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The nerve cells that compose the ganglia are generally unipolar, and seldom bipolar; sometimes two cells are said to exist in the same envelope, constituting the twin cells of Dogiel. The cells are large and have very large nucleoli. Shown are isolated nerve cells from the frog's heart. Labels: I, Usual form. II, Twin cell. C, capsule; N,nucleus; N', nucleolus; P, process.

Nerve Cells

The nerve cells that compose the ganglia are generally unipolar, and seldom bipolar; sometimes two cells…

Terminal branch of a bronchial tube, with its infundibula and air cells from the margin of the lung of a monkey, injected with quicksilver. Labels: a, terminal bronchial twig; b, infundibula and air cells.

Air Cells of a Monkey

Terminal branch of a bronchial tube, with its infundibula and air cells from the margin of the lung…

Two small infundibula or groups of air cells, a, with air cells, b, and the ultimate bronchial tubes, c, with which the air cells communicates. From a newborn child.

Infundibula

Two small infundibula or groups of air cells, a, with air cells, b, and the ultimate bronchial tubes,…

From a section of the lung of a cat, stained with silver nitrate. Labels: A. D., alveolar duct or intercellular passage; S, alveolar septa; N, alveoli or air cells, lined with large flat, nucleated cells, with some smaller polyhedral nucleated cells; M, Unstriped muscular fibers. Circular muscular fibers are seem surrounding the interior of the alveolar duct, and at one part is seen a group of small polyhedral cells continued from the bronchus.

Air Cells from a Cat's Lung

From a section of the lung of a cat, stained with silver nitrate. Labels: A. D., alveolar duct or intercellular…

A section of the submaxillary gland of a dog. Showing gland cells, b, and a duct, a, in section.

Gland Cells of a Dog

A section of the submaxillary gland of a dog. Showing gland cells, b, and a duct, a, in section.

From a section through a true salivary gland. Labels: a, the gland alveoli, lined with albuminous "salivary cells;" b, intralobular duct cut transversely.

True Salivary Gland

From a section through a true salivary gland. Labels: a, the gland alveoli, lined with albuminous "salivary…

From the section through a mucous gland in a quiescent state. The alveoli are lined with transparent mucous cells, and outside these are the semilunes.

Section of a Mucous Gland

From the section through a mucous gland in a quiescent state. The alveoli are lined with transparent…

From the section through a mucous gland after prolonged electrical stimulation. The alveoli are lined with small granular cells.

Section of a Mucous Gland After Stimulation

From the section through a mucous gland after prolonged electrical stimulation. The alveoli are lined…

Auerbach's nerve plexus in the small intestine. The plexus consist of fibrillated substance, and is made up of trabeculae of various thicknesses. Nucleus-like elements and ganglion cells are imbedded in the plexus, the whole of which is enclosed in a nucleated sheath.

Auerbach's Nerve Plexus

Auerbach's nerve plexus in the small intestine. The plexus consist of fibrillated substance, and is…

Portion of a lobule of liver. Labels: a, bile capillaries between liver cells, the network which is well seen; b, blood capillaries.

Portion of a Lobule of Liver

Portion of a lobule of liver. Labels: a, bile capillaries between liver cells, the network which is…

Hepatic cells and bile capillaries, from the liver of a child three months old. Both figures represent fragments of a section carried through the periphery of a lobule. The red corpuscles of the blood are recognized by their circular contour; vp, corresponds to an interlobular vein in immediate proximity with which are the epithelial cells of the biliary ducts, to which , at the lower part of the figures, the much larger hepatic cells suddenly succeed.

Hepatic Cells and Bile Capilaries

Hepatic cells and bile capillaries, from the liver of a child three months old. Both figures represent…

A, Liver cells. B, Liver cells, containing various sized particles of fat.

Liver Cells

A, Liver cells. B, Liver cells, containing various sized particles of fat.

Epithelial elements of a Malpighian capsule and tuft, with the commencement of a urinary tubule showing the afferent and efferent vessel. Labels: a, layer of flat epithelium forming the capsule; b, similar, but rather larger epithelial cells, places in the walls of the tube; c, cells, covering the vessels of the capillary tuft; d, commencement of the tubule, somewhat narrower than the rest of it.

Epithelial Elements of a Malpighian Capsule

Epithelial elements of a Malpighian capsule and tuft, with the commencement of a urinary tubule showing…

Epithelium of the bladder. Labels: a, one of the cells of the first row; b, a cell of the second row; c, cells in situ, of first, second, and deepest layers.

Epithelium of the Bladder

Epithelium of the bladder. Labels: a, one of the cells of the first row; b, a cell of the second row;…

Vertical section of epidermis of the prepuce. Labels: a, stratum corneum, of very few layers, the stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum not being distinctly represented; b, c, d, and e, the layers f the stratum Malpighi, a certain number of the cells in layers d and e showing signs of segmentation; layers c consists chiefly of prickle or ridge and furrow cells; f, basement membrane; g, cells in cutis vera.

Epidermis

Vertical section of epidermis of the prepuce. Labels: a, stratum corneum, of very few layers, the stratum…

The chair of St. Peter was made out of wood with ivory reliefs illustrating the story of Hercules in Rome.

Chair of St. Peter Arm-Chair

The chair of St. Peter was made out of wood with ivory reliefs illustrating the story of Hercules in…

The English Arm-chair from the 16th century was made out of wood and upholstered.

English Arm-Chair

The English Arm-chair from the 16th century was made out of wood and upholstered.

The Louis XVI Arm-chair style had carved wood and was gilded.

Louis XVI Style Arm-Chair

The Louis XVI Arm-chair style had carved wood and was gilded.

This Roman bedstead had a Pompeian vase-painting. It included a head and foot board. It was made out of wood and metal and sometimes precious materials such as ivory.

Roman Bedstead

This Roman bedstead had a Pompeian vase-painting. It included a head and foot board. It was made out…

This modern cabinet was made using two types of wood.

Modern Cabinet

This modern cabinet was made using two types of wood.

The German Renascence chair was made out of wood.

German Renascence chair

The German Renascence chair was made out of wood.

The Flemish 17th century chair was made out of wood.

Flemish 17th Century chair

The Flemish 17th century chair was made out of wood.

The Italian 16th century chair was made out of wood and supported by perforated carved boards.

Italian 16th Century Chair

The Italian 16th century chair was made out of wood and supported by perforated carved boards.

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the chair. This was done for convenience in moving the chair.

German 17th Century Chair

The German 17th century chair had openings for the hand that were carved into the wooden back of the…

The Gothic chest of the 15th century was carved out of chestnut wood and had iron mounts and handles.

Gothic Chest

The Gothic chest of the 15th century was carved out of chestnut wood and had iron mounts and handles.

This Renaissance chest of Dutch origin was richly decorated with carving, intarsia or wood inlaying, ivory and metal reliefs. It had no feet and was chiefly used for jewelry, and as work-boxes.

Renaissance Chest

This Renaissance chest of Dutch origin was richly decorated with carving, intarsia or wood inlaying,…

This Renaissance chest of Italian origin was richly decorated with carving, intarsia or wood inlaying, ivory and metal reliefs. It had no feet and was chiefly used for jewelry, and as work-boxes.

Renaissance Chest

This Renaissance chest of Italian origin was richly decorated with carving, intarsia or wood inlaying,…

This Renaissance chest of Flemish origin was from the 17th century. It was richly decorated with carving, intarsia or wood inlaying, ivory and metal reliefs. It had no feet and was chiefly used for jewelry, and as work-boxes.

Renaissance Chest

This Renaissance chest of Flemish origin was from the 17th century. It was richly decorated with carving,…

This Toilet-stand clock-case was made during the German Renaissance. Made of various colored wood, it was a slender tall cabinet where the upper and lower parts included doors, which holds various necessary objects. The center takes the form of a niche and inside the niche hangs a metal water-reservoir with a lid and a drain. It also includes metal wrought-iron towel-holders.

Toilet-Stand Clock-Case

This Toilet-stand clock-case was made during the German Renaissance. Made of various colored wood, it…

The Gothic lectern of the 15th century had a base made out of wood and the slope was made out of wrought-iron. The eagle and ball was made out of gilt and the dragon was painted green.

Gothic Lectern

The Gothic lectern of the 15th century had a base made out of wood and the slope was made out of wrought-iron.…

The St. Maria Novella Stall was decorated with intarsias or wood inlaying. It was designed by Baccio d'Agnolo in Florence towards the end of the 15th century.

St. Maria Novella Stall

The St. Maria Novella Stall was decorated with intarsias or wood inlaying. It was designed by Baccio…

Cells from the olfactory region of the rabbit. Labels: st, supporting cells; r, r', varieties of rod-cells; f, ciliated cell; s, cilia-like process; b, cells from Bowman's gland.

Cells from the Olfactory Region of a Rabbit

Cells from the olfactory region of the rabbit. Labels: st, supporting cells; r, r', varieties of rod-cells;…

Vertical section of the organ of Corti from the dog. Labels: 1 to 2, homogeneous layer of the so-called membrana basilaris; u, vestibular layer; v, tympana layer, with nuclei and protoplasm; a, prolongation of tympanal periosteum of lamina spiralis ossea; c, thickened commencement of the membrana basilaris near the point of perforation of the nerves h; d, blood-vessel ( vas spirale) ; e, blood-vessel; f, nerves; g, the epithelium of the sulcus spiralis internus; i, internal or tufted cell, with basil process k, surrounded with nuclei and protoplasm (of the glanular layer), into which the nerve-fibers radiate; l, hairs of the internal hair-cell ; n, base or foot of inner pillar of organ of Corti, whose under half is missing, while the next pillar beyond, o, presents both middle portion and base; r s d, three external hair-cells; t, bases of two neighboring hair or tufted cells; x, so-called supporting cell of Hensen; W, nerve-fiber terminating in the first of the external hair cells.

Corti from the Dog

Vertical section of the organ of Corti from the dog. Labels: 1 to 2, homogeneous layer of the so-called…

Vertical section of rabbit's cornea. Labels: anterior epithelium, showing the different shapes of the cells at various depths from the free surface; b, portion of the substance of cornea.

Magnified Rabbit's Cornea

Vertical section of rabbit's cornea. Labels: anterior epithelium, showing the different shapes of the…

Horizontal preparation of cornea of frog; showing the network of branched cornea-corpuscles. The ground substance was completely colorless.

Magnified Frog Cornea Showing Branched Corpuscles

Horizontal preparation of cornea of frog; showing the network of branched cornea-corpuscles. The ground…

Surface view of part lamella of kitten's cornea, prepared first with caustic potash and then with nitrate of silver. By this method the branched cornea-corpuscles with their granular protoplasm and large oval nuclei are brought out.

Lamella of Kitten's Cornea

Surface view of part lamella of kitten's cornea, prepared first with caustic potash and then with nitrate…

Vertical section of rabbit's cornea, stained with gold chloride. Labels: e, Laminated anterior epithelium. Immediately beneath this is the anterior elastic lamina of Bowman. n, Nerves forming a delicate sub-epithelial plexus, and sending up fine twigs between the epithelial cells to end in a second plexus on the free surface; d, Descemet's membrane, consisting of a fine elastic layer, and a single layer of epithelial cells. the substance of the cornea, f, is seen to be fibrillated, and contains many layers of branched corpuscles, arranged parallel to the free surface, and here seen edgewise.

Section of Rabbit's Cornea

Vertical section of rabbit's cornea, stained with gold chloride. Labels: e, Laminated anterior epithelium.…

A section of the retina, choroid, and part of the sclerotic. Labels: a, membrana limitans interna; b, nerve-fiber later traversed by Muller's sustentacular fibers (of the connective-tissue system): c, ganglion-cell layer; d, molecular layer; e, internal nuclear layer; f, internuclear layer; g, external nuclear layer; h, membrana limitans externa, running along the lower part of i, the layer of rods and cones; k, pigment cell layer; lm, internal and external vascular portions of the choroid, the first containing capillaries, the second larger blood-vessels, cut in transverse section; n, sclerotic.

Structure of the Retina

A section of the retina, choroid, and part of the sclerotic. Labels: a, membrana limitans interna; b,…

Diagram showing the nervous elements of retina. Labels: 1, nerve fiber to ganglion cell; 2, processes of ganglion cell going outwards; 3, nerve fiber passing direct to granule in inner nuclear layer; 4, process of ganglion cell to granule; 5, fiber from cone-granule breaking up into fibrils which are connected with rods and cone fibrils.

Nervous Elements of the Retina

Diagram showing the nervous elements of retina. Labels: 1, nerve fiber to ganglion cell; 2, processes…

Section through the macula lutea and fovea centralis of the human retina. Labels: a, fovea; b, descent of the macula towards fovea. The numbers indicate the layers of the retina: 1, membrana limitans interna; 2, optic nerve fibers; 3, layer of ganglionic corpuscles; 4, inner molecular layer; 5, inner nuclear layer; 6, intergranular, internuclear, or outer molecular layer. 7, external nuclear layer; 8, membrana limitans externa; 9, layer of rods and cones; 10, pigment-cell layer.

Layers of the Retina

Section through the macula lutea and fovea centralis of the human retina. Labels: a, fovea; b, descent…

"Morphology of a typical dicotyledonous plant. A, leaf, pinnately-netted veined; B, portion of stem, showing concentric layers of wood; C, ground-plan of flower (the parts in 5's); D, perspective of flower; E, longitudinal section of seed, showing dicotyledonous embryo." -Gager, 1916

Dicotyledonous Morphology

"Morphology of a typical dicotyledonous plant. A, leaf, pinnately-netted veined; B, portion of stem,…

This species is able to hollow out a home in a solid block of gneiss, one of the hardest rocks. To excavate its cell at the bottom of one of these gloomy retreats seems to be all that the animal lives for.

Pholas Dactylus (Linnaeus)

This species is able to hollow out a home in a solid block of gneiss, one of the hardest rocks. To excavate…

This species is able to hollow out a home in a solid block of gneiss, one of the hardest rocks. To excavate its cell at the bottom of one of these gloomy retreats seems to be all that the animal lives for.

Pholas Crispata (Linnaeus)

This species is able to hollow out a home in a solid block of gneiss, one of the hardest rocks. To excavate…

This species is able to hollow out a home in a solid block of gneiss, one of the hardest rocks. To excavate its cell at the bottom of one of these gloomy retreats seems to be all that the animal lives for.

Pholas Papyracea (Solander)

This species is able to hollow out a home in a solid block of gneiss, one of the hardest rocks. To excavate…

This species is able to hollow out a home in a solid block of gneiss, one of the hardest rocks. To excavate its cell at the bottom of one of these gloomy retreats seems to be all that the animal lives for.

Pholas Melanoura (Sowerby)

This species is able to hollow out a home in a solid block of gneiss, one of the hardest rocks. To excavate…

Capillary blood vessel of the tail of a young larval frog. a, capillaries permeable to blood; b, fat granules attached to the walls of the vessels, and concealing the nuclei; c, hollow prolongation of a capillary ending in a point; d, a branching cell with nucleus and fat granules; it communicates by three branches with prolongation of capillaries already formed; e, blood corpuscles still containing granules of fat.

Capillary Blood Vessels of Larval Frog

Capillary blood vessel of the tail of a young larval frog. a, capillaries permeable to blood; b, fat…

Red Wood Ant worker's head. "Workers supply all the food and are the builders of their wonderful colonies."

Red Wood Ant Worker's Head

Red Wood Ant worker's head. "Workers supply all the food and are the builders of their wonderful colonies."

The workers supply all the food and are the builders of their wonderful colonies.

Red Wood Ant Worker

The workers supply all the food and are the builders of their wonderful colonies.

"The cocoons represent the pupa stage; they are commonly called ant-eggs, and are carefully tended by the workers."

Red Wood Ant Pupae (bottom)

"The cocoons represent the pupa stage; they are commonly called ant-eggs, and are carefully tended by…

"The cocoons represent the pupa stage; they are commonly called ant-eggs, and are carefully tended by the workers."

Red Wood Ant Pupae (side)

"The cocoons represent the pupa stage; they are commonly called ant-eggs, and are carefully tended by…

The larva is the stage right after the eggs are laid. In this stage, the larva is white and legless.

Red Wood Ant Larva

The larva is the stage right after the eggs are laid. In this stage, the larva is white and legless.

While the pupae are in the cocoon, they are incased in a shelter, often called an ant-house.

Red Wood Ant Shelter of Pupae, so-called ant-house

While the pupae are in the cocoon, they are incased in a shelter, often called an ant-house.

The male red wood ant has wings, and after pairing is allowed to stray away and soon die.

Red Wood Ant Male

The male red wood ant has wings, and after pairing is allowed to stray away and soon die.

The workers supply all the food and are the builders of their wonderful colonies.

Red Wood Ant Worker (side)

The workers supply all the food and are the builders of their wonderful colonies.

"In a colony are the females, which are the largest in size." The females are very long-lived.

Red Wood Ant Female

"In a colony are the females, which are the largest in size." The females are very long-lived.

"The snare drum, having two heads, the upper one only being played upon by two sticks of wood; strings or snares, are stretched across the lower one, giving a peculiar resonant tone." -Foster, 1921

Snare Drum

"The snare drum, having two heads, the upper one only being played upon by two sticks of wood; strings…

A simple battery or cell used to generate electricity by chemical action.

Simple Battery

A simple battery or cell used to generate electricity by chemical action.

"In the last partition of the shell is the animal, covered by its mantle, which lines to walls of the partitions. The mouth of the nautilus is armed with mandibles, fashioned somewhat like a parrot's beak."

Nautilus Pompilius (Linnaeus), showing the interior of the lower cell, to which the animal is fixed.

"In the last partition of the shell is the animal, covered by its mantle, which lines to walls of the…