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"A bar of steel which is a magnet, suspended in such a way that it can freely turn to the north or south." —Wells, 1857

Magnetic Needle

"A bar of steel which is a magnet, suspended in such a way that it can freely turn to the north or south."…

A tool used to tell direction.

Compass

A tool used to tell direction.

A South Americandendrocolaptine bird of the genus Xiphorhynchus.

Saberbill

A South Americandendrocolaptine bird of the genus Xiphorhynchus.

A South American monkey.

Marmoset

A South American monkey.

"The Earth, whose diameter is 7,912 miles, is represented by the globe, or sphere. The straight line passing through its center, and about which it turns, is called its axis, and the two extremities of the axis are the poles of the Earth, A being the north pole, and B the south pole. The line C D, crossing the axis, passes quite round the Earth, and divides it into two equal parts. This is called the equinoctial line, or the equator. That part of the Earth situated north of this line, is caled the northern hemisphere, and that part south of it, the southern hemisphere. The small circles E F and G H, surrounding or including the poles, are called the polar circles." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Divisions

"The Earth, whose diameter is 7,912 miles, is represented by the globe, or sphere. The straight line…

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

"Suppose the Earth to be in her Summer solstice, which takes place on the 21st of June. At this period she will be at a, having her north pole, n, so inclined towards the Sun, that the whole arctic circle will be illuminated, and consequently the Sun's rays will extend 23.25 degrees, the breadth of the polar circle, beyond the north pole." —Comstock, 1850

Seasons

"Suppose the Earth to be in her Summer solstice, which takes place on the 21st of June. At this period…

"Let this figure represent the Earth, N being the north pole, S the south pole, and E W the equator. The lines 10, 20, 30, and so on, are the parallels of latitude, and the lines N a S, N b S, etc., are meridian lines, or those of longitude." —Comstock, 1850

Longitude

"Let this figure represent the Earth, N being the north pole, S the south pole, and E W the equator.…

A porcupine found in Mexico and much of South America.

Synetheres Prehensilis

A porcupine found in Mexico and much of South America.

"Kew Instruments arranged in the relative positions recommended by Lloyd so as magnetically to interfere with one another as little as possible. We are supposed to be viewing the whole from the south. No. 1 to the right is the declination instrument, No. 2 that for the horizontal force, and No. 3 in the distance behind the central pillar (No. 4) the vertical force magnetometer." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Kew Instruments

"Kew Instruments arranged in the relative positions recommended by Lloyd so as magnetically to interfere…

A lake in south central Oregon

Lake Klamath

A lake in south central Oregon

Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, with the bottom of the stalk of the season, and the bud for the next year's growth.

Solomon's Seal

Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, with the bottom of the stalk of the season, and the bud for the next year's…

A South African buffalo with horns that meet in the middle of the head.

Cape Buffalo

A South African buffalo with horns that meet in the middle of the head.

From a Painting by Raphael, in the South Kensington Museum.

The Miraculous Draught of Fishes

From a Painting by Raphael, in the South Kensington Museum.

The attack on Fort Moultrie, South Carolina.

Attack on Fort Moultrie

The attack on Fort Moultrie, South Carolina.

This painting by J. William Turner is one of many canal drawings the artist did. The piece was exhibited in the year 1840. It can now be found in the South Kensington Museum.

Venice from the Canal of the Giudecca

This painting by J. William Turner is one of many canal drawings the artist did. The piece was exhibited…

John C. Calhoun, a senator from South Carolina who instigated the doctrine of nullification in his state.

John C. Calhoun

John C. Calhoun, a senator from South Carolina who instigated the doctrine of nullification in his state.

Robert E. Lee, the famous Confederate general.

Robert E. Lee

Robert E. Lee, the famous Confederate general.

General William Tecumseh Sherman, famous Union general noted for his successful campaigns in the South during the Civil War.

William Tecumseh Sherman

General William Tecumseh Sherman, famous Union general noted for his successful campaigns in the South…

A South American tree whose dried leaves produce a tea when boiled.

Paraguay Tea

A South American tree whose dried leaves produce a tea when boiled.

A South American palm whose fibrous make up is used in industry and it also produces te coquilla nut.

Coquila Palm

A South American palm whose fibrous make up is used in industry and it also produces te coquilla nut.

A South American fan palm.

Cornahuba Palm

A South American fan palm.

The Amazon River is the largest, most voluminous river on earth, having a greater total flow than the next six largest rivers combined.

Amazon River

The Amazon River is the largest, most voluminous river on earth, having a greater total flow than the…

Table Mountain is a mountain in the Western Cape, South Africa, overlooking the greater Cape Town area.

Table Mountain

Table Mountain is a mountain in the Western Cape, South Africa, overlooking the greater Cape Town area.

An endangered South American bird with vibrant red and green plumage. It is thought to be extinct.

Quezal

An endangered South American bird with vibrant red and green plumage. It is thought to be extinct.

Lake George, also known as <em>Queen of American Lakes</em>, is a long narrow lake at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains, northern New York. The lake extends about 32.2 miles on a north-south axis and varies from 1 to 3 miles in width.

View of Lake George, N.Y.

Lake George, also known as Queen of American Lakes, is a long narrow lake at the southeast…

A South American palm that produce a seed for the which the plant is named.

Vegetable Ivory

A South American palm that produce a seed for the which the plant is named.

A South American plant that is sought after for its roots.

Ipecac

A South American plant that is sought after for its roots.

The world's largest rodent, it has webbed feet and is usually in the water or along the shore of a river or lake.

Capybara

The world's largest rodent, it has webbed feet and is usually in the water or along the shore of a river…

A large South African antelope.

Hartebeest

A large South African antelope.

A relative of the South African antelope.

Blue Goat

A relative of the South African antelope.

Pines are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they range from Arctic south to Nicaragua and Hispaniola, with the highest diversity in Mexico and California. In Eurasia, they range from Portugal and Scotland east to the Russian Far East, Japan, and the Philippines, and south to northernmost Africa, the Himalaya and Southeast Asia, with one species (Sumatran Pine) just crossing the Equator in Sumatra. Pines are also extensively planted in many parts of the Southern Hemisphere.

Pine Tree

Pines are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they range from Arctic south…

A relative of the South African antelope.

Water Goat

A relative of the South African antelope.

A relative of the South African antelope.

Beautiful Goat

A relative of the South African antelope.

A relative of the South African antelope.

Bush Buck

A relative of the South African antelope.

A relative of the South African antelope.

Fierce Bush Buck

A relative of the South African antelope.

A group of South American natives.

Aruaca'nians

A group of South American natives.

Thought to be native to Southern Asia. They are extensively cultivated throughout the tropical zones, both north and south of the equator. Since their fruit is very nutritious, and the yield of a given fruit are great, they form an exceedingly important staple of food.

Banana

Thought to be native to Southern Asia. They are extensively cultivated throughout the tropical zones,…

Bread-Fruit is the pulpy fruit of a tree which grows only in the tropics. The tree yields fruit during most of the year, and is said to be a native of the South Sea Islands, though it is now quite common in the Friendly and Society groups, and in many of the neighboring islands.

Bread Fruit

Bread-Fruit is the pulpy fruit of a tree which grows only in the tropics. The tree yields fruit during…

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc until 1775. He made, about this time, a voyage to the Isle-de-France, the governor of which was one of his relations, and entered into the garrison of Pondicherry. On his return, he gave himself up to gambling and women, and dissipated his fortune. The Revolution broke out. He immediately showed himself an opponent of the Court, and had a seat in the <em>tiers-etat</em>, while his brother was sitting in that of the nobility. July 14, 1789, he took part in the attack upon the Bastille, and Aug. 10, 1792, upon the Tuileries. In 1792 he was elected a member of the National Convention, and voted for the unconditional death of Louis XVI. He was sent, in 1793, to the South of France, and commanded the left wing of the besieging army under Dugommier, and it was here that he first met Napoleon Bonaparte, then captain of artillery. The patriotic reputation of Barras was so well established that he abd Freron were the only representatives not denounced by the popular societies. Robespierre, however, was friend of his, and often wished to arrest him. Barras, knowing this, became one of the principle actors of the 9th Thermidor, and put himself at the head of the troops which surrounded Robespierre at the Hotel de Ville. In 1794 he was named one of the Committee of Public Safety, and became a great enemy to the members of the members of the "Mountain." In February, 1795, he was elected President of the Convention, and, in that capacity, declared Paris in a state of siege, when the Assembly was attacked by the populace. Afterward, when the Convention was assailed, Bonaparte, by Barras' advice, was appointed to command the artillery; and that general, on the 13th Vendemaire, decisively repressed the royalist movement. For his services, Barras was now named one of the Directory, and took a prominent part in the changes which that body unerwent until Napoleon's <em>coup d'etat</em> on the 18th Brumaire, which effectually overthrew the power of Barrras and his colleagues. His life, from this date, was, generally speaking, one of retirement. He died in Paris, Jan. 29, 1829. His "Memoirs" appeared in 1895.

Comte de Barras

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the…

Stagmomantis Carolina, the female.

Carolina Mantis

Stagmomantis Carolina, the female.

Stagmomantis Carolina, the male.

Carolina Mantis

Stagmomantis Carolina, the male.

Egg masses of Stagmomantis Carolina.

Eggs

Egg masses of Stagmomantis Carolina.

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; larva.

Tumblebug

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; larva.

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; the cell in which it lived.

Tumblebug

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; the cell in which it lived.

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; pupa.

Tumblebug

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; pupa.

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; female beetle.

Tumblebug

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; female beetle.

Diagram of points on a compass.

Compass Points

Diagram of points on a compass.

A tropical tree native to southeast Asia and northern Australasia, from Taiwan south to Malaya and east to the Solomon Islands.

Gutta Percha

A tropical tree native to southeast Asia and northern Australasia, from Taiwan south to Malaya and east…

The ancient Egyptians regarded the scarab as a symbol of immortality. 1. Stone scarab with wings, 2. The sacred beetle (<em>Scarabaeus sacer</em>), 3. Scarab from the British Museum, 4. Scarab seal from the tomb of Maket, 5, 6. Scarabs from monuments.

Egyptian scarabs

The ancient Egyptians regarded the scarab as a symbol of immortality. 1. Stone scarab with wings, 2.…

A sceptre from the seal of Edward the Confessor.

Sceptre of Edward the Confessor

A sceptre from the seal of Edward the Confessor.

"A small (under two feet) South and East African antelope, in which the horns of the male rarely exceed four inches."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Steinbok

"A small (under two feet) South and East African antelope, in which the horns of the male rarely exceed…

Figure showing magnetic lines of force from a magnet, as well as both north and south poles.

Magnetic Field

Figure showing magnetic lines of force from a magnet, as well as both north and south poles.

"If a magnet is cut or broken into two or more pieces, each piece becomes a separate magnet, with north and south poles in the same relative positions as in the original magnet...But if the pieces be pressed closely together, their poles dissapear leaving only the two original poles." -Atkinson 1903

Effect of Breaking a Magnet

"If a magnet is cut or broken into two or more pieces, each piece becomes a separate magnet, with north…

"A coil of wire through which an elecric current is flowing shows magnetic properties similar to those of an electromagnet, b much weaker than those of a similar coil having a soft iron core. Such a coil, if suspended...will assume a north and south position..." -Atkinson 1903

Solenoid

"A coil of wire through which an elecric current is flowing shows magnetic properties similar to those…

"Suppose a b c to represent a portion of the earth's surface a being towards the north pole, c towards the south pole...The currents of air are supposed to pass in the direction of the arrows. the wind, therefore, for a to b would blow on the surface of the earth, from north to south, while from e to a, the upper current would pass from south to north, untl it came to a, when it would change is direction towards the south." -Comstock 1850

Opposite Currents of Air

"Suppose a b c to represent a portion of the earth's surface a being towards the north pole, c towards…

"The instant this is done and the galvanic circle completed, the needle will deviate from its north and south position, turning towards the east or west, according to the direction in which the galvanic circle flows." -Comstock 1850

Uniting Wire above the Needle

"The instant this is done and the galvanic circle completed, the needle will deviate from its north…

Half Pence (1/2 pence) Obverse has the image of an elephant. Reverse bears the inscription - GOD: PRESERVE: CAROLINA: AND THE: LORDS: PROPRIETORS 1694

Copper Half Pence Coin, 1695

Half Pence (1/2 pence) Obverse has the image of an elephant. Reverse bears the inscription - GOD: PRESERVE:…

Cent (1 cent) Obverse has the image of a right facing sailing ship. Reverse shows a shield surrounded by 13 equally-spaced stars. Sometimes referred to as the "Carolina Piece"; reason unknown.

Copper Cent Coin, 1659

Cent (1 cent) Obverse has the image of a right facing sailing ship. Reverse shows a shield surrounded…