King of England and Ireland on January 28, 1547, at just nine years of age. Edward, the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, was the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's first ruler who was Protestant at the time of his ascension to the throne. Edward's entire rule was mediated through a council of regency as he never reached majority. The council was first led by his uncle, Edward Seymour, and then by John Dudley.

Edward VI. Writing His Journal

Edward VI became King of England and Ireland on January 28, 1547, at just nine years of age. Edward,…

Mary, the fourth and penultimate monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for returning England from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. To this end, she had almost three hundred religious dissenters executed; as a consequence, she is often known as Bloody Mary. Her religious policies, however, were in many cases reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I. Mary Tudor was a cousin, once removed, of Mary, Queen of Scots, with whom she is often confused by those unfamiliar with British history.

Mary I

Mary, the fourth and penultimate monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for returning England from…

Philip sought an alliance with the Kingdom of England, marrying the Catholic Queen Mary I of England in 1554. On occasion of the marriage, he was created King of Chile by his father and received the Kingdom of Naples and the title of a King of Jerusalem, which came with it, from him. Under the terms of the marriage, Philip became King Consort, during the lifetime of his spouse. The marriage was unpopular with her subjects and was a purely political alliance as far as Philip was concerned. On January 16, 1556, Philip succeeded to the throne of Spain, as a result of his father's abdication, but he did not choose to reside i the country until his father's death two years later. After Mary died childless in 1558, Philip showed an interest in marrying her Protestant younger half-sister, Queen Elizabeth I of England, but this plan fell through for a number of reasons.

Philip II

Philip sought an alliance with the Kingdom of England, marrying the Catholic Queen Mary I of England…

Elizabeth being carried on a gondola by eight men.

Elizabeth

Elizabeth being carried on a gondola by eight men.

Mary, Queen of Scots (1542 – 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. As wife of King Francis II of France, she was queen consort of France during her husband's brief reign.

Mary Queen of Scots

Mary, Queen of Scots (1542 – 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I, reigned over Scotland from…

Queen Henrietta Maria was Queen Consort of England, Scotland and Ireland through her marriage to Charles I. The U.S. state of Maryland was so named in her honor by Caecilius Calvert, son of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. Cape Henrietta Maria, at the western meeting of James Bay and Hudson Bay in Northern Ontario, is also named for her.

Queen Henrietta Maria

Queen Henrietta Maria was Queen Consort of England, Scotland and Ireland through her marriage to Charles…

The King's trial (on charges of high treason and "other high crimes") began on January 2, but Charles refused to enter a plea, claiming that no court had jurisdiction over a monarch. He believed that his own authority to rule had been given to him by God when he was crowned and anointed, and that the power wielded by those trying him was simply that which grew out of a barrel of gunpowder. The court, by contrast, proposed that no man is above the law.

Death of Charles I

The King's trial (on charges of high treason and "other high crimes") began on January 2, but Charles…

When Charles was beheaded on January 30, 1649, Phillip Henry records that a moan was heard from the assembled crowd, some of whom then dipped their handkerchiefs in his blood, thus starting the cult of the Martyr King.

Execution of King Charles

When Charles was beheaded on January 30, 1649, Phillip Henry records that a moan was heard from the…

(1100-1155) A famous clergyman and a major figure in the development of British history.

Geoffrey of Monmouth

(1100-1155) A famous clergyman and a major figure in the development of British history.

Queen Anne of Great Britain's reign was from 1702 to 1714.

Queen Anne of England

Queen Anne of Great Britain's reign was from 1702 to 1714.

Queen Victoria of the British Empire from 1837-1901.

Alexandrina Victoria

Queen Victoria of the British Empire from 1837-1901.

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

The Marsh King's Daughter

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

The Marsh King's Daughter

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

The Marsh King's Daughter

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

The Marsh King's Daughter

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

The Marsh King's Daughter

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

The Marsh King's Daughter

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

The Marsh King's Daughter

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

The Marsh King's Daughter

A scene from the story, "The Marsh King's Daughter."

This piece by Tintoretto depicts St. John the Baptist and St. Jerome standing by as the Betrothal of St. Catherine takes place. The painting can be found in the Hall of the College at Ducal Palace in Venice, Italy.

The Betrothal of St. Catherine

This piece by Tintoretto depicts St. John the Baptist and St. Jerome standing by as the Betrothal of…

An illustration of the death of King Phillip at the hands of another Native American.

Death of King Phillip

An illustration of the death of King Phillip at the hands of another Native American.

This painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence. It is one of his many famous portraits. It can now be found in Windsor Castle.

George the Fourth in the Robes of the Gartep

This painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence. It is one of his many famous portraits. It can now be found in…

Mark Twain illustrating an Italian newspaper as saying that the Italian sovereigns are coming back-they have been to England. They have enlarged the King at the Italian hospital.

They Enlarged The King

Mark Twain illustrating an Italian newspaper as saying that the Italian sovereigns are coming back-they…

A boy riding a seagull with a staff in hand.

King of the Gulls

A boy riding a seagull with a staff in hand.

Charles the I was king of England, Scotland and Ireland until he was executed in 1649.

Charles I attended by the Marquis of Hamilton

Charles the I was king of England, Scotland and Ireland until he was executed in 1649.

This painting is by Sir Anthony Van Dyck. It is one of at least twenty-five that the artist made of Queen Henrietta. the piece can now be found at Windsor Castle.

Henrietta Maria Queen of Charles I, with the Princes Charles and James

This painting is by Sir Anthony Van Dyck. It is one of at least twenty-five that the artist made of…

Lake George, also known as <em>Queen of American Lakes</em>, is a long narrow lake at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains, northern New York. The lake extends about 32.2 miles on a north-south axis and varies from 1 to 3 miles in width.

View of Lake George, N.Y.

Lake George, also known as Queen of American Lakes, is a long narrow lake at the southeast…

One of the greatest of the Girondists, was born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767. At first an advocate and journalist at Marseilles, he was sent by that city to the Constituent Assembly at Paris. There he opposed the Court party, and took part with the Minister, Roland, then out of favor. After the events of the 10th of August, 1792, he returned to his native town, where he was received with enthusiasm, and was soon after chosen delegate to the Convention. In the Convention he adhered to the Girondists, and belonged to the party who, at the trial of the King, voted for an appeal to the people. He boldly opposed the party of Marat and Robespierre, and even directly accused the latter of aiming at the dictatorship; consequently, he was, in May, 1793, proscribed as a royalist and enemy of the Republic. He fled to Calvados, and thence with a few friends to the Gironde, where he wandered about country, hiding himself as he best could for about 13 months. At last, on the point of being taken, he tried to shoot himself; but the shot miscarried, and he was guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. This "brave and beautiful young Spartan" was one of the great spirits of the Revolution. There was no loftier-minded dreamer in the Girondist ranks; hardly a nobler head than his fell in that reign of terror. He was "ripe in energy, not ripe in wisdom," says Carlyle, or the history of France might have been different.

Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux

One of the greatest of the Girondists, was born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767. At first an advocate and…

Bellerophon, a song of Glaucus, King of Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call Alcimenus and Bellerus, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or murderer of Bellerus.

Bellerophon and the Chimaera

Bellerophon, a song of Glaucus, King of Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called Hipponous. The murder…

(1723-1780) An English jurist who in 1759 published a new edition of the <em>Great Charter and Charter of the Forest</em>.

Sir William Blackstone

(1723-1780) An English jurist who in 1759 published a new edition of the Great Charter and Charter…

(1769-1821) King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, born Napoleone di Buonaparte.

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of…

An ancient Greek sceptre from Tarentum.

Ancient Greek sceptre

An ancient Greek sceptre from Tarentum.

Gold and crystal sceptres from Mycan&aelig;.

Mycanæ:n sceptres

Gold and crystal sceptres from Mycanæ.

A sceptre from the seal of Edward the Confessor.

Sceptre of Edward the Confessor

A sceptre from the seal of Edward the Confessor.

Sceptre from a portrait of Richard II.

Sceptre of Richard II

Sceptre from a portrait of Richard II.

"The King Charles spaniel, a breed of toy spaniel. It is black and tan."—Finley, 1917

King Charles Spaniel

"The King Charles spaniel, a breed of toy spaniel. It is black and tan."—Finley, 1917

Miscellaneous coin (unknown) Obverse left-facing image of King George surrounded by the inscription - NO STAMPS THE RESTORE OF COMMERCE 1766. Reverse shows the image of a ship and the word America surrounded by the inscription - THANKS TO THE FRIENDS OF LIBERTY AND TRADE. The last two originally issued in Dublin.

Copper George III Coin, 1766

Miscellaneous coin (unknown) Obverse left-facing image of King George surrounded by the inscription…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with rounded hollows between. Outline - rounded. Apex - short, sharp-pointed. Base - slightly heart-shaped. Leaf/Stem - slender and very much flattened sidewise. Leaf - two to two and a half inches wide, and usually about one half inch shorter than wide; dark green; smooth on both sides when mature, with a slight down on the edge. Ribs distinct above and below and whitish. Bark - of trunk, greenish-white and smooth, often with blotches of very dark brown, especially under the ends of the branches. The bark is exceedingly bitter. Found - from Northern Kentucky and the mountains of Pennsylvania northward to Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, northwest to the Arctic Ocean, and along the Rocky Mountain slopes. It is the most widely distributed of North American Trees. General Information - A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with white, soft wood that is largely used in place of rags in making coarse paper. The tremulousness of its foliage, which the slightest breeze stirs, is due to the thinness of the sidewise-flattened leaf-stems. Tradition accounts differently for the motion of the leaves. It says that the wood of the aspen tree was taken for the Saviour's cross, and that, ever since, the tree has shivered. Another tradition claims that, when Christ went by on his way to Calvary, all the trees sympathized and mourned, excepting the aspen; but when he died, there fell upon the aspen a sudden horror of remorse, and such a fearful trembling as has never passed away. In describing the occupations of the fifty maidens in the hall of the "gorgeous palace" of King Alcinous, Homer says: "...some wove the web, Or twirled the spindle, sitting, with a quick, Light motion like the aspen's glancing leaves."

Genus Populus, L. (Aspen, Poplar)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with rounded hollows between. Outline - rounded. Apex…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, nine to fifteen); alternate (often alternate in threes); edge of leaflets finely and sharply toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long and narrow egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base - rounded and slightly pointed. Leaflet/Stem - lacking, or very short. Leaf - eight to twelve inches long. Leaflet - two to three and one half inches long; surfaces smooth. Bark - of the trunk, reddish-brown and rather smooth. Flowers - small and white, in large, flat clusters, over the surface of the tree - fifty to one hundred or more flowers in a cluster. May, June. Fruit - very ornamental, about the size of peas, scarlet, in large, flat clusters, ripening in autumn and remaining into the winter. Found - from Labrador and Newfoundland through the Northern States and southward along the Alleghany Mountains. Its finest growth is on the northern shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. General Information - A slender, somewhat pyramid-shaped, tree, ten to thirty feet high, much and justly prized as one of the best of the native trees for ornamental planting. Its bark and the unripe fruit are very astringent, and are sometimes used medicinally. A slightly different species (P. sambucilolia) is sometimes found in cold swamps and on the borders of streams along the Northern frontier. The Mountain Ash or "Rowan Tree" has for a long time been renowned as a safeguard against witches and all evil spirits. A mere twig of it suffices. "Rowen-tree and red thread Put the witches to their speed." "The spells were vain, the hag returned To the queen in sorrowful mood, Crying that witches have no power Where there is row'n-tree wood."

Genus Pyrus, L. (Mountain Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, nine to fifteen); alternate (often alternate in threes);…

The letter 'A' around an image of a queen.

A

The letter 'A' around an image of a queen.

Swedish king who fought to keep Sweden neutral during World War I.

Gustave V

Swedish king who fought to keep Sweden neutral during World War I.

Norwegian king during World War I.

Haakon VII

Norwegian king during World War I.

(1594-1643) "An English statesman, famous for his opposition to taxation by the king's decree." -Foster, 1921

John Hampden

(1594-1643) "An English statesman, famous for his opposition to taxation by the king's decree." -Foster,…

(1456-1509) King of England.

Henry VII

(1456-1509) King of England.

(1553-1610) King of France.

Henry IV

(1553-1610) King of France.

(1566-1625) King of England, also James VI of Scotland.

James I

(1566-1625) King of England, also James VI of Scotland.

Queen of the Netherlands during World War I.

Queen Wilhelmina

Queen of the Netherlands during World War I.

"Group of birds related to the coots and gallinules." -Foster, 1921

Rail

"Group of birds related to the coots and gallinules." -Foster, 1921

The earliest known Egyptian writing: a picture story of the falcon king.

Hieroglyph

The earliest known Egyptian writing: a picture story of the falcon king.

The armchair of King Seti I found in his tomb with him.

Armchair of Seti I

The armchair of King Seti I found in his tomb with him.

Jewel casket belonging to an Egyptian noblewoman, wife of King Seti I.

Jewel Casket

Jewel casket belonging to an Egyptian noblewoman, wife of King Seti I.

Tombs of the Persian Kings Darius and Cyrus.

Persian Tombs

Tombs of the Persian Kings Darius and Cyrus.