Example of outer work. Outer work is the overcoming of the outside pressure through a certain distance by means of expanding. As the piston in the image is lowered, no outer work is done. Inner work is done. Inner work is the to push molecules farther apart against the force of cohesion that is trying to hold them together.

Outer Work

Example of outer work. Outer work is the overcoming of the outside pressure through a certain distance…

Comparison of two engine efficiencies. Number 1 is in the reverse cycle.

Engine Efficiency

Comparison of two engine efficiencies. Number 1 is in the reverse cycle.

A sectional view of a human molar. The roots, or fangs, are shown covered by a layer of bone called "cement", which is represented by letter c. The center of the tooth is the vascular pulp-cavity v, d is ivory or dentine, and e is the hardest tissue of the body - enamel.

Human Tooth

A sectional view of a human molar. The roots, or fangs, are shown covered by a layer of bone called…

An Image of an esophagus showing how a mass of food, or bolus, passes through the esophagus into the stomach. The tissue in front is relaxed, while the tissue behind the bolus is in contraction. When food is not going through it, the esophagus looks like the wave of contraction in the picture.

Human Esophagus

An Image of an esophagus showing how a mass of food, or bolus, passes through the esophagus into the…

The cycle of the heart in its diastole (relaxation) state and its systole (contraction) state. The ventricles can be in a diastolic state, while the atria can be in a systolic state. An auricle is a small conical projection coming out of the atrium, but in some texts it represents the actual atrium. As the heart relaxes, blood enters from the other side and into the atria, then leaves and enters the ventricles. When the heart contracts, blood leaves the ventricles and goes back into the body.

Heart Cycle

The cycle of the heart in its diastole (relaxation) state and its systole (contraction) state. The ventricles…

Three sections of smooth muscle. M C is muscle cells and N is nucleus. Smooth muscles are slow to contract. They make up the wall of a bladder and blood vessels.

Smooth Muscle

Three sections of smooth muscle. M C is muscle cells and N is nucleus. Smooth muscles are slow to contract.…

The elbow has a simple hinge joint. Tendons attach muscle to bones.

Elbow Joint

The elbow has a simple hinge joint. Tendons attach muscle to bones.

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which are fine protoplasmic branches that create synapses that connect to another nerve cell. The neuron is connected to muscle (MU) by a nerve fiber (NF). The fiber is covered by a sheath (SH) of fat to protect it. NE is the ending of the fiber that the muscle is connected to. LB is a lateral branch of the nerve fiber.

Nerve Cell

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which…

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through the sensory nerve-fiber SF to a nerve-cell SC in the ganglion of a dorsal or afferent (convey towards the center) root (DR) of a spinal nerve. The fiber divides in the spinal cord (SP C) where the message is relayed to an internuncial nerve-cell (A). MO is motor nerve-cell, VR is ventral or efferent nerve, ME is nerve plate, and MU is muscle fiber.

Reflex Action

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through…

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to the vitreous humor in the eye cavity; 2: a branch of a divided optic nerve; 3: ganglion cell layer; 4: inner nerve-fiber layer; 5: layer of bipolar ("inner granular") cells; 6: outer layer of nerve-cells; 7: layer of visual (outer granular) cells; 8: outer limiting membrane; 9: long and thing rods and short and broad cones; 10: pigment layer; 11: tangential cells; 12: bipolar cells; 13: amacrine cell; 14: centripetal optic nerve fibers; 15: centrifugal optic nerve fibers; 16: Muller's supporting cells. I, II, III: three areas of nerve cells in the retina.

Eye Retina

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to…

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle image), and a hypermetropic or far-sighted eye. In a human, the retina "sees" an image upside down and the brain rights the image.

Human Eye

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle…

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the animal into a "living ball". Notice how close its extremities are to its nose.

Skinned Hedgehog

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the…

A three-wheeled steam artillery carriage. This image shows a detail of the boiler and its connection to the driver car.

Steam Carriage

A three-wheeled steam artillery carriage. This image shows a detail of the boiler and its connection…

A cross-section view of a steam powered coach. The image reveals the boiler, the cylinders, and the mechanics of the driving wheel.

Mechanical Coach

A cross-section view of a steam powered coach. The image reveals the boiler, the cylinders, and the…

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust pipe that leads steam to screen (C) and up the flue (D) along with other exhaust from grate (B). (E) is the boiler, (H) is the out-take pipe, (K) is the engine cylinder, (J) is the water-feed pump, (G) is a rotary fan that creates forced drought, and (F) is the flue leading to the grate.

Hancock Coaches

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust…

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth century.

Old-Fashioned Wheel

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth…

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often at the turn of the twentieth century. The upper image shows a cross section of the gear, the lower a top-down view.

Balance Gear

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often…

An image showing the arrangement of a driving chain. It is similar to the chains used on bicycles.

Driving Chain

An image showing the arrangement of a driving chain. It is similar to the chains used on bicycles.

The plans of the undercarriage of a long-framed truck, or lorry, in Britain. The image to the left is a universal jointed counter shaft for the truck.

Long Frame Lorry

The plans of the undercarriage of a long-framed truck, or lorry, in Britain. The image to the left is…

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is resistant to backlash and has almost perfect irreversibility. The image on the right is a typical irreversible steering device with a spirally grooved gear plate operating a sector.

Steering Devices

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is…

The image on the left is a motor steering wheel of a Hurtu cab. The image on the right is an example of a steering motor wheel arrangement. In this image, the worm gear and pinion device turns the stud axle around with an attached motor and gearing.

Steering Wheel

The image on the left is a motor steering wheel of a Hurtu cab. The image on the right is an example…

A stack, or pile, of clipart images. This image was designed by James Seaman for use as a default image for galleries that do not yet have a designated thumbnail icon.

Stack of clipart images

A stack, or pile, of clipart images. This image was designed by James Seaman for use as a default image…

The image of a Roman legionnaire. He is equipped with a dense breastplate, a helm, a large round shield, greaves, and a short sword.

Arms and Armor

The image of a Roman legionnaire. He is equipped with a dense breastplate, a helm, a large round shield,…

An array of miscellaneous ancient armors. The image depicts (1) a cuirass, often referred to as a coat of mail, (2) a helmet, (3) the shield, and (4), the greaves.

Arms and Armor

An array of miscellaneous ancient armors. The image depicts (1) a cuirass, often referred to as a coat…

An image of Ash'Toreth, or Ash'Taroth, who was called Astarte by the greeks. She was commonly known to be related to Baal, and was considered a lucky goddess by many.

Emblem of Ash'Toreth

An image of Ash'Toreth, or Ash'Taroth, who was called Astarte by the greeks. She was commonly known…

An image of the Acropolis, as it was, seated in Athens, Greece. The Acropolis is an ancient, famed citadel that rests on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, and is a part of the World Heritage List.

The Acropolis

An image of the Acropolis, as it was, seated in Athens, Greece. The Acropolis is an ancient, famed citadel…

This image shows a hemihedral crystal of pyroxene, whose forms are (c), (b), (a), (m), (o), and (u).

Hemihedral Crystal of Pyroxene

This image shows a hemihedral crystal of pyroxene, whose forms are (c), (b), (a), (m), (o), and (u).

An image of the Egyptian brick-making process. Bricks were usually made by foreigners. Exodus 5 records the story of the Israelites making bricks in Egypt.

Egyptian Brick-Making

An image of the Egyptian brick-making process. Bricks were usually made by foreigners. Exodus 5 records…

This image represents an isometric holohedral mirror positioned to produce a cube by reflection.

Isometric Holohedral Mirror

This image represents an isometric holohedral mirror positioned to produce a cube by reflection.

This image represents a twin of the monoclinic mineral Gypsum. Its twinning plane is the orthopinacoid.

Gypsum (Twinning)

This image represents a twin of the monoclinic mineral Gypsum. Its twinning plane is the orthopinacoid.

This image represents a twin of the monoclinic mineral Orthoclase. Its twinning plane is the orthopinacoid.

Orthoclase (Twinning)

This image represents a twin of the monoclinic mineral Orthoclase. Its twinning plane is the orthopinacoid.

A Fin'ial is an ornament, generally carved to resemble foliage, which forms the termination of pinnacles, gables, spires, and other portions of Gothic architecture. This image shows an example of a fin'ial.

Fin'ial

A Fin'ial is an ornament, generally carved to resemble foliage, which forms the termination of pinnacles,…

A Fin'ial is an ornament (generally carved to resemble foliage) which forms the termination of pinnacles, gables, spires, and other portions of Gothic architecture. This image shows an example of a fin'ial.

Fin'ial

A Fin'ial is an ornament (generally carved to resemble foliage) which forms the termination of pinnacles,…

A fish god, or Dagon, commonly worshiped by the Philistines.

Fish God

A fish god, or Dagon, commonly worshiped by the Philistines.

Fritillary is a genus of liliaceous plants, characterized by bearing solitary flowers, each with six petals, and a nectary to each petal. This image shows the variety F. meleagris.

Fritillary (F. meleagris)

Fritillary is a genus of liliaceous plants, characterized by bearing solitary flowers, each with six…

An image of a fly, a species of insect.

Fly

An image of a fly, a species of insect.

This illustration shows two glue cakes after the glue manufacturing process. The top image is a french cake, 7.5x7.5 inches square. The bottom image is an ordinary cake, a rectangle, 9 in by 5.5 in.

Glue Cake (Manufacturing)

This illustration shows two glue cakes after the glue manufacturing process. The top image is a french…

This image shows one of Friedrich Froebel's divided cube (this one divided into eight smaller cubes). Froebel's cubes were used to encourage creativity in kindergarten-age children. The children could rearrange the smaller cubes into combinations that showed life, knowledge, and beauty.

Froebel's Divided Cube (Eight Smaller Cubes)

This image shows one of Friedrich Froebel's divided cube (this one divided into eight smaller cubes).…

This image shows one of Friedrich Froebel's divided cube (this one divided into eight smaller parallelograms). Froebel's cubes were used to encourage creativity in kindergarten-age children. The children could rearrange the smaller shapes into combinations that showed life, knowledge, and beauty.

Froebel's Divided Cube (Eight Smaller Parallelograms)

This image shows one of Friedrich Froebel's divided cube (this one divided into eight smaller parallelograms).…

This image shows one of Friedrich Froebel's divided cube (this one divided into twenty-seven smaller cubes). Froebel's cubes were used to encourage creativity in kindergarten-age children. The children could rearrange the smaller cubes into combinations that showed life, knowledge, and beauty.

Froebel's Divided Cube (Twenty-seven Smaller Cubes)

This image shows one of Friedrich Froebel's divided cube (this one divided into twenty-seven smaller…

This image shows one of Friedrich Froebel's divided cube (this one divided into many smaller cubes and prisms). Froebel's cubes were used to encourage creativity in kindergarten-age children. The children could rearrange the smaller shapes into combinations that showed life, knowledge, and beauty.

Froebel's Divided Cube (Complex)

This image shows one of Friedrich Froebel's divided cube (this one divided into many smaller cubes and…

Image of men bowing outside the palace of Sennacherib, located in ancient Assyria.

Men Bowing

Image of men bowing outside the palace of Sennacherib, located in ancient Assyria.

A medal of Abilene of Lysanias. The image of the river Chrysorrhoas and the inscription KRYSOROAS KLAUDIAION is engraved on one side. The other side depicts the figure of Victory, with the inscription LEUKADION.

Medal of Abilene

A medal of Abilene of Lysanias. The image of the river Chrysorrhoas and the inscription KRYSOROAS KLAUDIAION…

An image of Augustus making a speech to his army under the tutelage of Julius Caesar.

Coin

An image of Augustus making a speech to his army under the tutelage of Julius Caesar.

A medal of Antioch engraved with an image of Nemesis, the goddess of divine punishment.

Medal of Antioch

A medal of Antioch engraved with an image of Nemesis, the goddess of divine punishment.

An image of Jupiter with the inscription <i>Alexandrou</i>, suggesting that Alexander the Great was worshipped as a deity in Ascalon.

Medal of Ascalon

An image of Jupiter with the inscription Alexandrou, suggesting that Alexander the Great was worshipped…

A coin of Cyrene showing an image of Jupiter.

Coin of Cyrene

A coin of Cyrene showing an image of Jupiter.

A medal engraved with the image of Zeus, or Jupiter, next to a sphinx; the other side of the coin depicts the head of Serapis.

Jupiter

A medal engraved with the image of Zeus, or Jupiter, next to a sphinx; the other side of the coin depicts…

A medal engraved with the head of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, with his name in the inscription.  On the other side is the image of a galley with many oars. The prow has a standard with flags flying and a captain standing at the helm, directing the vessel.

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

A medal engraved with the head of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, with his name in the inscription. On the…

A medal engraved with the portrait of Melita; the reverse side depicting a figure with two sets of wings holding a crook and a sickle in his hands. Traditionally a symbol for the production of grain, the image may also allude to the god of fertility.

Medal of Melita

A medal engraved with the portrait of Melita; the reverse side depicting a figure with two sets of wings…

A phylacterium, or safeguard, amulet found at St. Dunstan's Fleet Street in London. The image may represent Saint George and the Dragon.

Phylacterium

A phylacterium, or safeguard, amulet found at St. Dunstan's Fleet Street in London. The image may represent…

During early wars, like the Civil War, artillery battery was a term for a unit of guns or mortars used for better battlefield communication, command, and control. This image is captioned with "bringing up a battery."

Artillery Battery

During early wars, like the Civil War, artillery battery was a term for a unit of guns or mortars used…

Image of a Confederate spy.

Confederate Spy

Image of a Confederate spy.

A side border of flowers. In the upper right corner, there is an image of a castle.

Flower Border

A side border of flowers. In the upper right corner, there is an image of a castle.

A flower centerpiece surrounded by ceramic figurines.

Flower Centerpiece

A flower centerpiece surrounded by ceramic figurines.

A circular image of an old bell tower attached to an abandoned building.

Old Bell Tower

A circular image of an old bell tower attached to an abandoned building.

A sailor with a small girl

Young Sailor

A sailor with a small girl

A woman standing by a creek in what appears to be springtime.

Woman by a Creek

A woman standing by a creek in what appears to be springtime.

Image of a plantation house surrounded by trees.

Plantation House

Image of a plantation house surrounded by trees.

A sailboat from the late nineteenth century

Sail Boat

A sailboat from the late nineteenth century