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The caragana microphylla shrub grows four to six feet tall. Each stem has one or two yellow longs.

Caragana Microphylla

The caragana microphylla shrub grows four to six feet tall. Each stem has one or two yellow longs.

The common name of cardiospermum halicacabum is balloon vine but it is also know has heart seed and heart pea. The plant grows ten feet tall. The stem and branches are grooved.

Cardiospermum Halicacabum

The common name of cardiospermum halicacabum is balloon vine but it is also know has heart seed and…

Illustrated is a layer of carnation. The parent stem was cut at (s).

Layer of Carnation

Illustrated is a layer of carnation. The parent stem was cut at (s).

Illustrated are cuttings of carnation. (a) desirable cuttings, (b) weak cutting that is too high up on the stem, (c) too low on the stem.

Carnation Cuttings

Illustrated are cuttings of carnation. (a) desirable cuttings, (b) weak cutting that is too high up…

The flowers of cattleya citrina are yellow except for the white border of the front lobe of the lip. Each stem usually bears only one flower. The leaves are four to seven inches long.

Cattleya Citrina

The flowers of cattleya citrina are yellow except for the white border of the front lobe of the lip.…

The common name of centaurea moschata is sweet sultan. The stem is two feet tall and branching below. The flowers are white, yellow, or purple and fragrant.

Centaurea Moschata

The common name of centaurea moschata is sweet sultan. The stem is two feet tall and branching below.…

The common name of chimaphila is pipsissewa. The maculata variety has white flowers. There are two to five flowers per stem.

Chimaphila Maculata

The common name of chimaphila is pipsissewa. The maculata variety has white flowers. There are two to…

The Paris or Marguerite daisy is the common name of chrysanthemum frutescens. It is a perennial that grows three feet tall. There are numerous flowers heads that always grow alone on each stem. The rays are typically white.

Paris Daisy

The Paris or Marguerite daisy is the common name of chrysanthemum frutescens. It is a perennial that…

Illustrated is a new type of chrysanthemum with a short stem. It is popular with commercial growers.

New Type of Chrysanthemum

Illustrated is a new type of chrysanthemum with a short stem. It is popular with commercial growers.

Clematis viorna grows eight to ten feet tall. The flowers are pitcher shaped and grow alone on each stem.

Clematis Viorna

Clematis viorna grows eight to ten feet tall. The flowers are pitcher shaped and grow alone on each…

Clerodendron fallax is an ornamental species. The stem is erect, shrubby, and branching after flowering. The flowers are numerous and bright scarlet.

Clerodendron Fallax

Clerodendron fallax is an ornamental species. The stem is erect, shrubby, and branching after flowering.…

Convovulus tricolor grows six to twelve inches tall. The stem is covered with long, brownish hairs. The flowers are blue and yellow, margined with white.

Convovulus Tricolor

Convovulus tricolor grows six to twelve inches tall. The stem is covered with long, brownish hairs.…

Illustrated is a stem cutting of cordyline. The common names are dracena and dracena palm.

Cordyline

Illustrated is a stem cutting of cordyline. The common names are dracena and dracena palm.

The flowers are crepis rubra are red and usually grow alone at the end of each stem. It grows between six and eighteen inches tall.

Crepis Rubra

The flowers are crepis rubra are red and usually grow alone at the end of each stem. It grows between…

Illustrated is the stem of an early sugar pumpkin. It is the common name of curcurbita pepo.

Pumpkin Stem

Illustrated is the stem of an early sugar pumpkin. It is the common name of curcurbita pepo.

Illustrated is the stem of the large cheese pumpkin, or curcurbita moschata.

Large Cheese Pumpkin

Illustrated is the stem of the large cheese pumpkin, or curcurbita moschata.

Illustrated is the stem of the hubabrd squash, curcurbita maxima.

Hubbard Squash

Illustrated is the stem of the hubabrd squash, curcurbita maxima.

Cuphea hyssopifolia has a shrubby stem and numerous branches. The flowers are scarcely longer than the leaves. The plant is native to Mexico.

Cuphea Hyssopifolia

Cuphea hyssopifolia has a shrubby stem and numerous branches. The flowers are scarcely longer than the…

The flowers of cymbopetalum penduliflorum grow alone at the end of each stem. The petals and thick and fleshy and resemble the human ear. The flowers are pungently aromatic.

Cymbopetalum Penduliflorum

The flowers of cymbopetalum penduliflorum grow alone at the end of each stem. The petals and thick and…

The leaves of dalibarda repens are heart shaped and wavy toothed. The flowers are white with one or two on each stem.

Dalibarda Repens

The leaves of dalibarda repens are heart shaped and wavy toothed. The flowers are white with one or…

Delphinium formosum has a strong stem that grows two to three feet tall. The flowers are blue with indigo margins. The flowers bloom in June and July.

Delphinium Formosum

Delphinium formosum has a strong stem that grows two to three feet tall. The flowers are blue with indigo…

Didymochlaena lunulata is native from Cuba to Brazil. The leaves are clustered from an erect, rigid stem. The leaves are three to six feet long.

Didymochlaena Lunulata

Didymochlaena lunulata is native from Cuba to Brazil. The leaves are clustered from an erect, rigid…

The cocoon of the promethea moth is made in the roll of a leaf. The insect weaves a web around the leaf stalk and ties it to the parent stem. That way the leaf cannot fall.

Promethea Moth Cocoon

The cocoon of the promethea moth is made in the roll of a leaf. The insect weaves a web around the leaf…

Drosera rotundifolia is a carnivorous plant. Each stem has five to twelve flowers. The flowers are white and expand in the sunshine.

Drosera Rotundifolia

Drosera rotundifolia is a carnivorous plant. Each stem has five to twelve flowers. The flowers are white…

Exacum macranthum flowers are purplish blue and two inches across. The stem is cylindrical and slightly branched.

Exacum Macranthum

Exacum macranthum flowers are purplish blue and two inches across. The stem is cylindrical and slightly…

Laelia cinnabarina is native to Brazil. The flowers are reddish orange. The stem has four to five flowers.

Laelia Cinnabarina

Laelia cinnabarina is native to Brazil. The flowers are reddish orange. The stem has four to five flowers.

The common name of lupinus luteus is yellow lupine. The stem is two feet tall. hairy, and erect. The flowers are yellow and fragrant.

Lupinus Luteus

The common name of lupinus luteus is yellow lupine. The stem is two feet tall. hairy, and erect. The…

Lycaste aromatica is native to Mexico. Each stem has one flower. The flowers bloom in winter and spring.

Lycaste Aromatica

Lycaste aromatica is native to Mexico. Each stem has one flower. The flowers bloom in winter and spring.

Masdevallia muscosa is native to Ecuador and Colombia. The stem is hairy and bears a yellow flower. The flowers are a half-inch across.

Masdevallia Muscosa

Masdevallia muscosa is native to Ecuador and Colombia. The stem is hairy and bears a yellow flower.…

Hair cap moss is the common name of <i>polytrichum commune</i>. The spore cases or capsules arise from the side of a leafy stem.

Hair Cap Moss

Hair cap moss is the common name of polytrichum commune. The spore cases or capsules arise from the…

The flowers of grape hyacinth are pale blue and odorless. The flowering stem is six to nine inches long.

Grape Hyacinth

The flowers of grape hyacinth are pale blue and odorless. The flowering stem is six to nine inches long.

There is always one <i>narcissus incomparabilis</i> flower per stem. The flowers are not fragrant. The plant is native to southern France and Spain.

Narcissus Incomparabilis

There is always one narcissus incomparabilis flower per stem. The flowers are not fragrant. The plant…

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

British Golden-rod

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American.…

Known as the soft rush, Juncus effusus is nearly as common as the most common species, J. conglomeratus. It can be distinguished from J. conglomeratus by its branching and looser inflorescence. It belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus Effusus

Known as the soft rush, Juncus effusus is nearly as common as the most common species, J. conglomeratus.…

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists of many pairs of fluted or corrugated rollers arranged in horizontal succession and driven with a reciprocating motion. The jute as it passes through may receive a sprinkling of oil ad water from automatic apparatus attached to the machine overhead, or it may be arranged in the layers and sprayed with oil after emerging from the softener, a process known as batching. In either case, the material is then allowed to lie a certain time in bulk, to permit of the fiber being thoroughly permeated with the oil.

Softening Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists…

Lamium album (also known as the white dead-nettle, or archangel) is a member of the Lamium, a genus of Labiatæ, whose flowers are marked by possessing four stamens longer than the corolla tube, a bell-shaped calyx with five teeth, and a two-lipped corolla, the upper lip being arched, the lower trifid and spreading. It has been naturalized in America and has a square stem and white flowers with black stamens.

Lamium Album

Lamium album (also known as the white dead-nettle, or archangel) is a member of the Lamium, a genus…

Layering is a method of plant propagation by which a part of the plant is bent down and covered with soil, so that it may emit roots before being separated from the parent plant. in some instances, it is sufficient to remove all buds from the shoot, with the exception of a few near its extremity, and to bend it and peg it down so that a part of its proximal end is buried beneath the soil. In others it is necessary partly to cut through the stem at the point where it is to be covered with soil.

Layering Method of Plant Propagation

Layering is a method of plant propagation by which a part of the plant is bent down and covered with…

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and important group of plants which flourished principally in the Carboniferous period. The outer surface of the bark is marked by lozenge-shaped, scale-like markings, the leaf-cushions. These are arranged in dense spirals, which wind around the stems. Often, the narrow and pointed leaves are found, still adherent; they may also carry cones <i>(lepidostrobi)</i>, which in form somewhat resemble those of the fir. The branches usually fork repeatedly, and were implanted on a massive stem which had a similar external sculpture. Some of these stems have been seen in the roofs of coal workings with a length of a hundred feet. Their roots are generally known as stigmaria. The Lepidodendra belonged to the Lycopodiaceæ, and have their nearest representatives in the diminutive club-mosses, which they resemble even in their superficial characters.

Portion of Lepidodendron

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and…

1, convolvulus (twining stem).

Climbing Plants

1, convolvulus (twining stem).

Rose thorns.

Rose

Rose thorns.

A sugar cane stem. A are buds or eyes, B are joints, C are nodes, D are internodes, and X are dots where roots may originate.

Sugar Cane

A sugar cane stem. A are buds or eyes, B are joints, C are nodes, D are internodes, and X are dots where…

<i>Salsola kali</i>. This plant is also called a Russian Thistle, Prickly Glasswort, Tumbleweed, and Glasswort. It is a member of the amaranth family and is an annually growing herb. It has a bushy stem with many branches. It produces a small, white flower. It is native on sea beaches in Europe, western Asia, North and South America, and Australia.

Prickly Saltwort

Salsola kali. This plant is also called a Russian Thistle, Prickly Glasswort, Tumbleweed, and Glasswort.…

<i>Lolium perenne</i>. A sheath, in botany is "the part of an expanded organ that is rolled around a stem or other body, forming a tube, as in the lower part of the leaves of grasses..." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration show a single leaf of ryegrass in its sheath.

Ryegrass Leaf with Sheath

Lolium perenne. A sheath, in botany is "the part of an expanded organ that is rolled around a stem or…

"A plant of the genus <i>Scutellaria</i>: so called from the helmet-like appendage to the upper lip of the calyx, which closes the mouth of the calyx after the fall of the corolla." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>In the illustration, <i>a</i> represents the calyx. This illustration is of <i>Scutellaria serrata</i>, an herbaceous perennial mint.

Skullcap - Upper Part of the Flowering Stem

"A plant of the genus Scutellaria: so called from the helmet-like appendage to the upper lip of the…

"<i>Polygala senega</i> of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing single close racemes of white flowers." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration includes the upper portion of the stem and the flowers.

Seneca Snakeroot - Stem and Flowers

"Polygala senega of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing…

"<i>Polygala senega</i> of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing single close racemes of white flowers. It is the source of the officinal senegaroot, and from being much gathered is said to have become scarce in the east." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration is of the fruit of the plant.

Seneca Snakeroot - the Fruit

"Polygala senega of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing…

"<i>Polygala senega</i> of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing single close racemes of white flowers. It is the source of the officinal senegaroot, and from being much gathered is said to have become scarce in the east." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration shows the knotty roots and the lower portion of the stem.

Seneca Snakeroot - Roots and Base of the Stem

"Polygala senega of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing…

"To measure the depth of; fathom; try or test, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground, by sinking a plummet or lead attached to a line on which is marked the number of fathoms...a and b, arms pivoted to c; d, lead, which is attached to a stem at the top of which is a crosspiece. When the arms are raised into the position shown in A, the crosspiece engages them and holds them in that position till the lead strikes the bottom; they are then released, and fall into the position show in B. The cups (shown in the cuts), on closing, scoop up a specimen of the bottom." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Taselli's Sounding Apparatus with Cups Opened and Closed

"To measure the depth of; fathom; try or test, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground,…

"A plant of the genus <i>Sonchus</i>, primarily <i>S. oleraceus</i>, a weed of waste places, probably native in Europe and central Asia, but now diffused nearly all over the world. It is a smooth herb with a milky juice, bearing runcinate-pinnatifid leaves and rather small yellow flower heads... 1. upper part of the stem with the heads; 2. one of the basal leaves; a, a flower; b, the achene with the pappus." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Sow Thistle - Stem with Heads, Basal Leaves, Flower, Achene with Pappus

"A plant of the genus Sonchus, primarily S. oleraceus, a weed of waste places, probably native in Europe…

<i>Tradescantia virginica</i>. "It is a native of the central and southern United States, and was early introduced into European gardens. The petals are very delicate and ephemeral; in the wild plant they are bllue, in cultivation variable in color, often reddish-violet." -Whitney, 1889 <p>1. Illustration of the inflorescence, complete flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts, and flowers, of spiderwort. 2. Illustration of the lower part of the stem and the root of the Spiderwort.

Spiderwort Inflorescence

Tradescantia virginica. "It is a native of the central and southern United States, and was early introduced…