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Papillae from the palm of the hand, with the epidermis removed. Magnified.

Papillae with Epidermis Removed

Papillae from the palm of the hand, with the epidermis removed. Magnified.

The metacarpal and phalangeal bones of the fingers, with their tendons and ligaments. Labels: 1, metacarpal bone, 2. tendon of the superficial flexor. 3, Tendon of the deep flexor passing through a perforation (*) of the superficial flexor.

Metacarpal and Phalangeal Bones of the Fingers

The metacarpal and phalangeal bones of the fingers, with their tendons and ligaments. Labels: 1, metacarpal…

"Effect of removal of a leaflet from a palmately compound leaf (e.g. Woodbine). B, normal leaf; C, after removal of upper right-hand leaflet. A, Unbroken lines represent average normal position of leaflets; dotted lines, average position of leaflets after operation; barred line, position of leaflet removed." -Gager, 1916

Leaflet Removal

"Effect of removal of a leaflet from a palmately compound leaf (e.g. Woodbine). B, normal leaf; C, after…

The tendons reach only to the wrist. Fine cords pass to the fingers.

Tendons of the Arm

The tendons reach only to the wrist. Fine cords pass to the fingers.

The power possessed by the hand of a human is chiefly depended upon the size and power of the thumb, which is more developed in humans than it is in the highest apes. The thumb of the human hand can be brought into exact opposition to the extremities of all the fingers, whether singly or in combination; while in those quandrumana which most nearly approach man, the thumb is so short, and the fingers are so weak that they can never be opposed to each other with any degree of force. The human foot is, in proportion to the side of the whole body, larger, broader, and stronger than that of any other mammal.

Comparison of the Hand and the Foot of a Monkey and Human

The power possessed by the hand of a human is chiefly depended upon the size and power of the thumb,…

Touch corpuscles are found in the papillae of the skin of the fingers and toes, or among its epithelium; they may be simple or compound; when simple, they are large and slightly flattened transparent nucleated ganglion cells, enclosed in a capsule; when compound the capsule contains several smalls cells. Shown are the papillae from the skin of the hand, freed from the cuticle and exhibiting tactile corpuscles. A. Simple papilla with four nerve fibers; a, tactile corpuscles; b, nerves with cells and fine elastic filaments; b, tactile corpuscle with transverse nuclei; c, entering nerve with neurilemma or perineurium; d and e, nerve fibers winding round the corpuscle.

Touch Corpuscles

Touch corpuscles are found in the papillae of the skin of the fingers and toes, or among its epithelium;…

Touch corpuscles are found in the papillae of the skin of the fingers and toes, or among its epithelium; they may be simple or compound; when simple, they are large and slightly flattened transparent nucleated ganglion cells, enclosed in a capsule; when compound the capsule contains several smalls cells. Show is a touch corpuscle of Meissner, from the skin of the human hand.

Touch Corpuscle of Meissner

Touch corpuscles are found in the papillae of the skin of the fingers and toes, or among its epithelium;…

The left auricle and ventricle opened and a part of their anterior and left walls removed. The pulmonary artery has been divided at its commencement; the opening into the left ventricle is carried a short distance into the aorta between two of the segments of the semilunar valves; and the left part of the auricle with its appendix has been removed. The right auricle is out of view. Labels: 1, the two right pulmonary veins cut short; their opening are seen within the auricle; 1' , placed within the cavity of the auricle on the left side of the septum and on the right side and on the part which forms the remains of the valve of the foramen ovale, of which the crescentic fold is seen towards the left hand of 1'; 2, a narrow portion of the wall of the auricle and ventricle preserved round the auriculo-ventricular orifice; 3, 3', the cut surface of the walls of the ventricle, seen to become very much thinner towards 3", at the apex; 4, a small part of the anterior wall of the left ventricle which has been preserved with the principle anterior columna carnea or musculus papillaris attached to it; 5. ,musculi papillares; 5', the left side of the septum, between the two ventricles, within the cavity of the left ventricle; and above the three segments of its semilunar valve which are hanging loosely together; 7', the exterior of the great aortic sinus; 8, the root of the pulmonary artery and its semilunar valves; 8' the separated portion of the pulmonary artery remaining attached to the aorta by 9, the cord of the ductus arteriosus; 10, the arteries rising from the summit of the aortic arch.

A Diagram of the Heart

The left auricle and ventricle opened and a part of their anterior and left walls removed. The pulmonary…

The stethograph or pneumograph consists of a thick rubber of elliptical shape about three inches long, to one end of which a rigid gutta-percha tube is attached. Labels: h, tambour fixed at right angles to plate of steel f; c and d, arms by which instrument is attached to chest by belt e. When the chest expands, the arms are pulled asunder, which bends the steel plate, and the tambour is affected by the pressure of b, which is attached to it on the one hand, and to the upright in connection with horizontal screw g.

Stethograph or Pneumograph

The stethograph or pneumograph consists of a thick rubber of elliptical shape about three inches long,…

The entrance to the Turkish Department at the Great Exhibition of 1851 shows a fabric-draped ceiling and glass cases containing exhibit items. Firearms are hanging on the right-hand wall. A sign reading "EGYPT" and another reading "TURKEY" are at the top of the entryway.

Crystal Palace Turkish Department

The entrance to the Turkish Department at the Great Exhibition of 1851 shows a fabric-draped ceiling…

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

Diagrammatic section showing the relation in a mammal between the primitive alimentary canal and the membranes of the ovum. The stage represented in this diagram corresponds to that of the fifteenth or seventeenth day in the human embryo, previous to the expansion of the allantois; c, the villous chorion; a, the amnion; a', the place of convergence of the amnion and reflexion of the false amnion a", or outer or corneous layer; e, the head and trunk of the embryo, comprising the primitive vertebrae and cerebrospinal axis; i, the simple alimentary canal in its upper and lower portions. Immediately beneath the right hand i is seen the fetal heart, lying in the anterior part of the pleuroperitoneal cavity; v, the yolk sac or umbilical vesicle; vi, the vitellointestinal opening; u, the allantois connected by a pedicle with the anal portion of the alimentary canal.

Membranes of the Ovum

Diagrammatic section showing the relation in a mammal between the primitive alimentary canal and the…

Diagram showing the three successive stages of development. Transverse vertical sections. The yolk sac, ys, is seen progressively diminishing in size. In the embryo itself the medullary canal and notochord are seen in section. a', in middle figure, the alimentary canal, becoming pinched off, as it were, from the yolk sac; a', in right hand figure, alimentary canal completely closed; a, in last two figures amnion; ac', cavity of amnion filled with amniotic fluid; p, space between amnion and chorion continuous with the pleuroperitoneal cavity inside the body; vt, vitelline membrane; ys, yolk sac, or umbilical vesicle.

Development of the Yolk Sac

Diagram showing the three successive stages of development. Transverse vertical sections. The yolk sac,…

Embryo chick at fourth day, viewed as a transparent object, lying on its left side. CH, cerebral hemispheres; FB, forebrain or vesicle of third ventricle, with Pn, pineal gland projecting from its summit; MB, midbrain; Cb, cerebellum; IV V, fourth ventricle; L, lens; chs, choroidal slit; Cen V, auditory vesicle; s m, superior maxillary process; 1F, 2F, 3F,4F., first, second, third, and fourth visceral folds; V, fifth nerve, sending one branch (ophthalmic) to the eye, and another to the first pharyngeal nerve, passing to the third visceral arch; G.Pg, pneumogastric nerve, passing towards the fourth visceral arch; iv, investing mass; ch, notochord; its front end cannot be seen in the living embryo, and it does not end as shown in the figure, but takes a sudden bend downwards, and then terminated in a point; Ht, heart seen through the walls of the chest; MP, muscle-plates; W, wing, showing commencing differentiation of segments, corresponding to arm, forearm, and hand; H L, hind-limb, as yet a shapeless bud, showing no differentiation. Beneath it is seen the curved tail.

Embryo Chick at Fourth Day

Embryo chick at fourth day, viewed as a transparent object, lying on its left side. CH, cerebral hemispheres;…

Horizontal section of the hand through the middle of the thenar and hypothenar eminences. Labels: a, metacarpal bone; b, first dorsal interosseous; c, palmaris brevis; d, abductor quinti digiti; e, flexor brevis min. dig.; f, opponens min. dig.; g, flexor brevis poll.; h, abductor brevis poll.; i, opponens poll.; j, adductor poll.; k, flexor long. poll.; l, dorsal interossei; m, palmar interossei; n, flexor sublimis; o, flexor profundus; p, superfic. volae; q, median nerve, and (on inner side) ulnar artery nerve; r, deep volar arch; 1, palmar fascia; 2, outer septum; 3, inner septum; 4, deep fascia of palm.

Horizontal Section of the Hand

Horizontal section of the hand through the middle of the thenar and hypothenar eminences. Labels: a,…

Atalanta being distracted to pick up one of three golden apples dropped by Melanion, her suitor during a foot race, the prize being her hand in marriage.

Atalanta's Race

Atalanta being distracted to pick up one of three golden apples dropped by Melanion, her suitor during…

Also known as the Sultana-fowl. "When eating, sometimes is stands on one foot and uses the other as a hand, in order to convey the food to its beak."

Hyacinthine Gallinule

Also known as the Sultana-fowl. "When eating, sometimes is stands on one foot and uses the other as…

"Coots but rarely traverse firm ground, where they walk with difficulty; on the other hand, they swim and dive with graceful ease."

The Bald Coot

"Coots but rarely traverse firm ground, where they walk with difficulty; on the other hand, they swim…

The Helping Hand, a painting by Emile Renouf.

The Helping Hand

The Helping Hand, a painting by Emile Renouf.

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin the nut with the other, in order to save wear on the threads.

Adjusting the Compass

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin…

The bow pencil is used to draw small circles and arcs.

The Bow Pencil

The bow pencil is used to draw small circles and arcs.

This bow pencil is used to make small curves.

Bow Pencil

This bow pencil is used to make small curves.

Depicted is a hand reaching out for a bow pencil.

Bow Pencil

Depicted is a hand reaching out for a bow pencil.

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight letters, then slant line and curved letters. Each letter is shown in a square, so that the proportion of its width to height may be easily learned. In this style many of the letters just about fill the square. The arrows and figures give the order and direction of strokes, which must be learned for each letter, Vertical strokes are all made downward and horizontal strokes from left to right.

Single Stroke Vertical Capitals

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight…

Words lettered in lower case or "small" letters are easier to read than when made in capital letters. These letters are made with bodies two-thirds the height of the capitals, the ascenders (b, d, f, etc.) extending up to the cap line and the descenders (g, p, q, etc.) dropping the same distance below.

Single Stroke Vertical Lower Case Letters

Words lettered in lower case or "small" letters are easier to read than when made in capital letters.…

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight letters, then slant line and curved letters. Each letter is shown in a square, so that the proportion of its width to height may be easily learned. In this style many of the letters just about fill the square. The arrows and figures give the order and direction of strokes, which must be learned for each letter, Vertical strokes are all made downward and horizontal strokes from left to right.

Single Stroke Inclined Capitals

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight…

Words lettered in lower case or "small" letters are easier to read than when made in capital letters. These letters are made with bodies two-thirds the height of the capitals, the ascenders (b, d, f, etc.) extending up to the cap line and the descenders (g, p, q, etc.) dropping the same distance below.

Single Stroke Inclined Lower Case Letters

Words lettered in lower case or "small" letters are easier to read than when made in capital letters.…

The bones of the right hand.

Bones of the Hand

The bones of the right hand.

This diagram is of two hands with intertwined fingers.

Intertwined Hands

This diagram is of two hands with intertwined fingers.

A hand expressing the affirmation of a situation with a 'thumbs up'.

Thumbs up

A hand expressing the affirmation of a situation with a 'thumbs up'.

A hand expressing the negation of a situation with a 'thumbs down'.

Thumbs down

A hand expressing the negation of a situation with a 'thumbs down'.

The hand contains a puppet for each of the five little pigs from the famous nursery rhyme.

5 Little Pigs Finger Puppets

The hand contains a puppet for each of the five little pigs from the famous nursery rhyme.

"This little pig went to the market." -Beard, 1906

5 little pigs hand puppets

"This little pig went to the market." -Beard, 1906

"This little pig stayed at home." -Beard, 1906

5 little pigs hand puppets

"This little pig stayed at home." -Beard, 1906

"I am sleepy." -Beard, 1906

The children's heads

"I am sleepy." -Beard, 1906

"Where is my hat?" -Beard, 1906

The children's heads

"Where is my hat?" -Beard, 1906

"I think you are funny." -Beard, 1906

The children's heads

"I think you are funny." -Beard, 1906

"Will you play with me?" -Beard, 1906

The children's heads

"Will you play with me?" -Beard, 1906

A sailor's hat made of paper.

Sailor puppet hat

A sailor's hat made of paper.

"Crying boy''s hat." -Beard, 1906

Cone puppet hat

"Crying boy''s hat." -Beard, 1906

"Hat for little girl who wants to play." -Beard, 1906

Cone puppet hat

"Hat for little girl who wants to play." -Beard, 1906

"Laughing boy's hat." -Beard, 1906

Cone puppet hat

"Laughing boy's hat." -Beard, 1906

"Little girl's skirt." -Beard, 1906

Cone Puppet Hat

"Little girl's skirt." -Beard, 1906

"The accompanying engraving is an illustration of a new style vertical mill in which an attempt is made to embody all the improvements which have been suggested by experience, and to furnish a complete vertical cane mill. In this machine the hearing is placed between the rolls, giving access to the boxes; the small wheels are lapped, bringing the minor rolls close together, and dispensing with the guide plate or 'dumb returner;' the main roll has a wide flange; the sweep cap has a square eye fitted to the squared end of the main shaft removable by hand; the weight of the rolls is supported upon the ends of the shafts in adjustable oil-tight boxes; the feed roll is fluted to facilitate the entrance of the cane to the mill; the top and bottom plates are diagonally braced as represent, and the construction of the whole machine is such that the mill may be taken entirely apart by simply unscrewing the corner bolts, no keys being used in any part of the machine." -Commissioner, 1865

Vertical Cane Mill

"The accompanying engraving is an illustration of a new style vertical mill in which an attempt is made…

Projections of two types of flexor tendon sheaths. Note that in the hand upon the right side there is a continuation between the little finger and the ulnar bursa, and also between the thumb and radial bursa. Note also the connecting sheaths between. In the hand upon the left side the sheaths are separated not alone from their respective fingers but from each other. The type noted upon the right side is the one usually found.

Tendon Sheaths of Wrist and Hand

Projections of two types of flexor tendon sheaths. Note that in the hand upon the right side there is…

Frontal section of the wrist and hand.

Frontal Section Through the Wrist and Hand

Frontal section of the wrist and hand.

Section on a line with the deep palmar arch of the right hand.

Cross Section on a Line with the Palmar Arch of the Hand

Section on a line with the deep palmar arch of the right hand.

Section through the middle of the right metacarpal bones.

Cross Section Through Middle Metacarpal Bones of the Hand

Section through the middle of the right metacarpal bones.

Section through the distal end of the right metacarpal bones.

Cross Section Through Distal End of the Metacarpal Bones of the Hand

Section through the distal end of the right metacarpal bones.

Section through the bases of the right fingers.

Cross Section Through Fingers

Section through the bases of the right fingers.

Frozen section through right middle finger, the hand being straight.

Section Through Finger

Frozen section through right middle finger, the hand being straight.

An illustration of two species of doves. On the left is a crested dove and on the right hand side is a common Australian bronze-winged dove.

Doves

An illustration of two species of doves. On the left is a crested dove and on the right hand side is…

The Sphaeria sinensis a cordycep, a parasitic fungus. "The right hand figure represents the manner in which it is made up for sale." -Lindley, 1853

Cordycep

The Sphaeria sinensis a cordycep, a parasitic fungus. "The right hand figure represents the manner in…

A candle is a light source consisting of a solid block of wax and a wick. Pictured is a hand lighting the candle with a match.

Candle

A candle is a light source consisting of a solid block of wax and a wick. Pictured is a hand lighting…

A boy putting his hand up to his ear to listen.

Boy Listening

A boy putting his hand up to his ear to listen.

The hand is the intricate, multi-fingered body part normally located at the end of each arm of a human.

Hand Pointing

The hand is the intricate, multi-fingered body part normally located at the end of each arm of a human.

The cuneiform may be distinguished by its pyramidal shape, and by its having an oval, isolated facet for articulation with pisiform bone. It is situated at the upper and inner side of the carpus. Shown is the left cuneiform, showing palmar and lateral surfaces.

Cuneiform Bone

The cuneiform may be distinguished by its pyramidal shape, and by its having an oval, isolated facet…

The pisiform may be known by its small size and by its presenting a single articular facet. It is situated on a plane anterior to the other bones of the carpus; it is spheroidal in form, with its long diameter directed vertically. Shown is the left pisiform, showing posterior and lateral surfaces.

Pisiform Bone

The pisiform may be known by its small size and by its presenting a single articular facet. It is situated…