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"Spindle-shell (Fusus colus). Fusus: a genus of gastropodus mollusks having a fusiform shell with a canaliculated base, an elongated spire, a smooth columella, and the lip not slit." -Whitney, 1911

Spindle Shell

"Spindle-shell (Fusus colus). Fusus: a genus of gastropodus mollusks having a fusiform shell with a…

This is a troop of crested "Maccaroni" or Rock-hopper penguins nesting "under the shade of tussocks of grass." The parents sit nearby their eggs which lie in depressions in the bare earth. "This penguin is bluish-black with white breast and belly, and a fine orange crest on each side of the crown, from which a broad golden streak passes over the eye to the base of the maxilla.". -A. H. Evans, 1900.

A Troop of Crested "Maccaroni" or Rock-Hopper Penguins Nesting Under the Shade of Tussock of Trees

This is a troop of crested "Maccaroni" or Rock-hopper penguins nesting "under the shade of tussocks…

The collegiate church of St. Peter was built in the Romanesque style in the twelfth century. The burial ground of St. Peter is situated directly south of the church and is the most ancient place of sepulture in Salzburg. In this view, we see the churchyard, situated at the base of an overhanging rock, from which hangs rich and luxurious foliage; before us, in the open space, are monuments in every style of mortuary design, while cowled monks kneel before the ancient symbol of Christianity, or converse together within this sacred enclosure.

Peter's Churchyard in Salzburg

The collegiate church of St. Peter was built in the Romanesque style in the twelfth century. The burial…

The Abbey of Mölk (Melk) (Stift Melk), an old Austrian Benedictine monastery is one of the richest religious establishments in Central Europe. Palace, church, and fortress all in one, it sits high upon a granite base 100 feet above the Danube. Founded in 1089 when Leopold II, Margrave of Austria gave one of his castles to Benedictine monks from Lambach Abbey. A school was founded in the 12th Century. The monastery was also a major site for the production of manuscripts. Today's impressive Baroque abbey was built between 1702 and 1736 by architect Jakob Prandtauer. Particularly noteworthy is the abbey church with frescos by Johann Michael Rottmayr and the impressive library with countless medieval manuscripts.

Abby of Mölk

The Abbey of Mölk (Melk) (Stift Melk), an old Austrian Benedictine monastery is one of the richest…

"On the Sarcorhamphus gryphus the Condor, the head and neck are bare, with dull red skin, wrinkled in folds on the latter; while an oblique ruff of white down surmounts the black plumage, which shews white edges to the wing-coverts and secondaries. The male has a fleshy crest extending from the mid-cere to the crown, a large wattle on the throat, and a small caruncle below; the irides being in the sex brown, in the female garnet red. The bill is white with brown base." A. H. Evans, 1900

Condor

"On the Sarcorhamphus gryphus the Condor, the head and neck are bare, with dull red skin, wrinkled in…

"Catheturus lathami, the "Brush Turkey" of Eastern Australia, is blackish-brown with greyish under surface, shewing conspicuous light margins to the feathers. It has a bright yellow neck-wattle, forms mounds of earth and decayed leaves, sometimes as much as six feet high and fourteen feet in diameter at the base, and covers the course outer layers with fresh leaves and sticks." A. H. Evans, 1900

Brush Turkey

"Catheturus lathami, the "Brush Turkey" of Eastern Australia, is blackish-brown with greyish under surface,…

Crax alector, Crested Curassow, is black with a purplish gloss, the belly being white, the naked lores and orbits black, the cere and base of the bill yellow, the tip bluish, and the feet horn-coloured. Throughout the whole genus, which is Central ad South American, the female has a curly crest barred with white." A. H. Evans, 1900

Crested Curassow

Crax alector, Crested Curassow, is black with a purplish gloss, the belly being white, the naked lores…

"The Otis Tarda, the Great Bustard, which, as a native only became extinct in Norfolk about 1838, used to extend from East Lothian to Dorset, bit is now merely an occasional visitor to Britain. The upper parts are mottled with rufous, buff, and blackish-brown, the head is blue-grey, with long white bristles at the base of the mandible, the lower surface is white, relieved in the male by a tawny gorget for a short time during the breeding season. The primaries are black, most of the secondaries and wing-coverts white. Some other Bustards seem to have similar vernal change of plumage. The female is smaller and has no bristles." A. H. Evans, 1900

Great Bustard

"The Otis Tarda, the Great Bustard, which, as a native only became extinct in Norfolk about 1838, used…

"Leptosoma discolor, the Kiromobo or Vorondreo of Madagascar, and the Comoro Islands, which has a big crested head; a long, slightly hooked bill, overhung at the base by recurved loral feathers; linear nostrils, places far forward and covered by a partly reversible outer toe. The wings are moderate, having ten primaries and twelve secondaries; the long, square tail has twelve feathers; the tongue is tapering, horney and channeled; a large aftershaft is present is present, and there is a considerable powder-down patch on each side of the rump. The head is grey, glossed with copper and green, the neck duller; the upper parts are shining green and coppery-red, the under parts grey with white abdomen. The slightly larger female is reddish-brown above, with buff markings and only dull gloss; the head is chiefly lack, the lower surface fawn-coloured spotted with black." A. H. Evans, 1900

Kirombo

"Leptosoma discolor, the Kiromobo or Vorondreo of Madagascar, and the Comoro Islands, which has a big…

"Corvus corax, the Raven, are generally black with a purplish or greenish gloss, and frequently with white at the base of the feathers; some, however, are browner."

Raven

"Corvus corax, the Raven, are generally black with a purplish or greenish gloss, and frequently with…

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "If a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the edges are divided proportionally, and the section is a polygon similar to the base."

Pyramid Cut By Plane

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "If a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the edges are…

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of a any parallelopiped is equal to the product of its base and its altitude."

Volume of Parallelopiped

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of a any parallelopiped is equal to the product of its…

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of a triangular prism is equal to the product of its base and its altitude."

Volume of Triangular Prism

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of a triangular prism is equal to the product of its…

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "Two triangular pyramids having equivalent bases and equal altitudes are equivalent."

Equivalent Triangular Pyramids

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "Two triangular pyramids having equivalent bases and equal altitudes…

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of a triangular pyramid is equal to one third of a triangular prism of the same base and altitude."

Volume of Triangular Pyramid

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of a triangular pyramid is equal to one third of a triangular…

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of a prismatoid is equal to the product of one-sixth the altitude into the sum of the two bases and four times the mid-section."

Volume of Prismatoid

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of a prismatoid is equal to the product of one-sixth…

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of the frustum of a pyramid (cone) is equal to the sum of three pyramids (cones) whose common altitude is the altitude of the frustum and whose bases are respectively the upper base, the lower base, and a mean proportional between them."

Volume of Frustum of a Pyramid

Diagram used to prove the theorem: "The volume of the frustum of a pyramid (cone) is equal to the sum…

Illustration of an inverted pentagonal pyramid. It is pyramid with a regular pentagon for its base.

Inverted Pentagonal Pyramid

Illustration of an inverted pentagonal pyramid. It is pyramid with a regular pentagon for its base.

Illustration of the bottom part of an icosahedron. The base consists of a regular pyramid, upon which equilateral triangles are inserted to form the next section of the icosahedron.

Part of an Icosahedron

Illustration of the bottom part of an icosahedron. The base consists of a regular pyramid, upon which…

Illustration of the steps to a construction of an icosahedron. The base consists of a regular pyramid, upon which equilateral triangles are inserted to form the next section of the icosahedron, followed by another pyramid.

Partial Construction of an Icosahedron

Illustration of the steps to a construction of an icosahedron. The base consists of a regular pyramid,…

Diagram showing how "A truncated triangular prism is equivalent to the sum of three pyramids whose common base is the base of the prism and whose vertices are the three vertices of the upper base."

Truncated Triangular Prism

Diagram showing how "A truncated triangular prism is equivalent to the sum of three pyramids whose common…

"Azure, a pale, or. The pale is an honourable ordinary, consisting of two perpendicular lines drawn from the top to the base of the escutcheon, and contains one third of the width of the field." -Hall, 1862

Pale Ordinary

"Azure, a pale, or. The pale is an honourable ordinary, consisting of two perpendicular lines drawn…

"Argent, a bend, vert. The bend is an honourable ordinary, formed by two diagonal lines drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base, and contains the fifth part of the field if uncharged; but if charged with other figures, the third part of the field." -Hall, 1862

Ordinary Bend

"Argent, a bend, vert. The bend is an honourable ordinary, formed by two diagonal lines drawn from the…

Gules, three couple-closes interlaced in base, or ... the couple-close ... is half the chevronel. -Hall, 1862

Shield Showing Chevronels

Gules, three couple-closes interlaced in base, or ... the couple-close ... is half the chevronel. -Hall,…

Or, a cross, gules. THE CROSS ... as its name imports, was the distinguishing badge of the Crusaders, in its simplest form. It was merely two pieces of list or riband of the same length, crossing each other at right angles. The colour of the riband or list denoted the nation to which the Crusader belonged. The cross is an honourable ordinary, occupying one fifth of the shield when not charged, but if charged, one third. -Hall, 1862

Couple-Close

Or, a cross, gules. THE CROSS ... as its name imports, was the distinguishing badge of the Crusaders,…

Mechanical drawing convention for identifying concrete blocks. Using conventionalized patterns to identify materials is called section lining.

Concrete Blocks

Mechanical drawing convention for identifying concrete blocks. Using conventionalized patterns to identify…

Wood Meadow Grass (Poa nemoralis) grows from eighteen inches to two feet high. It has a perennial, creeping root and an erect, slender, smooth stem. The upper sheath is no longer than its leaf, with a very short ligule, the base of the floret having a silky web suspending the calyx. The leaves are light green. The grass is common in light shady places and appears as a tall, rank grass, with a long, finely-arched panicle.

Wood Meadow Grass

Wood Meadow Grass (Poa nemoralis) grows from eighteen inches to two feet high. It has a perennial, creeping…

Wood Meadow Grass (Poa nemoralis) grows from eighteen inches to two feet high. It has a perennial, creeping root and an erect, slender, smooth stem. The upper sheath is no longer than its leaf, with a very short ligule, the base of the floret having a silky web suspending the calyx. The leaves are light green. The grass is common in light shady places and appears as a tall, rank grass, with a long, finely-arched panicle. It flowers in July. A magnified flower is seen here.

Wood Meadow Grass

Wood Meadow Grass (Poa nemoralis) grows from eighteen inches to two feet high. It has a perennial, creeping…

June grass (Poa prstensis) is also known as Green Meadow grass, Common Spear Grass, Kentucky Blue grass. The lower florets in the June Grass are connected at the base by a web of long silky filaments holding the calyx. The outter palea is five-ribbed with the marginal ribs hairy. The upper sheath is longer than its leaf. June Grass grows from ten to fifteen inches with and erect, smooth, round stem. The root is perennial and creeping. The plants grows a light greenish color while the spikelets are brownsh purple.

June Grass

June grass (Poa prstensis) is also known as Green Meadow grass, Common Spear Grass, Kentucky Blue grass.…

June grass (Poa prstensis) is also known as Green Meadow grass, Common Spear Grass, Kentucky Blue grass. The lower florets in the June Grass are connected at the base by a web of long silky filaments holding the calyx. The outter palea is five-ribbed with the marginal ribs hairy. The upper sheath is longer than its leaf. June Grass grows from ten to fifteen inches with and erect, smooth, round stem. The root is perennial and creeping. The plants grows a light greenish color while the spikelets are brownsh purple. Shown here is a magnified flower.

June Grass

June grass (Poa prstensis) is also known as Green Meadow grass, Common Spear Grass, Kentucky Blue grass.…

The Chess Grass (Bromus secalinus), also called Willard's Bromus, has a spreading, slightly drooping panicle. The spikelets are ovate and smooth with a yellowish-green tinge and holding six to ten distinct flowers. The stems are erect, smooth, and round growing from two to three feet high and bearing four or five leaves with striated sheaths. The upper sheath is crowned with an obtuse, ragged ligule while the lower sheath is soft and hairy. There are five joints and the leaves are flat, soft, and linear. The spikelets have fewer florets and the outer palea is rounded at the summit and broader compared with its length. This picture shows the summit of the large glume midway between its base and the summit of the second floriet.

Chess Grass

The Chess Grass (Bromus secalinus), also called Willard's Bromus, has a spreading, slightly drooping…

Tall Meadow Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum), or Tall Oat Grass is the avena elatior of Linnaeus. It has open panicled spikelets. The grass is two-flowered, the lower flower staminate, bearing a long bent awn below the middle of the back. The leaves are flat, acute and roughish on both sides. The panicle leans slightly to one side and the glumes are very unequal. The stems grow from two to three feet high with a perennial fibrous root that is sometimes bulbous. It is distinguished from other grasses by having two florets, the lower one having a long awn rising from a little above the base of the base of the outer palea. The grass flowers from May to July.

Tall Meadow Oat Grass

Tall Meadow Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum), or Tall Oat Grass is the avena elatior of Linnaeus.…

Tall Meadow Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum), or Tall Oat Grass is the avena elatior of Linnaeus. It has open panicled spikelets. The grass is two-flowered, the lower flower staminate, bearing a long bent awn below the middle of the back. The leaves are flat, acute and roughish on both sides. The panicle leans slightly to one side and the glumes are very unequal. The stems grow from two to three feet high with a perennial fibrous root that is sometimes bulbous. It is distinguished from other grasses by having two florets, the lower one having a long awn rising from a little above the base of the base of the outer palea. The grass flowers from May to July. A magnified spikelet is shown here.

Tall Meadow Oat Grass

Tall Meadow Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum), or Tall Oat Grass is the avena elatior of Linnaeus.…

Fiinger-spiked Wood Grass (Andropogon furcatus) grows about four feet high. The leaves are smooth, the spikes digitate, or generly by threes and fours. The lower flowers are awnless and the spikelets roughis, and downy with the awn bent. A glume, seen here, is one of the two chaffy bracts at the base of a grass spikelet.

Finger-spiked Wood Grass

Fiinger-spiked Wood Grass (Andropogon furcatus) grows about four feet high. The leaves are smooth, the…

Illustration used to construct an equilateral triangle on a given base.

Construction of an Equilateral Triangle

Illustration used to construct an equilateral triangle on a given base.

Illustration used to construct a triangle given the length of the base and the two base angles.

Construction of Triangle Given Angles and Base

Illustration used to construct a triangle given the length of the base and the two base angles.

Illustration used to draw a parabola when given the base and height.

Construction of Parabola Given Base and Height

Illustration used to draw a parabola when given the base and height.

The Battle of Belmont was fought on November 7, 1861 in Mississippi County, Missouri. This battle was the first combat test in the Civil War for General Ulysses S. Grant, the future Union Army general in chief and eventual U.S. president. The sketch shows the Confederate batteries on the bluff and at its base. The steamboats are drawn up against the western shore.

Battle of Belmont

The Battle of Belmont was fought on November 7, 1861 in Mississippi County, Missouri. This battle was…

"Argent, a fusil, purpure. The fusil is narrower than the lozenge, the angles at the chief and base being more acute, and the others more obtuse." -Hall, 1862

Fusil Ordinary

"Argent, a fusil, purpure. The fusil is narrower than the lozenge, the angles at the chief and base…

"Argent, a pile, azure. The pile is formed like a wedge, and may be borne wavy, engrailed, &c.; it issues generally from the chief, and extends towards the base, but it may be borne in bend or issue from the base." -Hall, 1862

Pile Ordinary

"Argent, a pile, azure. The pile is formed like a wedge, and may be borne wavy, engrailed, &c.; it issues…

"The two roundlets are arranged in pale, but they may appear in chief or base. When there are many figures of the same species borne in coats of arms, their number must be observed as they stand, and properly expressed." -Hall, 1862

Two Roundlets

"The two roundlets are arranged in pale, but they may appear in chief or base. When there are many figures…

"Three roundlets in bend. They might also be placed in fess, chief, base, or in pale. When there are many figures of the same species borne in coats of arms, their number must be observed as they stand, and properly expressed." -Hall, 1862

Three Roundlets

"Three roundlets in bend. They might also be placed in fess, chief, base, or in pale. When there are…

"Parted per pale, baron and femme, three coats;—first, gules, on a bend (argent), three trefoils vert: second, parted per fess, in chief azure, a mascle or, with a label argent for difference. In base ermine, a fess, dancette gules. The same rule would apply if the husband had three or more wives; they would all be placed in the sinister division of the shield. If a widower marries again, the arms of both his wives are placed on the sinister side, which is parted per fess." -Hall, 1862

Baron and Femme

"Parted per pale, baron and femme, three coats;—first, gules, on a bend (argent), three trefoils…

"Armorists distinguish several points in the escutcheon in order to determine exactly the position of the bearings or charges. A, the dexter chief. B, the precise middle chief. C, the sinister chief. D, the honour point. E, the fess point. F, the nombril point. G, the dexter base. H, the precise middle base. I, the sinister base." -Hall, 1862

Points of the Shield

"Armorists distinguish several points in the escutcheon in order to determine exactly the position of…

"Azure, a bend argent. BEND. One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two diagonal lines drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base; it generally occupies a fifth part of the shield if uncharged, but if charged one third." -Hall, 1862

Bend Ordinary

"Azure, a bend argent. BEND. One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two diagonal lines drawn from…

"Or, three torteaux in bend. IN BEND. Figures placed in a slanting direction from the dexter chief to the sinister base are said to be in bend." -Hall, 1862

Roundlets in Bend

"Or, three torteaux in bend. IN BEND. Figures placed in a slanting direction from the dexter chief to…

Infusoria is an obsolete collective term for minute aquatic creatures like ciliates, euglenoids, protozoa, and unicellular algae that exist in freshwater ponds. The first type exists in the common fresh-water organism known as Euglena. The spindle-shaped body is surrounded by a delicate cuticle perforated at one point, where a funnel-shaped depression, the gullet, leads into the soft protoplasmic interior. From the base of this depression the protoplasm is drawn out in the form of a delicate ship-like process known as the flagellum. Shown here is Flagellate Infusoria (fig 8A); (c) pulsating vacuole; (e) eye-spot; (g) gullet; (n) nucleus; (t) flagellum.

Flagellate Infusoria

Infusoria is an obsolete collective term for minute aquatic creatures like ciliates, euglenoids, protozoa,…

Calcolynthus primigenius, a simple sponge with the wall removed to show the inside. It is hollow, attached at the base with an opening at the top. There are many small holes though the wall with water constantly entering and passing out through the mouth at the top.

Sponge

Calcolynthus primigenius, a simple sponge with the wall removed to show the inside. It is hollow, attached…

Hearing is the perception of certain vibrations of bodies. These vibrations give rise to sound waves. These sound waves come to animals through the air, through water, or throught both air and water. Here we see the auditory organ of a cray fish showing the auditory sac at the base.

Sense of Hearing

Hearing is the perception of certain vibrations of bodies. These vibrations give rise to sound waves.…

"Argent, a fess gules. FESS. An honourable ordinary occupying the third part of the shield between the centre and the base." -Hall, 1862

Fess

"Argent, a fess gules. FESS. An honourable ordinary occupying the third part of the shield between the…

"Argent, three mullets gules, accompanied with seven cross crosslets fitchy sable—three in chief, one in fess, two in flanks, one in base. FLANK. That part of an escutcheon between the chief and the base." -Hall, 1862

Mullets and Cross Crosslets

"Argent, three mullets gules, accompanied with seven cross crosslets fitchy sable—three in chief,…

"fig. 25 - Topography of a Bird. 1, forehead (frons). 2, lore. 3, circumocular region. 4, crown (vertex). 5, eye. 6, hind head (occiput). 7, nape (nucha). 8, hind neck (cervix). 9, side of neck. 10, interscapular region. 11, dorsum, or back proper, including 10. 12, notaeum, or upper part of body proper, including 10, 11, and 13. 13, rump (uropygium). 14, upper tail-coverts. 15, tail. 16, under tail-coverts (crissum). 17, tarsus. 18, abdomen. 19, hind toe (hallux). 20, gastraeum, including 18 and 24. 21, outer and fourth toe. 22, middle and third toe. 23, side of the body. 24, breast (pectus). 25, primaries. 26, secondaries. 27, tertiaries; nos. 25, 26, 27 are all coverts. 28, primary coverts. 29, alula, or bastard wing. 30, greater coverts. 31, median coverts. 32, lesser coverts. 33, the "throat," including 34, 37, 38. 34, jugulum or lower throat. 35, auriculars. 36, malar region. 37, gula, or middle throat. 38, mentum, or chin. 39, angle of commissure, or corner of mouth. 40, ramus of under mandible. 41, side of under mandible. 42, gonys. 43, apex, or tip of bill. 44, tomia, or cutting edges of the bill. 45, culmen, or ridge of upper mandible, corresponding to gonys. 46, side of upper mandible. 47, nostril. 48, passes across the bill a little in front of it base." Elliot Coues, 1884

Topography of a Bird

"fig. 25 - Topography of a Bird. 1, forehead (frons). 2, lore. 3, circumocular region. 4, crown (vertex).…

"Azure, a pale or. PALE. One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two perpendicular lines drawn from the base to the chief. The pale occupies one third of the shield." -Hall, 1862

Pale

"Azure, a pale or. PALE. One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two perpendicular lines drawn from…

"Argent, a pile, purpure. PILE. An angular figure like a wedge, formed by lines running from the dexter and sinister chief to the middle base." -Hall, 1862

Pile

"Argent, a pile, purpure. PILE. An angular figure like a wedge, formed by lines running from the dexter…

"Argent, three swords in pile, their points towards the base. IN PILE. Arms or other charges that are placed so as to form the shape of a pile are said to be borne in pile." -Hall, 1862

Swords in Pile

"Argent, three swords in pile, their points towards the base. IN PILE. Arms or other charges that are…

"QUARTERED. A shield divided into four equal parts by a cross is said to be quartered. The quarter occupying the dexter chief is marked 1, or the first quarter; that occupying the sinister chief, 2; the dexter base, 3; the sinister base, 4; as in the annexed example." -Hall, 1862

Quartered

"QUARTERED. A shield divided into four equal parts by a cross is said to be quartered. The quarter occupying…

"Wood Thrush. Upper parts, including the surface of the closed wings, tawny-brown, purest and deepest on the head, shading insensibly into olivaceous on the rump and tail. Below, pure white, faintly tinged on the breast with buff, and everywhere, rounded or subtriangular blackish spots. Inner webs and ends of quills fuscous, with a white or buffy edging toward the base. Greater under wing-coverts mostly white. Auriculars sharply streaked with dusky and white. Bill blackish-brown, with flesh-colored or yellowish base. Feet like this part of the bill." Elliot Coues, 1884

Wood Thrush

"Wood Thrush. Upper parts, including the surface of the closed wings, tawny-brown, purest and deepest…

This flower hat is designed with a lace material as its base a small bouquet of flowers on top.

Flower Hat

This flower hat is designed with a lace material as its base a small bouquet of flowers on top.

"Griffe from Vézelay. GRIFFE. In medieval architecture, from the eleventh to the fifteenth century, an ornament on the bases of pillars, connecting the torus with each angle of the plinth." -Whitney, 1911

Griffe

"Griffe from Vézelay. GRIFFE. In medieval architecture, from the eleventh to the fifteenth century,…

"Griffe from Poissy; end of 12th century. GRIFFE. In medieval architecture, from the eleventh to the fifteenth century, an ornament on the bases of pillars, connecting the torus with each angle of the plinth." -Whitney, 1911

Griffe

"Griffe from Poissy; end of 12th century. GRIFFE. In medieval architecture, from the eleventh to the…