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A bird resting on the ground, near some bones.

Bird

A bird resting on the ground, near some bones.

The fossilized skeleton of an elephant.

Fossil elephant

The fossilized skeleton of an elephant.

The fossilized skeleton of a Megatherium.

Fossil Megatherium

The fossilized skeleton of a Megatherium.

The fossilized skeleton of an elk.

Fossilized elk

The fossilized skeleton of an elk.

"The human body, like a great building, has a framework which gives the body its shape and provides support for it. This framework is composed of 206 bones. All the bones taken together are called the <em>skeleton</em>." &mdash; Ritchie, 1918

Human skeleton

"The human body, like a great building, has a framework which gives the body its shape and provides…

"When an arm or a leg is broken, it should be kept stretched out straight so that the sharp, broken ends of the bone will not cut the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the limb. If the person must be moved, wrap a pillow, coat, or blanket about the injured member, using sticks or something else stiff enough to keep it from bending." &mdash; Ritchie, 1918

Splint

"When an arm or a leg is broken, it should be kept stretched out straight so that the sharp, broken…

"Across the middle ear a chain of three small bones stretches from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. These bones are called from their shape the <em>malleus</em> (hammer), the <em>incus</em> (anvil), and the <em>stapes</em> (stirrup)." — Ritchie, 1918

Bones of the Ear

"Across the middle ear a chain of three small bones stretches from the tympanic membrane to the inner…

"The spine, sawn in two lengthwise, showing the spinal canal and the holes between the vertebrae, where nerves and blood-vessels pass out." &mdash; Tracy, 1888

Spine

"The spine, sawn in two lengthwise, showing the spinal canal and the holes between the vertebrae, where…

"Skeleton of the horse." &mdash; Davison, 1906

Skeleton of a Horse

"Skeleton of the horse." — Davison, 1906

"Fore limbs of vertebrates showing similarity of structure. <em>A</em>, salamander; <em>B</em>, turtle; <em>C</em>, very young bird; <em>D</em>, adult bird; <em>E</em>, dog; <em>F</em>, man." &mdash; Davison, 1906

Forearms of vertebrates

"Fore limbs of vertebrates showing similarity of structure. A, salamander; B, turtle;…

A human skull viewed from the left side.

Human Skull

A human skull viewed from the left side.

A human skull viewed from the top.

Cranium

A human skull viewed from the top.

"No one but a good surgeon is able to set a broken bone successfully. However, if a person with a fracture must be moved from the place of accident it is wise to hold the broken bone in place by binding firmly on either side of the fracture, wrapped in a clean cloth, a narrow board, or flat stick." &mdash;Davison, 1910

Splint

"No one but a good surgeon is able to set a broken bone successfully. However, if a person with a fracture…

Interior of the ear. There is external to the head a wide-mouthed tube, or ear-trumpet (a), for catching and concentrating the waves of sound. It is movable in many beings, so that they can direct it to the place from which the sound comes. The sound concentrated at the bottom of the ear-tube falls upon a membrane stretched across the channel, like the parchment of an ordinary drum, over the space called the <em>tympanum</em>, or <em>drum of the ear</em> (b), and causes the membrane to vibrate. That its motion may be free, the air contained within the drum has free communication with the external air by the open passage (f), called the <em>eustachian tube</em>, leading to the back of the mouth. A degree of deafness ensues when this tube is obstructed, as in a cold; and a crack, or sudden noise, with immediate return of natural hearing, is, generally experienced when, in the effort of sneezing or otherwise, the obstruction is removed. The vibrations of the membrane of the drum are conveyed further inwards, through the cavity of the drum, by a chain of four bones (not here represented on account of their minuteness), reaching from the centre of the membrane to the <em>oval door</em> or <em>window</em>, leading into the labyrinth (e). The labyrinth, or complex inner compartment of the ear, over which the nerve of hearing is spread as a lining, is full of watery fluid; and, therefore, by the law of fluid pressure, when the force of the moving membrane of the drum, acting through the chain of bones, is made to compress the water, the pressure is felt instantly over the whole cavity. The labyrinth consists of the <em>vestibule</em> (e), the three <em>semicircular canals</em> (c), imbedded in the hard bone, and a winding cavity, called the <em>cochlea</em> (d), like that of a snail-shell, in which fibres, stretched across like harp-strings, constitute the <em>lyra</em>.

Ear

Interior of the ear. There is external to the head a wide-mouthed tube, or ear-trumpet (a), for catching…

Skeleton of the cow. 1: Frontal bone of the head. 2: Upper jaw, superior maxillary. 3: Lower jaw, inferior maxillary. 4: Cervical vertebrae. 5: Dorsal vertebrae. 6: Lumbar vertebrae. 7: Sacral vertebrae. 8: Caudal vertebrae. 9: Scapula. 10: Humerus 11: Radius and ulna. 12: Carpus. 13: Metacarpus. 14: Phalanges (toes). 15: Femur. 16: Tibia. 17: Tarsus. 18: Metatarsus. 19: Phalanges.

Cow Skeleton

Skeleton of the cow. 1: Frontal bone of the head. 2: Upper jaw, superior maxillary. 3: Lower jaw, inferior…

Skeleton of a bird. 1: The head. 2: Cervical Vertebrae. 3: Dorsal and lumbar vertebrae. 4: Scapula. 5: Clavicle. 6: Coracoid bone. 7: Sternum. 8: Humerus. 9: Radius. 10: Ulna. 11: Carpus. 12: Metacarpus. 13: Phalanges (fingers). 14: Femur. 15: Tibia. 16: Fibula. 17: Tarsus. 18: Metatarsus. 19: Phalanges (toes).

Bird Skeleton

Skeleton of a bird. 1: The head. 2: Cervical Vertebrae. 3: Dorsal and lumbar vertebrae. 4: Scapula.…

A border which resembles a wine glass and is especially common in the Caucasian textiles, particularly the Kazaks and Shirvans. It appears in various forms, but the most common is the one in combination with the fish-bone design.

Wine-Glass Border

A border which resembles a wine glass and is especially common in the Caucasian textiles, particularly…

A border which resembles a wine glass and is especially common in the Caucasian textiles, particularly the Kazaks and Shirvans. It appears in various forms, but the most common is the one in combination with the fish-bone design.

Wine-Glass Border

A border which resembles a wine glass and is especially common in the Caucasian textiles, particularly…

A border which resembles a wine glass and is especially common in the Caucasian textiles, particularly the Kazaks and Shirvans. It appears in various forms, but the most common is the one in combination with the fish-bone design.

Wine-Glass Border

A border which resembles a wine glass and is especially common in the Caucasian textiles, particularly…

A border which resembles a wine glass and is especially common in the Caucasian textiles, particularly the Kazaks and Shirvans. It appears in various forms, but the most common is the one in combination with the fish-bone design.

Wine-Glass Border

A border which resembles a wine glass and is especially common in the Caucasian textiles, particularly…

The framework of animals, which in vertebrates is composed of bone and cartilage. It serves to support the fleshy parts and the nervous system, and forms levers for the muscles.

Skeleton

The framework of animals, which in vertebrates is composed of bone and cartilage. It serves to support…

This illustration shows the skull of a rattlesnake. ar, articular portion of lower jaw; de, dentary portion; bo, basi-occipatal; mx, maxilla, bearing poison fang; na, nasal; pl, palatine, the front end being represented by a dotted line as though seen through the maxilla; pmx, premaxilla; po, post frontal; pr, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; qu, quadrate; sq, squamosal; tr, transverse bone.

Rattlesnake Skull

This illustration shows the skull of a rattlesnake. ar, articular portion of lower jaw; de, dentary…

A large, triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity.

Sacrum

A large, triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column at the upper and back part of the pelvic…

A bone in the human skull that consists of two portions, a vertical portion and a horizontal portion. This bone does a part in protecting your brain from harm.

Frontal Bone

A bone in the human skull that consists of two portions, a vertical portion and a horizontal portion.…

A bone in the human skull that consists of two portions, a vertical portion and a horizontal portion. This bone does a part in protecting your brain from harm.

Frontal Bone

A bone in the human skull that consists of two portions, a vertical portion and a horizontal portion.…

Bones situated at the sides and base of the skull. Each consists of five parts: the squama, the petrous, mastoid, and tympanic parts, and the styloid process.

Temporal Bone

Bones situated at the sides and base of the skull. Each consists of five parts: the squama, the petrous,…

A bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital.

Sphenoid Bone

A bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital.

A bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital.

Sphenoid Bone

A bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital.

A bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital.

Sphenoid Bone

A bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital.

The vomer is a single bone, situated vertically at the back part of the nasal fossae, forming part of the septum of the nose. It is thin, somewhat like a ploughshare in form; but varies in different individuals, being frequently bent to one of the other side; it presents for examination two surfaces and four borders.

Vomer

The vomer is a single bone, situated vertically at the back part of the nasal fossae, forming part of…

The mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It serves for the reception of the lower teeth. It consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body, and two perpendicular portions, the rami, which join the back party of the body nearly at right angles.

Mandible

The mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It serves for the reception of the lower…

A plan of the development of the bones of the hand.

Hand Development

A plan of the development of the bones of the hand.

The anterior surface of the right femur.

Femur

The anterior surface of the right femur.

The posterior surface of the right femur.

Femur

The posterior surface of the right femur.

The anterior surface of the tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Tibia and Fibula

The anterior surface of the tibia and fibula of the right leg.

The posterior surface of the tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Tibia and Fibula

The posterior surface of the tibia and fibula of the right leg.

The dorsal surface of the bones in the right foot.

Foot Bones

The dorsal surface of the bones in the right foot.

The plantar surface of the bones in the right foot.

Foot Bones

The plantar surface of the bones in the right foot.

The first metatarsal of the left foot.

Metatarsal

The first metatarsal of the left foot.

The second metatarsal of the left foot.

Metatarsal

The second metatarsal of the left foot.

The third metatarsal of the left foot.

Metatarsal

The third metatarsal of the left foot.

The fourth metatarsal of the left foot.

Metatarsal

The fourth metatarsal of the left foot.

The fifth metatarsal of the left foot.

Metatarsal

The fifth metatarsal of the left foot.

An oblique fracture of the shaft of the tibia.

Fractured Tibia

An oblique fracture of the shaft of the tibia.

A fracture of the fibula, with dislocation of the foot outward.

Fractured Fibula

A fracture of the fibula, with dislocation of the foot outward.

The skeletal hand of a human.

Skeletal Hand

The skeletal hand of a human.

The skeletal paw of a dog.

Skeletal Paw

The skeletal paw of a dog.

"The skull of a cod. b, branchiostegal rays born on c.h., the ceratohyal bone; d, dentary portion of the mandible; f, frontal; h.m., hyomandibular; i.o., interoperculum; l, lachrymal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; o, operculum; p.m., premaxilla; p.o., preoperculum; p.s., parasphenoid; q, quadrate; s.o., sub-operculum; s.oc., supra-occipital." &mdash; Galloway

Cod Skull

"The skull of a cod. b, branchiostegal rays born on c.h., the ceratohyal bone; d, dentary portion of…

"Compact bone consists of a series of concentric layers of bone disposed around a canal called the Haversian canal which affords passage for the blood-vessels." &mdash; Richardson, 1906

Compact Bone

"Compact bone consists of a series of concentric layers of bone disposed around a canal called the Haversian…

"Treatment of fracture of both bones of the forearm." &mdash; Richardson, 1906

Splint

"Treatment of fracture of both bones of the forearm." — Richardson, 1906

The skeletal structure of a gorilla.

Gorilla Skeleton

The skeletal structure of a gorilla.

"The pelvis of the Echidna; sa, sacrum; il, illum; is, ischium; p, pubis; m, marsupial bone." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Echidna Pelvis

"The pelvis of the Echidna; sa, sacrum; il, illum; is, ischium; p, pubis; m, marsupial bone." —…

"Side views of skull and hyoid bone of Howling Money." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Howling Monkey Skull

"Side views of skull and hyoid bone of Howling Money." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

A dolphin with about 120 teeth, 50 vertebrae, extremely narrow jaw, no pelvic bone, rudimentary eyes, and obsolete dorsal fin.

Gangetic Dolphin

A dolphin with about 120 teeth, 50 vertebrae, extremely narrow jaw, no pelvic bone, rudimentary eyes,…

"Side view of skull of horse, with the bone removed so as to expose the whole of the teeth. PMx, premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal bone; Ma, malar bone; L, lacrymal bone; Fr, frontal bone; Sq, squamosal bone; Pa, parietal bone; oc, occipital condyle; pp, paroccipital process; i, the three incisor teeth; c, the canine tooth; pm1, the situation of the rudimentary first premolar, which has been lost in the lower, but is present in the upper jaw; pm2, pm3, and pm4, the three fully-developed premolar teeth; m, the three true molar teeth." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Skull

"Side view of skull of horse, with the bone removed so as to expose the whole of the teeth. PMx, premaxilla;…

"The simplest and most generally practised form of budding is that called Shield budding or T-budding. The operator should be provided with a budding-knife in which the cutting edge of the blade is rounded off at the point, and which has a thin ivory or bone handle, for raising the bark of the stock. A horizonal incision is made in the bark quite down to the wood, and from this a perpendicular slit is drawn downwards to the extent of perhaps an inch, so that the slit has a resemblance to the letter T, as at a. A bud is then cut by a clean incision from the tree intended to be propagated, having a portion of the wood attached to it, and so that the whole may be an inch and a half long, as at d." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Shield-Budding

"The simplest and most generally practised form of budding is that called Shield budding or T-budding.…

"Skeleton of the Perch's Skull." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Perch Skull

"Skeleton of the Perch's Skull." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Lower view of skull of perch." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Perch Skull

"Lower view of skull of perch." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Hyoid bone of the Perch." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hyoid Bone

"Hyoid bone of the Perch." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The humerus, which moves freely by a globular head upon the scapula, forming the shoulder-joint." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Humerus

"The humerus, which moves freely by a globular head upon the scapula, forming the shoulder-joint." —…