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"This may be done in two ways: first and most difficult, by one boy standing on another's shoulders, and then putting over both a long loose garment, long enough to reach to the knees of the lower one. This method, however, may be made much more easy by the upper player putting his feet in a kind of stirrup fastened to straps passing over the under one's shoulder's, and hanging just down to the hips. Height, of course, is sacrificed, but greater safety is secured; the giant, too, can exhibit thus for a longer time, as the attitude is not so fatiguing. The other and simpler method is to place a huge mask, which should represent a head and neck, on the top of a pole about five feet long, with a cross-piece to represent arms, and then tying a long cloak- it should be made for the purpose: any common material will do- round the neck of the mask and get bodily inside. Now, by raising or depressing the pole, the giant may be made to attain an extra ordinary stature or to shrink down again to ordinary dimensions as well. The lower end of the cloak, about two feet from the bottom, must be fastened to the performer's waist, so that when the head is depressed the cloak may fall in folds, and not sweep the ground as it otherwise would. There is a very entertaining illusion of this sort exhibited under the name of 'The Nondescripts.' Two figures with enormous heads, alternately giants and dwarfs, run about the circus and indulge in the most surprising vagaries, being able apparently to contort themselves in every imaginable direction. Their final coup is to put their heads deliberately through their legs, and make their exit with their eyes thus looking over their own shoulders."— Thomas Sheppard Meek

The Giant

"This may be done in two ways: first and most difficult, by one boy standing on another's shoulders,…

Man bending his head sideways.

Exercise

Man bending his head sideways.

"The Tadpole is the larva of the anurous amphibia, sometimes so far extended as to include larvaæ of the urodela, which undergo a much less complete metamorphosis. At first the young have no respiratory organs or limbs. They are all head and tail with simple entire gills which soon disappear, to be followed by others of more complicated structure, situated within the cavity of the body as in fishes. After a certain length of time the hind legs begin to appear, the head becomes more developed, and the body assumes a more compact form. Still later the forelegs are found to exist fully formed beneath the skin and ready ultimately to burst forth. The tadpole at first seems to derive its subsistence from the fluid absorbed within its body and on the surface, but soon begins to seek its food amidst softened or decomposing vegetable matter. From that period the tadpole begins to assume more and more the appearance of a frog. Toes appear on its hind legs, the tail very rapidly disappears by absorption, and finally the fore-legs become fully developed and the metamorphosis of the tadpole is completed."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tadpole

"The Tadpole is the larva of the anurous amphibia, sometimes so far extended as to include larvaæ…

"The Tadpole is the larva of the anurous amphibia, sometimes so far extended as to include larvaæ of the urodela, which undergo a much less complete metamorphosis. At first the young have no respiratory organs or limbs. They are all head and tail with simple entire gills which soon disappear, to be followed by others of more complicated structure, situated within the cavity of the body as in fishes. After a certain length of time the hind legs begin to appear, the head becomes more developed, and the body assumes a more compact form. Still later the forelegs are found to exist fully formed beneath the skin and ready ultimately to burst forth. The tadpole at first seems to derive its subsistence from the fluid absorbed within its body and on the surface, but soon begins to seek its food amidst softened or decomposing vegetable matter. From that period the tadpole begins to assume more and more the appearance of a frog. Toes appear on its hind legs, the tail very rapidly disappears by absorption, and finally the fore-legs become fully developed and the metamorphosis of the tadpole is completed."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tadpole

"The Tadpole is the larva of the anurous amphibia, sometimes so far extended as to include larvaæ…

"The Tadpole is the larva of the anurous amphibia, sometimes so far extended as to include larvaæ of the urodela, which undergo a much less complete metamorphosis. At first the young have no respiratory organs or limbs. They are all head and tail with simple entire gills which soon disappear, to be followed by others of more complicated structure, situated within the cavity of the body as in fishes. After a certain length of time the hind legs begin to appear, the head becomes more developed, and the body assumes a more compact form. Still later the forelegs are found to exist fully formed beneath the skin and ready ultimately to burst forth. The tadpole at first seems to derive its subsistence from the fluid absorbed within its body and on the surface, but soon begins to seek its food amidst softened or decomposing vegetable matter. From that period the tadpole begins to assume more and more the appearance of a frog. Toes appear on its hind legs, the tail very rapidly disappears by absorption, and finally the fore-legs become fully developed and the metamorphosis of the tadpole is completed."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Frog Eggs

"The Tadpole is the larva of the anurous amphibia, sometimes so far extended as to include larvaæ…

"The Tadpole is the larva of the anurous amphibia, sometimes so far extended as to include larvaæ of the urodela, which undergo a much less complete metamorphosis. At first the young have no respiratory organs or limbs. They are all head and tail with simple entire gills which soon disappear, to be followed by others of more complicated structure, situated within the cavity of the body as in fishes. After a certain length of time the hind legs begin to appear, the head becomes more developed, and the body assumes a more compact form. Still later the forelegs are found to exist fully formed beneath the skin and ready ultimately to burst forth. The tadpole at first seems to derive its subsistence from the fluid absorbed within its body and on the surface, but soon begins to seek its food amidst softened or decomposing vegetable matter. From that period the tadpole begins to assume more and more the appearance of a frog. Toes appear on its hind legs, the tail very rapidly disappears by absorption, and finally the fore-legs become fully developed and the metamorphosis of the tadpole is completed."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Frog Egg

"The Tadpole is the larva of the anurous amphibia, sometimes so far extended as to include larvaæ…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as algæ derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] Portion of tapeworm, natural size, showing the alternating arrangement of the generative pores."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as algæ derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] A single segment or proglottis magnified; 1, generating pore; 2, water vessels; 3, dendritic ovary."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as algæ derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] Head of tænia solium (enlarged)."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as algæ derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] A, ovum with contained embryo, B, Cystericus longicollis."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The following cut from an antique in the British Museum, represents the head of Neptune. The hair rises from the forehead, and then falls down in flakes, as if wet." — Anthon, 1891

Head of Neptune

"The following cut from an antique in the British Museum, represents the head of Neptune. The hair rises…

"Venus and Diana are generally represented with their hair dressed in the simple style of the young Greek girls, whose hair was parted in front, and conducted round to the back of the head so as to conceal the upper part of the ears. It was then tied in a plain knot at the nape of the neck, or, at other times, though less frequently, at the top of the head." — Anthon, 1891

Venus and Diana

"Venus and Diana are generally represented with their hair dressed in the simple style of the young…

"The <em>peplus</em> was a shawl which commonly formed part of the dress of females. It was often fastened by meeans ofa brooch, but was frequently worn without one, in the manner represented in the annexed cut, which is copied from one of Sir W. Hamilton's vases. Each of the females in this group wears an under garmet falling down to her feet, and over it an ample <em>peplus</em>, or shawl, which she passes entirely round her body, and then throws the loose extremity of it over her left shoulder, and behind her back as distinctly seen in the sitting figure." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Peplus

"The peplus was a shawl which commonly formed part of the dress of females. It was often fastened…

"Lectica was a kind of couch or litter, in which persons, in a lying position, were carried from one place to another. They were used for carrying the dead as well as the living. The Greek lectica consisted of a bed or mattress, and a pillow to support the head, placed upon a kind of bedstead or couch. It had a roof, consisting of the skin of an ox, extending over the couch and resting on four posts. The sides of this lectica were covered with curtains. In the republican period it appears to have been chiefly used by women, and by men only when they were in ill health. When this kind of lectica was introduced among the Romans, it was chiefly used in traveling, and very seldom in Rome itself. But towards the end of the republic, and under the empire, it was commonly used in the city, and was fitted up in the most splendid manner. Instead of curtains, it was frequently closed on the sides with windows made of transparent stone, and was provided with a pillow and bed. when standing, it rested on four feet, generally made of wood. Persons were carried in a lectica by slaves, by means of poles attached to it, but not fixed, so that they might easily be taken off when necessary. The number of lecticarri employed in carrying one lectica varied according to its size, and the display of wealth which a person might wish to make. The ordinary number was probably two; but it varied from two to eight, and the lectica is called hexaphoron or octophoron, according as it was carried by six or eight persons. The following woodcut represents a lectica. It is taken from the tombstone of M. Antonius Antius." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Lectica

"Lectica was a kind of couch or litter, in which persons, in a lying position, were carried from one…

"The Roman people reclined at their meals. On each couch there were commonly three persons. They lay with the upper part of the body reclined on the left arm, the head a little raised, the back supported by cushions and the limbs stretched out at full length, or a little bent; the feet of the first behind the back of the second, and his feet behind the back of the third, with a pillow between each. When they ate, they raised themselves on their elbow, and made use of the right hand. A banqueting-room generally contained three couches, holding nine guests, and, from the number of couches, was called <em>riclinium</em>. The following representation of such a room is from one at Pomopeii. In the centre is a pedestal to receive the table." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Banqueting room

"The Roman people reclined at their meals. On each couch there were commonly three persons. They lay…

"The cut represents a painting from a wall at Pompeii, the subject of which is the sacrifice of Iphigenia, and which probably was copied in some degree from the famous painting of Timanthes. Calchas stands near the altar, holding the sacrificial knife; Diomede and Ulysses have Iphigenia in their grasp, and are about to place her on the altar; Agamemnon turns away his head enveloped in the folds of his mantle, while Diana is seen in the air, causing a nymph to bring her the hind that is to be substituted for the maiden." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Sacrifice of Iphigenia

"The cut represents a painting from a wall at Pompeii, the subject of which is the sacrifice of Iphigenia,…

"A cuirass. The cuirass was worn by the heavy-armed infantry both among the Greeks and Romans. The soldiers commonly wore cuirasses made of flexble bands of steel, or cuirasses of chain mail, but those of generals and officers usually consisted of the breast-piece and back-piece, made of bronze or iron, which were joined by means of buckles." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Lorica

"A cuirass. The cuirass was worn by the heavy-armed infantry both among the Greeks and Romans. The soldiers…

"A cuirass. The cuirass was worn by the heavy-armed infantry both among the Greeks and Romans. The soldiers commonly wore cuirasses made of flexble bands of steel, or cuirasses of chain mail, but those of generals and officers usually consisted of the breast-piece and back-piece, made of bronze or iron, which were joined by means of buckles." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Lorica

"A cuirass. The cuirass was worn by the heavy-armed infantry both among the Greeks and Romans. The soldiers…

"In the following we have back and front views of the heads of statues from Herculaneum, on which we perceive the <em>vitta</em>." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Herculaneum

"In the following we have back and front views of the heads of statues from Herculaneum, on which we…

"A hammer, a mallet. In the hands of the farmer the mallet of wood served to break down the clods and to pulverize them. The butcher used it in slaying cattle, by striking the head, and we often read of it as used by the smith upon the anvil. When several men were employed at te same anvil it was a matter of necessity that they should strike in time, and Virgil, accordingly says of the Cyclopes, "inter se brachia tollunt in numerum." The scene which he describes is represented in the annexed woodcut, taken from an ancient bas-relief, in which Vulcan, Brontes, and Steropes, are seen forging the metal, while the third Cyclops, Pyracmon, blows the bellows. Beside the anvil is seen the vessel of water in which the hot iron or bronze was immersed. But besides the employment of the hammer upon the anvil for making all ordinary utensils, the smith wrought with this instrument figures which were either small and fine, some of their parts being beaten as thin as paper, and being in very high relief, as in the bronzes of Siris, or of colossal proportions, being composed of seperate plates riveted together." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Malleus

"A hammer, a mallet. In the hands of the farmer the mallet of wood served to break down the clods and…

"An eastern head-dress, sometimes spoken of as a characteristic of the Phrygians. It was also the name of the head-band or head-dress worn by Greek women, which was made of close materials. It must be distinguished from the reticulum, made of net." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Mitra

"An eastern head-dress, sometimes spoken of as a characteristic of the Phrygians. It was also the name…

"A thick cloak, cheifly used by the Romans in traveling, instead of the toga, as a protection against the cold and rain. It appears to have had no sleeves, and only an opening for the head, as shown in the preceding figure." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Paenula

"A thick cloak, cheifly used by the Romans in traveling, instead of the toga, as a protection against…

The head of a Brazilian Eagle

Brazilian Eagle Head

The head of a Brazilian Eagle

Coin commissioned with the image of Caius Julius Caesar. Back.

Coin of Caesar

Coin commissioned with the image of Caius Julius Caesar. Back.

Coin commissioned with the image of Caius Julius Caesar. Back.

A Coin of Caesar

Coin commissioned with the image of Caius Julius Caesar. Back.

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Front.

Coin of Piso

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Front.

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Back.

Coin of Piso

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Back.

Coin of Piso with bust on front and bird on back. Front.

Coin of Cassius

Coin of Piso with bust on front and bird on back. Front.

Coin of Piso with bust on front and bird on back. Back.

Coin of Cassius

Coin of Piso with bust on front and bird on back. Back.

Coin of the Fabian family showing bust on front and torch on back. Front.

Coin of Fabian Family

Coin of the Fabian family showing bust on front and torch on back. Front.

Coin of the Fabian family showing bust on front and torch on back. Back.

Coin of Fabian Family

Coin of the Fabian family showing bust on front and torch on back. Back.

The Coin of the King of the Suessiones, Diviciacus, with bust on front and prancing horse on back. Front.

Coin of Diviciacus

The Coin of the King of the Suessiones, Diviciacus, with bust on front and prancing horse on back. Front.

The Coin of the King of the Suessiones, Diviciacus, with bust on front and prancing horse on back. Back.

Coin of Diviciacus

The Coin of the King of the Suessiones, Diviciacus, with bust on front and prancing horse on back. Back.

Coin of the Gauls picturing human figure on front and figure of animal on back.

Gallic Coin

Coin of the Gauls picturing human figure on front and figure of animal on back.

Coin of the Gauls picturing deer on front and animal on back.

Gallic Coin

Coin of the Gauls picturing deer on front and animal on back.

Coin of Caesar showing bust on front, design on back. Front

Coin of Cæsar

Coin of Caesar showing bust on front, design on back. Front

Coin of Caesar showing bust on front, design on back. Back

Coin of Cæsar

Coin of Caesar showing bust on front, design on back. Back

Coin of Caesar showing bust on front, ax and amphora on back. Front

Coin of Cæsar

Coin of Caesar showing bust on front, ax and amphora on back. Front

Coin of Caesar showing bust on front, ax and amphora on back. Back

Coin of Cæsar

Coin of Caesar showing bust on front, ax and amphora on back. Back

A Gallic Coin. Back.

Gallic Coin

A Gallic Coin. Back.

British coin of the time period of the Roman invasion in the Gallic War, B.C. 54. Back.

British Coin

British coin of the time period of the Roman invasion in the Gallic War, B.C. 54. Back.

British coin of the time period of the Roman invasion in the Gallic War, B.C. 54. Back.

British Coin

British coin of the time period of the Roman invasion in the Gallic War, B.C. 54. Back.

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Front.

Coin of L. Plancus

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Front.

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Back.

Coin of L. Plancus

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Back.

A Gallic coin with a human figure on the front. Back.

Gallic Coin

A Gallic coin with a human figure on the front. Back.

"An outer garment, strictly worn by females, and thus corresponding to the himation or pallium, the outer garment worn by men. Like all other pieces of cloth used for the Amictus, it was often fastened by means of a brooch. It was, however, frequently worn without a brooch, in the manner represented in the annexed cut. Each of the females in this group wears a tunic falling down to her feet, and over it an ample pepius, which she passes entirely round her body and then throws the loose extremity of it over her left shoulder and behind her back, as is distinctly seen in the sitting figure. Of all the productions of the loom, pepli were those on which the greatest skill and labour were bestowed. so various and tasteful were the subjects which they represented, that poets delighted to describe them. The art of weaving them was entirely oriental; and those of the most splendid dyes and curious workmanship were imported from Tyre and Sidon. They often constituted a very important part of the treasures of a temple, having been presented to the divinity by sppliants and devotees." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Peplum

"An outer garment, strictly worn by females, and thus corresponding to the himation or pallium, the…

A Gallic coin. Back.

Gallic Coin

A Gallic coin. Back.

"A mask. Masks were worn by Greek and Roman actors in nearly all dramatic representations. This custom arose undoubtedly from the practice of smearing the face with certain juices and colours, and of appearing in disguise, at the festivals of Bacchus. Now as the Greek drama arose out of these festivals, it is highly probable that some mode of disguising the face was as old as the drama itself. Choerilus of Samos, however, is said to have been the first who introduced regular masks. Other writers attribute the invention of masks to Thesuis or Aeschylus, though the latter had probably only the merit of perfecting and completing the whole theatrical apparatus and costume. Some masks covered, like the masks of modern times, only the face, but they appear more generally to have covered the whole head down to the shoulders, for we always find the hair belonging to a mask described as being a part of it; and this must have been the case in tragedy more especially, as it was necessary to make the head correspond to the stature of an actor, which was heightened by the cothurnus. The annexed cut represents the grotesque mask of a Satyr, together with a tragic mask, which are contined in the British Museum. some of the oldest manuscripts of Terence contain representations of Roman masks, and from these manuscripts they have been copied in several modern editions of that poet. The cut annexed contains representations of four of these masks prefixed to the Andria." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Persona

"A mask. Masks were worn by Greek and Roman actors in nearly all dramatic representations. This custom…

"A mask. Masks were worn by Greek and Roman actors in nearly all dramatic representations. This custom arose undoubtedly from the practice of smearing the face with certain juices and colours, and of appearing in disguise, at the festivals of Bacchus. Now as the Greek drama arose out of these festivals, it is highly probable that some mode of disguising the face was as old as the drama itself. Choerilus of Samos, however, is said to have been the first who introduced regular masks. Other writers attribute the invention of masks to Thesuis or Aeschylus, though the latter had probably only the merit of perfecting and completing the whole theatrical apparatus and costume. Some masks covered, like the masks of modern times, only the face, but they appear more generally to have covered the whole head down to the shoulders, for we always find the hair belonging to a mask described as being a part of it; and this must have been the case in tragedy more especially, as it was necessary to make the head correspond to the stature of an actor, which was heightened by the cothurnus. The annexed cut represents the grotesque mask of a Satyr, together with a tragic mask, which are contined in the British Museum. some of the oldest manuscripts of Terence contain representations of Roman masks, and from these manuscripts they have been copied in several modern editions of that poet. The cut annexed contains representations of four of these masks prefixed to the Andria." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Persona

"A mask. Masks were worn by Greek and Roman actors in nearly all dramatic representations. This custom…

"A quiver, was principally made of hide or leather, and was adorned with gold, painting, and braiding. it had a lid, and was suspended from the right shoulder by a belt passing over the breast and behind the back. Its most common position was on the left hip, and is so seen in the annexed figures, the right-hand one representing an Amazon, and the left-hand an Asiatic archer." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Phaetra

"A quiver, was principally made of hide or leather, and was adorned with gold, painting, and braiding.…

"Any piece of felt; more especially, a skull-cap of felt, a hat. These seems no reason to doubt that felting is a more ancient invention than weaving, not that both of these arts came into Europe from Asia. From the Greeks, who were acquainted with this article as early as the age of Homer, the use of felt passed together with its name to the Romans. Its principal use was to make coverings of the head for the male sex, and the most common one was a simple skull-cap." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Pileus

"Any piece of felt; more especially, a skull-cap of felt, a hat. These seems no reason to doubt that…

"A caul or coif of network for covering the hair, worn by women during the day as well as the night. it appears to have been sometimes made of gold threads, and likewise of silk and other materials. This kind of covering for the head was very ancient, for it is mentioned by Homer; and it also appears to have been very commonly used in later times. it is seen on the head of the nymph in the following cut, taken from a painting found at Pompeii, which represents a nymph approaching Neptune." — Smith, 1873

Reticulum

"A caul or coif of network for covering the hair, worn by women during the day as well as the night.…

The north wind doth blow, and we shall have snow, and what will poor Robin do then? Poor thing! He'll sit in a barn, and to keep himself warm will hide his head under his wing, poor thing!

Poor Robin

The north wind doth blow, and we shall have snow, and what will poor Robin do then? Poor thing! He'll…

The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts, all on a summer's day; The Knave of Hearts, he stole those tarts, and took them clean away. The King of Hearts called for the tarts, and beat the knave full sore; The Knave of Hearts brought back the tarts, and vowed he'd steal no more.

Queen of Hearts

The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts, all on a summer's day; The Knave of Hearts, he stole those…

"Speculum, a mirror, a looking-glass. The looking-glasses of the ancients were usually made of metal, at first of a composition of tin and copper, but afterwards more frequently of silver. The ancients seem to have had glass mirrors also like ours, consisting of a glass plate covered at the back with a thin leaf of metal. They were manufactured as early as the time of Pliny at the celebrated glass-houses at Sidon, but they must have been inferior to those of metal, since they never came into general use, and are never mentioned by ancient writers among costly pieces of furniture, whereas metal mirrors frequently are. Looking-glasses were generally small, and such as could by carried in the hand. Instead of their being fixed so as to be hung against the wall or to stand upon the table or floor, they were generally held by female slaves before their mistresses when dressing. The general form of looking-glasses is shown in the following wood-cut." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Speculum

"Speculum, a mirror, a looking-glass. The looking-glasses of the ancients were usually made of metal,…

Having the plumage extremely lax and soft; rounded wings much shorter thn long, narrow, graduated tail; 10 primaries, the sixth being the longest. The bill much shorter than the head.

Wrentits

Having the plumage extremely lax and soft; rounded wings much shorter thn long, narrow, graduated tail;…

A small turtle with a nonretractable head, soft skin, and broad fleshy lips.

Turtle

A small turtle with a nonretractable head, soft skin, and broad fleshy lips.

A hunting leopard. Has a short mane crest of hairs passing from the back of he head to the sholders. A very fast runner.

Cheetah

A hunting leopard. Has a short mane crest of hairs passing from the back of he head to the sholders.…

A small species of squirrel, about 7 inches long with a tail about the same length. The ears are tufted, the back is reddish with a black stripe.

Red Squirrel

A small species of squirrel, about 7 inches long with a tail about the same length. The ears are tufted,…

The head of a common bat.

Bat Head

The head of a common bat.