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The Battle of Fredericksburg, fought in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, from December 11 to December 15, 1862, between General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, is remembered as one of the most one-sided battles of the American Civil War.

The Attack on Fredericksburg

The Battle of Fredericksburg, fought in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, from December 11 to December…

The Battle of Fredericksburg, fought in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, from December 11 to December 15, 1862, between General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, is remembered as one of the most one-sided battles of the American Civil War.

Scene in Fredericksburg on the Morning of Dec. 12, 1862

The Battle of Fredericksburg, fought in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, from December 11 to December…

Thomas Wilson (20 December 1663 – 7 March 1755) was Anglican Bishop of Sodor and Man between 1697 and 1755. When he came to the Isle of Man, he found the buildings of the diocese in a ruinous condition. The building of new churches was one of his first acts, and he eventually rebuilt most of the churches of the diocese along with establishing public libraries. Wilson worked to restore ecclesiastical discipline on the island, although he clashed with civil authorities partly because of the reduction of revenue from Wilson mitigating fines in the spiritual court.

Bishop Thomas Wilson

Thomas Wilson (20 December 1663 – 7 March 1755) was Anglican Bishop of Sodor and Man between 1697…

An illustration of Biscayne Bay, is a lagoon that is approximately 35 miles (56 km) long and up to 8 miles (13 km) wide located on the Atlantic coast of south Florida. It is usually divided for purposes of discussion and analysis into three parts, North Bay, Central Bay and South Bay. North Bay separates Miami Beach on its barrier island from Miami on the mainland. It has been severely affected over the last century by raw sewage releases, urban runoff, shoreline bulkheading, dredging, the creation of artificial islands and the loss of natural fresh water flow into the bay. North Bay accounts for only 10% of the water area of the bay. Central Bay is the largest part of the bay. It is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Safety Valve, a series of shallow flats separated by tidal flow channels, stretching from the south end of Key Biscayne to the Ragged Keys at the north end of the Florida Keys. It has been adversely affected primarily by bulkheading, urban runoff discharged by canals, and the loss of natural fresh water flow. South Bay is nearly as large as Central Bay, and is the least affected by human activities, although it also suffers from the loss of natural fresh water flow. South Bay is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the northernmost of the Florida Keys, and is connected to Florida Bay through channels and "sounds" lying between the mainland and the keys.

Biscayne Bay

An illustration of Biscayne Bay, is a lagoon that is approximately 35 miles (56 km) long and up to 8…

The Everglades is a subtropical wetland located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large watershed. The system begins near Orlando with the Kissimmee River, which discharges into the vast but shallow Lake Okeechobee. Water leaving the lake in the wet season forms a slow-moving river 60 miles (97 km) wide and over 100 miles (160 km) long, flowing southward across a limestone shelf to Florida Bay at the southern end of the state. The ever-changing Everglades are shaped by water and fire, with frequent flooding in the wet season and drought in the dry season.

Everglades

The Everglades is a subtropical wetland located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida,…

Roystonea (Royal Palm) is a genus of 10 species of monoecious palms, native to tropical regions of Florida, the Caribbean, and the adjacent coasts of Central and South America. Named for Roy Stone, a U.S. Army engineer, the genus contains some of the most recognizable and commonly cultivated palms (R. regia) in tropical and subtropical regions.

Royal Palm

Roystonea (Royal Palm) is a genus of 10 species of monoecious palms, native to tropical regions of Florida,…

An illustration of a brown pelican with a fish in it's mouth and a sea gull resting on his back. The brown pelican is the smallest of the eight species of pelican, although it is a large bird in nearly every other regard. It lives strictly on coasts from Washington and Virginia south to northern Chile and the mouth of the Amazon River, as well as the island of Saut d'Eau in Trinidad and Tobago. Some immature birds may stray to inland freshwater lakes. After nesting, North American birds move in flocks further north along the coasts, returning to warmer waters for winter. Their young are hatched in broods of about 3, and eat around 150 lbs. of fish in the 8-10 month period they are cared for. Gulls (often informally Seagulls) are birds in the family Laridae. They are typically medium to large birds, usually gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They typically have harsh wailing or squawking calls. They have stout, longish bills, and webbed feet.

Brown Pelican and Sea Gull

An illustration of a brown pelican with a fish in it's mouth and a sea gull resting on his back. The…

The Fort Zachary Taylor State Historic Site, better known simply as Fort Taylor, (or Fort Zach to locals), is a Florida State Park and National Historic Landmark centered on a Civil War-era fort located near the southern tip of Key West, Florida. Construction of the fort began in 1845 as part of a mid-1800s plan to defend the southeast coast through a series of forts. The fort was named for United States President Zachary Taylor in 1850, a few months after President Taylor's sudden death in office. Yellow fever epidemics and material shortages slowed construction of the fort, which continued throughout the 1850s.

Fort Taylor

The Fort Zachary Taylor State Historic Site, better known simply as Fort Taylor, (or Fort Zach to locals),…

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 - June 2, 1882) was an Italian military and political figure.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 - June 2, 1882) was an Italian military and political figure.

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War.

Where the Battle of Gettysburg Began

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,…

Little Round Top is the smaller of two rocky hills south of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the site of an unsuccessful assault by Confederate troops against the Union left flank on July 2, 1863, the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Battleground of Little Round Top

Little Round Top is the smaller of two rocky hills south of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the site…

The monument erected to remember the soldiers who fought at the Battle of Gettysburg.

The Soldiers' Monument at Gettysburg

The monument erected to remember the soldiers who fought at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Quincy Adams Gillmore (February 25, 1825 - April 11, 1888) was an American civil engineer, author, and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Quincy Adams Gillmore

Quincy Adams Gillmore (February 25, 1825 - April 11, 1888) was an American civil engineer, author, and…

Louis Malesherbes Goldsborough (February 18, 1805 - February 20, 1877) was an admiral in the United States Navy during the Civil War.

Louis Malesherbes Goldborough

Louis Malesherbes Goldsborough (February 18, 1805 - February 20, 1877) was an admiral in the United…

Francis Hoyt Gregory (October 9, 1780 - October 4, 1866) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812 through to the Civil War, serving then as a Rear Admiral.

Francis Hoyt Gregory

Francis Hoyt Gregory (October 9, 1780 - October 4, 1866) was an officer in the United States Navy during…

Charles Vernon Gridley (24 November 1844 - 25 May 1898) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War and the Spanish-American War.

Charles Vernon Gridley

Charles Vernon Gridley (24 November 1844 - 25 May 1898) was an officer in the United States Navy during…

A monument erected to commemorate the soldiers who fought at the Battle of Groveton, also known as the Second Battle of Bull Run.

Soldiers' Monument at Groveton

A monument erected to commemorate the soldiers who fought at the Battle of Groveton, also known as the…

USS <em>Pittsburgh</em> (1861) was a City class ironclad gunboat constructed for the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

Foote's Gunboat Flotilla in 1862

USS Pittsburgh (1861) was a City class ironclad gunboat constructed for the Union Navy during…

USS <em>New Era</em> (1862) was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways.

The New Era

USS New Era (1862) was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War.…

The second USS <em>Louisiana</em> was a propeller-driven iron hull steamer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.

The Louisiana

The second USS Louisiana was a propeller-driven iron hull steamer in the United States Navy…

Wade Hampton III (March 28, 1818 - April 11, 1902) was a Confederate cavalry leader during the American Civil War and afterwards a politician from South Carolina, serving as its governor and as a U.S. Senator.

Wade Hampton III

Wade Hampton III (March 28, 1818 - April 11, 1902) was a Confederate cavalry leader during the American…

Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, 1824 - February 9, 1886) was a career U.S. Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880.

Winfield Scott Hancock

Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, 1824 - February 9, 1886) was a career U.S. Army officer and the…

The town of Harper's Ferry, where an important Civil War battle was fought in 1862.

View of Harper's Ferry, 1862, Looking South

The town of Harper's Ferry, where an important Civil War battle was fought in 1862.

The burning of the arsenal in Harper's Ferry during the American Civil War

Burning of the Arsenal at Harper's Ferry

The burning of the arsenal in Harper's Ferry during the American Civil War

Fort Harrison was an important component of the Confederate defenses of Richmond during the American Civil War.

Fort Harrison, on the Wabash

Fort Harrison was an important component of the Confederate defenses of Richmond during the American…

Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It is located in Lambeth, on the south bank of the River Thames a short distance upstream of the Palace of Westminster on the opposite shore. It was acquired by the archbishopric around 1200.

Lambeth Palace, 1867

Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It is located in Lambeth,…

The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are north, south, east, and west.

Cardinal Directions

The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are north, south, east, and west.

Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician, archaeologist, and writer generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902, and was also a prominent German politician, as a member of the Prussian and German parliaments. His works on Roman law and on the law of obligations had a significant impact on the German civil code.

Theodor Mommsen

Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar,…

Parktown prawn is the familiar term South Africans use for Libanasidus vittatus, a monotypic king cricket species found in South Africa, belonging to the Anostostomatidae family. It is not considered a true cricket. Adults are usually around 4 to 5 centimeters in length, with an antennae of 2 cm. Parktown is an affluent suburb in Johannesburg, where these crickets are commonly found, hence the name.

Partown Prawn

Parktown prawn is the familiar term South Africans use for Libanasidus vittatus, a monotypic king cricket…

An illustration of a Calabash tree and ways to utilize the shell of the fruit it produces. Crescentia (Calabash tree, huingo, krabasi, or kalebas) is a genus of six species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to southern Florida, the Caribbean, southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America. The species are small trees growing to 10 m tall, and producing large spherical fruits up to half a meter in diameter.

Calabash Tree

An illustration of a Calabash tree and ways to utilize the shell of the fruit it produces. Crescentia…

An illustration of Caesar. A politician of the populares tradition, he formed an unofficial triumvirate with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus which dominated Roman politics for several years, opposed in the Roman Senate by optimates like Marcus Porcius Cato and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world to the Atlantic Ocean, and he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC. The collapse of the triumvirate, however, led to a standoff with Pompeii and the Senate. Leading his legions across the Rubicon, Caesar began a civil war in 49 BC from which he became the undisputed master of the Roman world.

Julius Caesar (profile)

An illustration of Caesar. A politician of the populares tradition, he formed an unofficial triumvirate…

Samuel Peter Heintzelman (September 30, 1805 - May 1, 1880) was a United States Army General. He served in the Seminole War, the Mexican-American War, the Cortina Troubles, and the American Civil War, rising to the command of a corps.

Samuel Peter Heintzelman

Samuel Peter Heintzelman (September 30, 1805 - May 1, 1880) was a United States Army General. He served…

Thomas Wentworth Higginson (December 22, 1823 - May 9, 1911) was an American minister, author, abolitionist, and soldier.

Thomas Wentworth Higginson

Thomas Wentworth Higginson (December 22, 1823 - May 9, 1911) was an American minister, author, abolitionist,…

John Bell Hood (June 1 or June 29, 1831 - August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War.

John Bell Hood

John Bell Hood (June 1 or June 29, 1831 - August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American…

Joseph Hooker (November 13, 1814 - October 31, 1879) was a career United States Army officer, fought in the Mexican-American War, and was a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Joseph Hooker

Joseph Hooker (November 13, 1814 - October 31, 1879) was a career United States Army officer, fought…

Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 - October 26, 1909) was a career United States Army officer and a Union General in the American Civil War.

Oliver Otis Howard During the Civil War

Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 - October 26, 1909) was a career United States Army officer and…

Colonel Robert Green Ingersoll (August 11, 1833 &ndash; July 21, 1899) was a Civil War veteran, American political leader, and orator during the Golden Age of Freethought, noted for his broad range of culture and his defense of agnosticism.

Robert Green Ingersoll

Colonel Robert Green Ingersoll (August 11, 1833 – July 21, 1899) was a Civil War veteran, American…

Island Number Ten was a former island in the Mississippi River near Tiptonville, Tennessee and the site of a major eponymous battle in the American Civil War.

Island Number Ten

Island Number Ten was a former island in the Mississippi River near Tiptonville, Tennessee and the site…

Island Number Ten was a former island in the Mississippi River near Tiptonville, Tennessee and the site of a major eponymous battle in the American Civil War.

Bombardment of Island Number Ten

Island Number Ten was a former island in the Mississippi River near Tiptonville, Tennessee and the site…

The Battle of Iuka was an American Civil War battle fought on September 19, 1862, in Iuka, Mississippi.

Iuka Springs, 1862

The Battle of Iuka was an American Civil War battle fought on September 19, 1862, in Iuka, Mississippi.

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style&ndash; 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military…

"Interior of Fort Sumter after the bombardment in 1863." -Gordy, 1916

Fort Sumter

"Interior of Fort Sumter after the bombardment in 1863." -Gordy, 1916

"Long Bridge across the Potomac at Washington, D.C." -Gordy, 1916

Potomac River Long Bridge

"Long Bridge across the Potomac at Washington, D.C." -Gordy, 1916

Navy soldiers on the deck of the Monitor, a warship famous for the battle with the Merrimac.

Monitor

Navy soldiers on the deck of the Monitor, a warship famous for the battle with the Merrimac.

From the painting, "First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln" by Francis Bicknell Carpenter. From left to right: Edwin Stanton (Secretary of War), Salmon Chase (Secretary of the Treasury), Abraham Lincoln (President of the United States), Gideon Welles (Secretary of the Navy), Caleb B. Smith (Secretary of the Interior), William Seward [sitting] (Secretary of State), Montgomery Blair (Postmaster General), and Edward Bates (Attorney General).

Emancipation Proclamation

From the painting, "First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln" by Francis…

"A federal cavalry camp&mdash; Winter Quarters." -Gordy, 1916

Cavalry Camp

"A federal cavalry camp— Winter Quarters." -Gordy, 1916

Men in the Civil War building a pontoon bridge across a river.

Pontoon Bridge

Men in the Civil War building a pontoon bridge across a river.

A council of war at Massaponax Church in Virginia.

Massaponax Church

A council of war at Massaponax Church in Virginia.

A Sanitary Commission lodge near Alexandria, Virginia during the Civil War.

Sanitary Commission

A Sanitary Commission lodge near Alexandria, Virginia during the Civil War.

A cotton press yard of the Cotton Centennial in the 1884 World's Fair in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Cotton Centennial

A cotton press yard of the Cotton Centennial in the 1884 World's Fair in New Orleans, Louisiana.

State buildings in Atlanta, Georgia after the American Civil War.

Atlanta, Georgia State Buildings

State buildings in Atlanta, Georgia after the American Civil War.

(1839-1925) American soldier who sirved in the Civil War, Indian Wars, and the Spanish-American War.

Nelson A. Miles

(1839-1925) American soldier who sirved in the Civil War, Indian Wars, and the Spanish-American War.

When civil law was restored, Jackson was fined for contempt of court for proclaiming martial law in New Orleans.

The Old Courthouse Where Jackson was Fined for Contempt of Court

When civil law was restored, Jackson was fined for contempt of court for proclaiming martial law in…

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 &ndash; May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the most revered Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee.

Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general…

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 &ndash; May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the most revered Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee.

Grave of Thomas J. Jackson

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general…

Fort Jefferson was built in 1826 in Garden Key, Florida and used in the American Civil War.

Fort Jefferson, Garden Key

Fort Jefferson was built in 1826 in Garden Key, Florida and used in the American Civil War.

Fort Taylor was built in 1845 in Key West, Florida and used in the American Civil War.

Fort Taylor, Key West

Fort Taylor was built in 1845 in Key West, Florida and used in the American Civil War.

Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 &ndash; March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer, serving with distinction in the Mexican-American War and Seminole Wars, and was also one of the most senior general officers in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

Joseph Eggleston Johnston

Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer,…

The place where Johnston surrendered to Sherman in the American Civil War.

Place of Johnston's Surrender to Sherman

The place where Johnston surrendered to Sherman in the American Civil War.

The Texas State Capitol, located in Austin, Texas, is the fourth building to serve as the seat of Texas government. It houses the chambers of the Texas State Legislature and the office of the Governor of Texas. Originally designed by Elijah E. Myers, it was constructed from 1882&ndash;88 under the direction of civil engineer Lindsay Walker.

State Capitol at Austin, Texas

The Texas State Capitol, located in Austin, Texas, is the fourth building to serve as the seat of Texas…