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A well-known colorful butterfly found in Europe, Asia and North America.

Red Admiral

A well-known colorful butterfly found in Europe, Asia and North America.

A butterfly native to Eurasia and North America. It has wings that are dark red with a yellow border.

Mourning Cloak

A butterfly native to Eurasia and North America. It has wings that are dark red with a yellow border.

"A royal and parliamentary burgh and seaport, situated on the east coast of Scotland, in the county of Forfar, on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, twelve miles from the confluence of that estuary with the German Ocean. It is the third town in Scotland as regards to population, and the second in commercial importance." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dundee

"A royal and parliamentary burgh and seaport, situated on the east coast of Scotland, in the county…

"One of the simplest forms of sluice as used in river diggings in the north-west of America. A rectangular trough of boards, whose dimensions depend chiefly on the size of the planks available, is set up on the higher part of the ground at one side of the claim to be worked, upon trestles or piers of rough stone-work, at such an inclination that the stream may carry off all but the largest stones, which are kept back by a grating of boards about 2 inches apart at a." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sluice

"One of the simplest forms of sluice as used in river diggings in the north-west of America. A rectangular…

A fly which inhabits the lakes of western North America.

Puxi Fly

A fly which inhabits the lakes of western North America.

A tropical plant on South America.

Quassia Amara

A tropical plant on South America.

A tropical palm native to Africa, Central and South America.

Raphia Palm

A tropical palm native to Africa, Central and South America.

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

A large non—flying bird of South America.

South American Ostrich

A large non—flying bird of South America.

"A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Papilionaceae, natives of the warm parts of America, of which, until recently, the only known species was the A. hypogaea, sometimes called the underground kidney-bean, and more frequently the ground-nut. It also receives the names of earth-nut, American earth-nut, and mandubi." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arachis

"A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Papilionaceae, natives of the warm parts…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Aristolochiaceae. This order, which is dicotyledonous or exogenous, consists of herbaceous plants or shrubs, orten climbing shrubs, and contains upwards of 130 known species, chiefly natives of warm climates, and particularly abundant in the tropical regions of South America." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Aristolochia

"A genus of plants of the natural order Aristolochiaceae. This order, which is dicotyledonous or exogenous,…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Aristolochiaceae. This order, which is dicotyledonous or exogenous, consists of herbaceous plants or shrubs, orten climbing shrubs, and contains upwards of 130 known species, chiefly natives of warm climates, and particularly abundant in the tropical regions of South America." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Aristolochia

"A genus of plants of the natural order Aristolochiaceae. This order, which is dicotyledonous or exogenous,…

"A plant of the natural order Umbelliefrae, a native of the elevated table-lands in the neighborhood of Santa Fe de Bogota and Caracas, and of regions of similar climate in other parts of Tropical America. It is much cultivated in its native country for its roots, which are used as an esculent. The root divides into a number of parts, which resemble cows' horns or large carrots. When boiled, they are firm and tender, with a flavor not so strong as that of a parsnip." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arracacha

"A plant of the natural order Umbelliefrae, a native of the elevated table-lands in the neighborhood…

"A genus of Palms, of which about sixeen species are known, natives of tropical America, remarkable for the abundance of acute and formidable spines, in some cases, a foot long, with which almost every part- stem, leaves, spathe, and fruit-stalk-is armed." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Astrocaryum

"A genus of Palms, of which about sixeen species are known, natives of tropical America, remarkable…

"A very beautiful American, bird, found in all parts of the United States, and as far north as 55 degrees N. lat., but migrating to tropical or subtropical regions in winter." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Oriole

"A very beautiful American, bird, found in all parts of the United States, and as far north as 55 degrees…

"A genus of exogenous plants, which gives its name to the natural order Cistaceae; an order allied to Cruciferae and Capparideae, and containing about 200 known species of shrubs and herbaceous plants, chiefly natives of the south of Europe and north of Africa." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Rock-Rose

"A genus of exogenous plants, which gives its name to the natural order Cistaceae; an order allied to…

"A tree cultivated in the south of Europe, and other warm, temperate, or sub-tropical countries for its fruit; a native of the forests of the north of India. By many botanists, it is regarded as a more variety (or perhaps the original type) of the species which produces also the lemon, sweet lemon, lime, and sweet lime; by others, these, or some of them, are regarded as distinct species." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Citron

"A tree cultivated in the south of Europe, and other warm, temperate, or sub-tropical countries for…

"A valuable medicinal substance, consisting chiefly of a resin (Resin of Copaiva) and a volatile oil (Oil of Copaiva). It flows from incisions made in the stems of trees of the genus Copaifera, trees with pinnate leaves, of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Caesalpinisae, natives of the topical parts of America." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Copaiva Tree

"A valuable medicinal substance, consisting chiefly of a resin (Resin of Copaiva) and a volatile oil…

"A small procumbent shrub, of the natural order Empetraceae, a native of the northern parts of the world, abundant in the moors of Scotland and the north of England. The order consists of a few heath-like shrubs, which, however, are regarded as having a botanical affinity to Euphorbiaceae, with small unisexual flowers in the axils of the leaves, the fruit a small berry seated in the persistent calyx. b, fruit cut open; c, flower." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crowberry

"A small procumbent shrub, of the natural order Empetraceae, a native of the northern parts of the world,…

"The name commonly given in the West Indies and other tropical countries to the fruits of certain species of Anona, a genus of trees of the natural order Anonaceae. Some of the fruits of this genus are among the most delicious produced in tropical countries, as the Charimoyer, and even the common custard apple, which is regarded as a native of America, but is now very superior even to the West Indian." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Custard Apple

"The name commonly given in the West Indies and other tropical countries to the fruits of certain species…

"A genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common Date Palm, the Palm Tree of Scripture, a native of the northern half of Aftica, the south-west of Asia, and some parts of India, and which has also been brought into cultivation in the south of Europe, and might certainly be intruduced with advantage into the south of the United States, and many warm parts of America and Australia." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Date Palm

"A genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common Date Palm, the Palm Tree of Scripture,…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Liliaceae, having a perianth with bell-shaped limb, and sub-cylindrical tube, and globose seeds with soft testa. Several species are cultivated in our flower-gardens, especially the fragrant Yellow Day-lily, a native of Hungary, Siberia, and the north of China." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Day-lily

"A genus of plants of the natural order Liliaceae, having a perianth with bell-shaped limb, and sub-cylindrical…

"The typical hive of America is the improved Langstroth, which has no other covering for the frame tops but a flat roof-board allowing 1/4 in. space between the roof and top-bars for bees to pass from frame to frame." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Langstroth Hive

"The typical hive of America is the improved Langstroth, which has no other covering for the frame tops…

"The sacred name of the founder of Buddhism, an Indian sage who appears to have lived in the 5th century B.C. His personal name was Siddhartha, and his family name Gautama; and he is often called also Sakya-muni. His father was the king of Kapilavastu, a few days' journey north of Benares. Siddhartha, filled with a deep compassion for the human race, left his father's court, and lived for years in solitude and contemplation till he had penetrated the mysteries of life and become the Buddha. He then began to teach his new faith, in opposition to the prevailing Brahmanism, commencing at Benares. Among his earliest converts where the monarchs of Magadha and Kosala, in whose kingdoms he chiefly passed the latter portion of his life, respected, honored, and protected." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Buddha

"The sacred name of the founder of Buddhism, an Indian sage who appears to have lived in the 5th century…

"Plan of Amiens Cathedral. A, Apsidal aisle. B B, Outer aisles of choir. F G, Transepts. H, Central tower. I J, Western turrets. M, Principal or western doorway. N N, Western side doors. P Q, North and south aisles of choir. R R R, Chapels. T U, North and south aisles of nave." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Amiens Cathedral

"Plan of Amiens Cathedral. A, Apsidal aisle. B B, Outer aisles of choir. F G, Transepts. H, Central…

"Plan of Wells Cathedral. A, Apse or apsis. B, Altar, altar-platform, and altar-steps. D E, Eastern or lesser transept. F G, Western or greater transept. H, Central towers. I J, Western towers. K, North porch. L, Library or register. M, Principal or western doorway. N N, Western side doors. O, Cloister yard or garth. P Q, North and south aisles of choir. R S, East and west aisles of transept. T U, North and south aisles of nave. R R, Chapels. V, Rood screen or organ loft. W, Altar of Lazy chapel." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Wells Cathedral

"Plan of Wells Cathedral. A, Apse or apsis. B, Altar, altar-platform, and altar-steps. D E, Eastern…

"The plant known in America as the "Carolina jasmine" is not a true jasmine. other hardy species commonly cuultivated in gardens are the low or Italian yellow-flowered jasmine, J. humile, an erect shrub 3 or 4 feet high, with angular branches, alternate and most ternate leaves, blossoming from June to September; the common yellow jasmine, J. fruticans, a hardy deciduous shrub, 10 to 12 feet high, with weak, slender stems requiring support, and bearing yellow, odorless flowers from spring to autumn; and J. nudiflorum, with flowers before the leaves appear." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gelsemium

"The plant known in America as the "Carolina jasmine" is not a true jasmine. other hardy species commonly…

"A bar of steel which is a magnet, suspended in such a way that it can freely turn to the north or south." —Wells, 1857

Magnetic Needle

"A bar of steel which is a magnet, suspended in such a way that it can freely turn to the north or south."…

A tool used to tell direction.

Compass

A tool used to tell direction.

A tree native to Central America and Mexico. Ranges from 1 to 2 pounds in weights and is mostly purple in color when ripe.

Avocado

A tree native to Central America and Mexico. Ranges from 1 to 2 pounds in weights and is mostly purple…

"The Earth, whose diameter is 7,912 miles, is represented by the globe, or sphere. The straight line passing through its center, and about which it turns, is called its axis, and the two extremities of the axis are the poles of the Earth, A being the north pole, and B the south pole. The line C D, crossing the axis, passes quite round the Earth, and divides it into two equal parts. This is called the equinoctial line, or the equator. That part of the Earth situated north of this line, is caled the northern hemisphere, and that part south of it, the southern hemisphere. The small circles E F and G H, surrounding or including the poles, are called the polar circles." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Divisions

"The Earth, whose diameter is 7,912 miles, is represented by the globe, or sphere. The straight line…

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

"Suppose the Earth to be in her Summer solstice, which takes place on the 21st of June. At this period she will be at a, having her north pole, n, so inclined towards the Sun, that the whole arctic circle will be illuminated, and consequently the Sun's rays will extend 23.25 degrees, the breadth of the polar circle, beyond the north pole." —Comstock, 1850

Seasons

"Suppose the Earth to be in her Summer solstice, which takes place on the 21st of June. At this period…

"Let this figure represent the Earth, N being the north pole, S the south pole, and E W the equator. The lines 10, 20, 30, and so on, are the parallels of latitude, and the lines N a S, N b S, etc., are meridian lines, or those of longitude." —Comstock, 1850

Longitude

"Let this figure represent the Earth, N being the north pole, S the south pole, and E W the equator.…

"This very extraordinary species from north-east Africa differs from all other rodents in the peculiar granulated plated which cover the temporal fossae, and from all the species of the section in the rudimentary condition of the clavicles as well as in the possession of an opposable hallux. The hair is very peculiar in structure, and forms a crest along the back and tail." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Lophiomys Imhausi

"This very extraordinary species from north-east Africa differs from all other rodents in the peculiar…

A porcupine found in Mexico and much of South America.

Synetheres Prehensilis

A porcupine found in Mexico and much of South America.

Breakwaters are structures on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the effects of weather and longshore drift.

Colombo North-West Breakwater

Breakwaters are structures on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the…

Breakwaters are structures on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the effects of weather and longshore drift.

Colombo North-West Breakwater

Breakwaters are structures on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the…

Raleigh's plan for colonization in Virginia in North America ended in failure at Roanoke Island, but paved the way for subsequent colonies.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Raleigh's plan for colonization in Virginia in North America ended in failure at Roanoke Island, but…

Edward I built many castles in North Wales to help subdue the Welsh Following his conquest of the principality in 1277 and the defeat of the Prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd.

Caernarvon Castle

Edward I built many castles in North Wales to help subdue the Welsh Following his conquest of the principality…

An English soldier blew his bugle to cheer the English against America

English Soldier

An English soldier blew his bugle to cheer the English against America

A North African, single humped, camel.

Dromedary

A North African, single humped, camel.

A North African antelope with large spiral horns, on the males. Usually brown and white.

Kudu

A North African antelope with large spiral horns, on the males. Usually brown and white.

Trillium is a genus of about 40-50 species of perennial herbaceous flowering plants, native to temperate regions of North America and Asia.

Trillium

Trillium is a genus of about 40-50 species of perennial herbaceous flowering plants, native to temperate…

A North American poisonous herb. The plant itself usually has a blossom between two large green fleshy leaves. Parts of it are edible.

Mayapple

A North American poisonous herb. The plant itself usually has a blossom between two large green fleshy…

(1747-1792) America's first famous naval hero in the American Revolutionay War.

John Paul Jones

(1747-1792) America's first famous naval hero in the American Revolutionay War.

(1812-1883) Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

Alexander H. Stephens

(1812-1883) Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

(1808-1889) President of the Confederate States of America. US Senator from Mississippi

Jefferson Davis

(1808-1889) President of the Confederate States of America. US Senator from Mississippi

(1809-1865) An American politician and sixteenth President of the United States and the first president from the Republican Party.

Abraham Lincoln

(1809-1865) An American politician and sixteenth President of the United States and the first president…

Native American ruins in Central American.

Central American Ruins

Native American ruins in Central American.

An illustration of one of Sir Walter Raleigh's ships.

Ralegh's Ship

An illustration of one of Sir Walter Raleigh's ships.

An illustration showing Henry Hudson's ship exploring the river which now bears his name.

Hudson's Exploration

An illustration showing Henry Hudson's ship exploring the river which now bears his name.

John Smith, an early colonial settler and leader.

John Smith

John Smith, an early colonial settler and leader.

An illustration depicting the signing of the Compact aboard the Mayflower.

Signing of the Mayflower Contract

An illustration depicting the signing of the Compact aboard the Mayflower.

The discussion over the Connecticut Charter.

Connecticut Charter

The discussion over the Connecticut Charter.

The pine-tree shilling, an early form of currency in colonial America.

Pine-tree Shilling

The pine-tree shilling, an early form of currency in colonial America.