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Some reliefs portray small façades of temples with capitals. This figure brings out prominently the similarity of many details with Grecian art.

Base of a Column in a Bas-Relief from Kuyunjik

Some reliefs portray small façades of temples with capitals. This figure brings out prominently…

In the fragment of a relief from Kuyunjik columns occur which rest on a cushion-shaped base on a lion's back, just as is the case in the doorways of Gothic churches.

Pillar on a Lion's Back

In the fragment of a relief from Kuyunjik columns occur which rest on a cushion-shaped base on a lion's…

Other capitals are more compact, where from the lower part, which is in the shape of a globular vessel, rises a slender cup, supporting a lofty member with double volutes or scrolls on the four sides, which correspond with those of the Grecian Ionic capitals, but which are introduced not horizontally but perpendicularly. The base consists of fillets and a leaf-covered torus resting on a circular path.

Restored Capital from the Ruins of Persepolis

Other capitals are more compact, where from the lower part, which is in the shape of a globular vessel,…

Other capitals are more compact, where from the lower part, which is in the shape of a globular vessel, rises a slender cup, supporting a lofty member with double volutes or scrolls on the four sides, which correspond with those of the Grecian Ionic capitals, but which are introduced not horizontally but perpendicularly. The base consists of fillets and a leaf-covered torus resting on a circular path.

Capital from the Ruins of Persepolis

Other capitals are more compact, where from the lower part, which is in the shape of a globular vessel,…

Other capitals are more compact, where from the lower part, which is in the shape of a globular vessel, rises a slender cup, supporting a lofty member with double volutes or scrolls on the four sides, which correspond with those of the Grecian Ionic capitals, but which are introduced not horizontally but perpendicularly. The base consists of fillets and a leaf-covered torus resting on a circular path.

Volute of the Persian Column

Other capitals are more compact, where from the lower part, which is in the shape of a globular vessel,…

Remains of the circular walls round towns and palaces, which are known under the name Cyclopean, exist at the present day. These are found both in Greece itself and in many of the Greek colonies, as in Italy and Sardinia. Such walls consist of gigantic polygonal blocks of stone, the corners of which fit accurately into one another. Other structures of this kind consist of regular blocks of equal height. Both kinds are constructed entirely without mortar.

Cyclopean Masonry

Remains of the circular walls round towns and palaces, which are known under the name Cyclopean, exist…

Remains of the circular walls round towns and palaces, which are known under the name Cyclopean, exist at the present day. These are found both in Greece itself and in many of the Greek colonies, as in Italy and Sardinia. Such walls consist of gigantic polygonal blocks of stone, the corners of which fit accurately into one another. Other structures of this kind consist of regular blocks of equal height. Both kinds are constructed entirely without mortar. The Lion Gate served as the gateway to the city of Mycenæ.

The Lion Gate at Mycenæ

Remains of the circular walls round towns and palaces, which are known under the name Cyclopean, exist…

Peculiar vaulted buildings often existed in connection with the palaces for the preservation of valuables; the base of these treasure-houses is circular, and their covering of a dome shape; it does not, however, form an arch, but courses of stones are laid horizontally over one another in such a way that each course projects beyond the one blow it. till the space at the highest course becomes so narrow that a single stone covers it. Of all those that have been preserved till the present day, the treasure-house of Atreus at Mycenæ is the most remarkable.

Section of the Treasury of Atreus

Peculiar vaulted buildings often existed in connection with the palaces for the preservation of valuables;…

Peculiar vaulted buildings often existed in connection with the palaces for the preservation of valuables; the base of these treasure-houses is circular, and their covering of a dome shape; it does not, however, form an arch, but courses of stones are laid horizontally over one another in such a way that each course projects beyond the one blow it. till the space at the highest course becomes so narrow that a single stone covers it. Ornamental fragments, which belonged to these buildings, lead to the conjecture that Mesopotamian art had some influence on the earliest Grecian buildings.

Pillar Fragment from the Treasury of Atreus

Peculiar vaulted buildings often existed in connection with the palaces for the preservation of valuables;…

The Doric columns, which are short, powerful, and closely ranged together, in order to support the weight of the massive entablature, consist of the shaft and the capital, and rest immediately without base on the upper step, which serves as the ground-floor, or stereobate of the temple.

Doric Column from the Temple of Neptune at Paestum

The Doric columns, which are short, powerful, and closely ranged together, in order to support the weight…

The so-called Attic base is the form which most frequently occurs; and consists of two tori separated by a cavetto, the whole having a plinth as basis; the upper torus being less high and projecting than the lower.

Attic Base in the Temple of Minerva Polias

The so-called Attic base is the form which most frequently occurs; and consists of two tori separated…

The capital of the antæ and pilasters is without volutes, as is seen here. The shaft has no flutings; the base, on the other hand, is the same as in the columns, and is continued round the walls as a plinth.

Plan of Ionic Antæ Capital from the Temple of Minerva Polias at Athens

The capital of the antæ and pilasters is without volutes, as is seen here. The shaft has no flutings;…

The capital of the antæ and pilasters is without volutes, as is seen here. The shaft has no flutings; the base, on the other hand, is the same as in the columns, and is continued round the walls as a plinth.

Ionic Antæ Capital from the Temple of Minerva Polias at Athens

The capital of the antæ and pilasters is without volutes, as is seen here. The shaft has no flutings;…

Ante-fixae, the vertical blocks which terminate the covering tiles of the roof of a Roman, Etruscan, or Greek temple, as spaced they take the place of the cymatium and form a cresting along the sides of the temple. The face of the ante-fixae was richly carved with the anthemion ornament.

Ante-fixae

Ante-fixae, the vertical blocks which terminate the covering tiles of the roof of a Roman, Etruscan,…

Ante-fixae (from Latin antefigere, to fasten before), the vertical blocks which terminate the covering tiles of the roof of a Roman, Etruscan, or Greek temple; as spaced they take the place of the cymatium and form a cresting along the sides of the temple. The face of the ante-fixae was richly carved with the anthemion ornament.

Ante-fixae

Ante-fixae (from Latin antefigere, to fasten before), the vertical blocks which terminate the covering…

An astragal is molding profile composed of a half round surface surrounded by two flat planes (fillets). An astragal is sometimes referred to as a miniature torus. It can be an architectural element used at the top or base of a column, but is also employed as a framing device on furniture and woodwork.

Double Twist on an Astragal

An astragal is molding profile composed of a half round surface surrounded by two flat planes (fillets).…

The Half-figure Socle of Altar is the base platform design of the altar. It is a design of two half-figure human bodies with the bottom part is a scroll foliage design. This socle is found in the cathedral of Orvieto, Italy, designed during the Italian Renaissance.

Half-Figure Socle of Altar

The Half-figure Socle of Altar is the base platform design of the altar. It is a design of two half-figure…

The medallion base symbol is a symbol of a lyre. Designed by sculptor Lehr of Berlin, Germany which symbolizes the art of singing.

Medallion Base Symbol

The medallion base symbol is a symbol of a lyre. Designed by sculptor Lehr of Berlin, Germany which…

This Roman base is a design found in the Capitalone museum of Rome, Italy. It is a design of leaves encircling the bottom the shaft.

Roman Base

This Roman base is a design found in the Capitalone museum of Rome, Italy. It is a design of leaves…

This Roman base is found in the Temple of Concord in Rome, Italy. It is a natural method of decoration, where a row of artificial leaves encircle the shaft.

Roman Base

This Roman base is found in the Temple of Concord in Rome, Italy. It is a natural method of decoration,…

This Roman base is found in the Baptistery of Constantinople, Rome, Italy. It is a natural method of decoration, where a row of artificial leaves encircle the shaft.

Roman Base

This Roman base is found in the Baptistery of Constantinople, Rome, Italy. It is a natural method of…

The Antique candelabrum base is made out of bronze. It is divided into three legs that are stretched out with lion's claws as feet.

Antique Candelabrum Base

The Antique candelabrum base is made out of bronze. It is divided into three legs that are stretched…

The Antique candelabrum base is made out of bronze. It is a design that is divided into three legs that are stretched out with lion's claws as feet.

Antique Candelabrum Base

The Antique candelabrum base is made out of bronze. It is a design that is divided into three legs that…

The Antique candelabrum base is made out of bronze. It is a design that is divided into three legs that are stretched out with lion's claws as feet.

Antique Candelabrum Base

The Antique candelabrum base is made out of bronze. It is a design that is divided into three legs that…

The Antique candelabrum base is made out of bronze. It is a design that is divided into three legs that are stretched out with lion's claws as feet.

Antique Candelabrum Base

The Antique candelabrum base is made out of bronze. It is a design that is divided into three legs that…

This leg of candelabrum base is an antique design that is found in Paestum, Italy. In this design the claw rests on a disc.

Leg of Candelabrum Base

This leg of candelabrum base is an antique design that is found in Paestum, Italy. In this design the…

This leg of candelabrum base is an antique design of an animal's foot.

Leg of Candelabrum Base

This leg of candelabrum base is an antique design of an animal's foot.

The Roman candelabrum base is encircled with leaves and lion's claws as feet.

Roman Candelabrum Base

The Roman candelabrum base is encircled with leaves and lion's claws as feet.

The Renaissance Candelabrum base is a design that comes from a collection of drawings found in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy.

Renaissance Candelabrum Base

The Renaissance Candelabrum base is a design that comes from a collection of drawings found in the Uffizi…

The Argent Ordinary has a base color of vert or green.

Argent Ordinary

The Argent Ordinary has a base color of vert or green.

The Argent Ordinary is in the sinister base a triangle gules (red).

Argent Ordinary

The Argent Ordinary is in the sinister base a triangle gules (red).

The Azure Ordinary is a gurge issuing from the sinister (left) base.

Azure Ordinary

The Azure Ordinary is a gurge issuing from the sinister (left) base.

The Argent Ordinary has a base color of gules or red.

Argent Ordinary

The Argent Ordinary has a base color of gules or red.

Krak des Chevaliers was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades. It was expanded between 1150 and 1250 and eventually housed a garrison of 2,000. The inner curtain wall is up to 100 feet thick at the base on the south side, with seven guard towers 30 feet in diameter.

Krak des Chevaliers

Krak des Chevaliers was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades. It was expanded…

An illustration of the postero-ventral view female nautilus without the shell. "a, Muscular band passing from the mid-foot to the integument; b, The valve on the surface of the funnel, partially concealed by the inrolled lateral margin of the latter; c, The mantle-skirt retroverted; an, The median anus; x, Post-anal papilla of unknown significance; g.n., Nidamental gland ; r.ov, Aperture oft he right oviduct; l.ov, Aperture of the rudimentary left oviduct; neph.a, Aperture of the left anterior renal sac; neph.p, Aperture of the left posterior renal sac; viscper, Left aperture of the viscero-pericardial sac; olf, The left osphradium placed near the base of the anterior gill-plume." (Britnnica, 1910)

Female Nautilus without Shell

An illustration of the postero-ventral view female nautilus without the shell. "a, Muscular band passing…

Dikes at the base of the Serra del Solfizio, Etna.

Dikes

Dikes at the base of the Serra del Solfizio, Etna.

An illustration of the valerian seed with attached pappus. In a composite flower, Pappus is the part of individual disk and ray flowers that surrounds the base, in the same manner as the calyx does in a non-compound flower. The pappus may be like bristles or tiny hairs, teeth, or scales, and is usually too small to see without magnification. Valerian is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September. Valerian was used as a perfume in the sixteenth century.

Valerian Seed with Pappus

An illustration of the valerian seed with attached pappus. In a composite flower, Pappus is the part…

"Two cylinders, one horizontal, the other perpendicular. The base of the horizontal cylinder is at one angle of 40° with the PP. The sun's inclination 50°m elevation 28°." (Britannica, 1891)

Shadows of Two Cylinders

"Two cylinders, one horizontal, the other perpendicular. The base of the horizontal cylinder is at one…

An illustration of the Gynaeceum of the viper's bugloss. Fr, ovary; g, base of style; h, honeyglands.

Gynaeceum of Viper's Bugloss

An illustration of the Gynaeceum of the viper's bugloss. Fr, ovary; g, base of style; h, honeyglands.

"The Metre Bridge is employed - a piece of apparatus which is illustrated [here]. It consists of a wooden base, upon the upper face of which is mounted a metallic rectangle; three sides of this rectangle are formed by a broad substantial copper band - having a negligible resistance - and the fourth consists of a platinum silver wire w w joining the copper blocks P and p. This wire is exactly one meter long, and over it slides a key K, which when depressed makes contact by means of a platinum knife-edge with the wire; the exact point on the wire at which this contact is made is indicated by an arrow-head on the key, which slides against a scale, as shown." (Britannica, 1891)

Metre Bridge

"The Metre Bridge is employed - a piece of apparatus which is illustrated [here]. It consists of a wooden…

An illustration of the archegonium of bracken. An archegonium (pl: archegonia), is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The archegonium has a long neck and a swollen base.

Archegonium of Bracken

An illustration of the archegonium of bracken. An archegonium (pl: archegonia), is a multicellular structure…

"1. Cross-section of the ovary (sphacelia), in the early stage of the fungus, showing the mycelium (a a a), conidophores (b b), and conidia (c c). 2. Ergot on its supporting grass. 3. Fully developed ergot (a), bearing the furrowed remains of the ovary (b). 4. Ergot which has produced 7 stromata. 5. Longitudinal medial section of a stroma, showing the numerous perithecia just beneath the surface. 6. Longitudinal medial section of a perithecium, showing the slender asci arising from the base. 7. An isolated ascus from which the filiform spores are escaping." -Whitney, 1911

Ergot

"1. Cross-section of the ovary (sphacelia), in the early stage of the fungus, showing the mycelium (a…

An illustration of a block pulley. A pulley (also called a block) is a mechanism composed of a wheel (called a sheave) with a groove between two flanges around the wheel's circumference. A rope, cable or belt usually runs inside the groove. Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion.

Pulley Blocks

An illustration of a block pulley. A pulley (also called a block) is a mechanism composed of a wheel…

An illustration of a block pulley. A pulley (also called a block) is a mechanism composed of a wheel (called a sheave) with a groove between two flanges around the wheel's circumference. A rope, cable or belt usually runs inside the groove. Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion.

Pulley Blocks

An illustration of a block pulley. A pulley (also called a block) is a mechanism composed of a wheel…

An illustration of a block pulley. A pulley (also called a block) is a mechanism composed of a wheel (called a sheave) with a groove between two flanges around the wheel's circumference. A rope, cable or belt usually runs inside the groove. Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion.

Pulley Blocks

An illustration of a block pulley. A pulley (also called a block) is a mechanism composed of a wheel…

The Renaissance spanrail panel is a plinth (base) of a column. It is found in the St. Anthony cathedral in Padua, Italy.

Renaissance Spanrail Panel

The Renaissance spanrail panel is a plinth (base) of a column. It is found in the St. Anthony cathedral…

Cuttlefish "bone" or internal shell. The fine point at the base structure represents the guard of the Belemnite.

Cuttlebone

Cuttlefish "bone" or internal shell. The fine point at the base structure represents the guard of the…

Illustration of a frustum of a pyramid having a rectangular base and a hole passing through the center of the frustum.

Frustum Of A Rectangular Pyramid With Hole

Illustration of a frustum of a pyramid having a rectangular base and a hole passing through the center…

Illustration of the projection of a rectangular prism whose base makes an angle of 160° with the horizontal.

Projection Of Rectangular Prism

Illustration of the projection of a rectangular prism whose base makes an angle of 160° with the…

Illustration of the projection of a rectangular prism whose base makes an angle of 17.5° with the horizontal.

Projection Of Rectangular Prism

Illustration of the projection of a rectangular prism whose base makes an angle of 17.5° with the…

Illustration of the projection of a hexagonal prism whose axis is parallel to the plane of the paper and whose base makes and angle of 30° with the horizontal.

Projection Of Hexagonal Prism

Illustration of the projection of a hexagonal prism whose axis is parallel to the plane of the paper…

Illustration of a cylinder cut by a plane making an angle of 57° with the base.

Plane Intersecting A Cylinder

Illustration of a cylinder cut by a plane making an angle of 57° with the base.

Illustration of a cone cut by a plane that is not parallel to the base and does not intersect the base.

Conic Section Ellipse

Illustration of a cone cut by a plane that is not parallel to the base and does not intersect the base.

The entrance to this house is labeled a vestibule, to elicit a sense of grandeur. The round tower can be clearly seen from this perspective. A fireplace is situated at the base of the tower in the parlor room. The sitting room contains a large bay window, as well a fireplace. The dining room also has a bay window, although this one is much rounder. The kitchen is situated at the back of the house and exits to a small back porch. An elegant stair case can be found at the front of the house that leads all the way to the third floor. A smaller staircase is located in the kitchen and stops at the second floor. On the second floor there are four large chambers, three with closets, and a single bathroom. In 1917, this large house cost between $4,000 and $4,250 to build depending on the locality.

"The Badenoch" Floor Plans

The entrance to this house is labeled a vestibule, to elicit a sense of grandeur. The round tower can…

A leaf which has "the form of a fiddle or violin; pandurate or panduriform: applied in botany to an obovate leaf which is contracted above the base." -Whitney, 1911

Fiddle-Shaped Leaf

A leaf which has "the form of a fiddle or violin; pandurate or panduriform: applied in botany to an…

Diagram showing the relationships of a transgressive-regressive-transgressive series. A hiatus is found at the base of the transgressive series and between the regressive and upper transgressive series. Owing to the vertical exaggeration of the scale the essential parallelism of the strata is not expressed.

Transgressive-Regressive-Transgressive Series

Diagram showing the relationships of a transgressive-regressive-transgressive series. A hiatus is found…

Block faulting - ridges produced by tilting of blocks.

Block Faulting

Block faulting - ridges produced by tilting of blocks.

The mass consists of crystalline rocks, shown by dots, covered by limestones and other sediments, which originally were horizontal. A single great fault forms the left-hand face of the mountain, which consists of a tilted block, broken into minor blocks by lesser faults.

Block Faulting, Sandia Mountains

The mass consists of crystalline rocks, shown by dots, covered by limestones and other sediments, which…

Diagram showing mountains and valleys due to block faulting in the background, and the dissection of the blocks and filling of the valleys, in the foreground. A stage of maturity has been reached in the development of these mountains.

Block Faulting Results

Diagram showing mountains and valleys due to block faulting in the background, and the dissection of…

Section of the American Falls, Niagara. In front of the falls lie the larger blocks of Lockport dolomite, broken from the edge of the falls.

American Falls, Niagara

Section of the American Falls, Niagara. In front of the falls lie the larger blocks of Lockport dolomite,…