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Also known as Kohen Gadol or Kohen ha-Gadol. The High Priest of Israel could officiate sacrifices and enter the Holy of Holies on Yom Kippur.

High Priest of Israel

Also known as Kohen Gadol or Kohen ha-Gadol. The High Priest of Israel could officiate sacrifices and…

An image depicting an ancient city of the Persian, Parthian, and Elamite empires of Iran.

Ancient Susa

An image depicting an ancient city of the Persian, Parthian, and Elamite empires of Iran.

"Here [Darius] was assassinated by Bessus, the satrap of Bactria. He was discovered by Alexander in a dying condition by the roadside. He asked for a cup of water, thanked the giver, and died. And with him died the Empire of the Persians."—Ridpath, 1885

Alexander Discovers the Body of Darius

"Here [Darius] was assassinated by Bessus, the satrap of Bactria. He was discovered by Alexander in…

"The next evolution is presented in Euripides. He is less ideal than his predeccesor, but truer to nature. His drama is more of a reality. He takes his stand in the midst of human life as it is. His language is the language of the people. The heroes of his plays are more possible than those of Sophocles. They are redeemed with weaknesses, touched with folly, stained with tears. He has more variety in his action, greater freedom, more surprises and vicissitudes."—Ridpath, 1885

Euripides

"The next evolution is presented in Euripides. He is less ideal than his predeccesor, but truer to nature.…

One of the first Greek amphitheaters, located in the political center of the Elymian people.

Theater of Segesta

One of the first Greek amphitheaters, located in the political center of the Elymian people.

Statue of the Greek dramatist. He is representative of Athenian New Comedy.

Menander

Statue of the Greek dramatist. He is representative of Athenian New Comedy.

A stature of Aristophanes, who was a prolific and commonly celebrated playwright of comedy. He is also known as the Father of Comedy.

Aristophanes

A stature of Aristophanes, who was a prolific and commonly celebrated playwright of comedy. He is also…

"Phidias was the chief glory of the administration of Pericles. To him was committed the work of making the Parthenon sublime. From his studio went forth trophy after trophy to adorn the crowning glory of the Acropolis."

Phidias in His Study

"Phidias was the chief glory of the administration of Pericles. To him was committed the work of making…

An illustration of eight different types of Greek women.

Types of Greek Women

An illustration of eight different types of Greek women.

"Afterwards [Solon] went to Sardis and made the acquaintance of Cresus. It was on this occasion that the celebrated interview occurred which has been so much repeated for its lesson. Cresus, desiring to make an impression on his visitor, took him into his treasury and showed him his riches."—Ridpath, 1885

Cresus Showing Solon His Treasures

"Afterwards [Solon] went to Sardis and made the acquaintance of Cresus. It was on this occasion that…

"The first noted public appearance of [Alcibiades] was on the occasion of the coming of the Lacedaemonian ambassadors requesting the surrender of Pylus. He at first violently opposed the petition, and even went so far as to urge the sending of an embassy to Argos to solicit that city to become a member in a new Athenian league. In spite of the earnest efforts of Nicias and of the protests of the Spartan ambassador, Alcibiades, by means of intrigue and bluster, succeeded in this work, and not only Argos, but also Elis and Mantinea, agreed to maintain an alliance with Athens for a hundred years."—Ridpath, 1885

Alcibiades

"The first noted public appearance of [Alcibiades] was on the occasion of the coming of the Lacedaemonian…

Image depicting a mythical moral anecdote, consisting of two morals. The first that regardless of who wears the crown, they are bound to have threats sent their way. The second is that the threat of terrorism is much greater than the act itself.

Banquet of Damocles

Image depicting a mythical moral anecdote, consisting of two morals. The first that regardless of who…

An image depicting the city of ancient Corinth.

Ancient Corinth

An image depicting the city of ancient Corinth.

"It was during the siege of Methone that Philip had the misfortune to lose on of his eyes. A random arrow discharged from the rampart fell square in the king's face and destroyed one-half of his sight. When the arrow-head was drawn away, it was found to contain the following label: "Astor to Philip's right eye." It appeared on inquiry that the unerring missile had been discharged by an offended archer who has recently offered his services to the king and been rejected. He hd represented to Philip that his skill with the bow was great that he could kill a small bird on the wing. The king not believing the story had put off the applicant with the remark, "Well, well, I shall make use of thee when I go to war with the starlings." Astor has then joined the Methoneans and now vindicated his skill in a way never to be forgotten."—Ridpath, 1885

Astor to Philip's Right Eye

"It was during the siege of Methone that Philip had the misfortune to lose on of his eyes. A random…

One of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. They were held both the year before and the year after the Olympic Games.

The Isthmian Games

One of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. They were held both the year before and the year after…

Statue of the Greek god Helios. It is currently considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was one of the tallest statues during its time, standing at over 30 meters (107 feet).

Colossus at Rhodes

Statue of the Greek god Helios. It is currently considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient…

A fresco painting of a Roman villa.

Roman Villa

A fresco painting of a Roman villa.

"Chariot-racing was a favorite amusement, and the great circuses were arranged especially for such contests. The space was broad enough to accommodate three of four chariots side by side, each with four horses abreast."—Ridpath, 1885

Circus Maximus

"Chariot-racing was a favorite amusement, and the great circuses were arranged especially for such contests.…

Teutoboch was a legendary king of the Teutons, a Germanic tribe.

The Capture of Teutoboch

Teutoboch was a legendary king of the Teutons, a Germanic tribe.

An image depicting Julius Caesar, a Roman general and statesman. He was a key component to the shift of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world in 49 BC.

Julius Caesar

An image depicting Julius Caesar, a Roman general and statesman. He was a key component to the shift…

"After a successful summer campaign, [Caesar] made his way to the coast and cross over into Britain. He then withdrew into his winter-quarters in Gaul, but in the following year returned into the island, defeated the British Celts under their king Cassivellaunus, and reduced the country to a dependency, compelling the Britons to pay tribute and give hostages."

Landing of the Romans in Britain

"After a successful summer campaign, [Caesar] made his way to the coast and cross over into Britain.…

An image of Julius Caesar and his army crossing the Rubicon River, which is located in northeastern Italy. The idiom "Crossing the Rubicon" refers to Julius Caesar passing this river in 49 BC, and means to pass a point of no return.

Caesar Crossing the Rubicon

An image of Julius Caesar and his army crossing the Rubicon River, which is located in northeastern…

"[Caesar] mustered the soldiers in the Campius Martius, and requested a statement of their grievances. Their demands appeared to have a reference to a payment of their dues, the bestowal of promised presents, and a release from further duty. Caesar well knew that the best way to humiliate an insurrection is to grant what it clamors for. He accordingly made an address to his old legion, being careful to begin with "Citizens," instead of "Soldiers." This was gall and wormwood. To be addressed as citizens by their beloved commander! "I discharge you." said he. "You have had enough of fatigue and wounds. I release you from your oath. As to your presents, you shall be paid to the last sesterce." The old veterans could stand no more. They burst into tears, and began to beg for forgiveness. With a certain prudent hesitation, Caesar received them back to favor; but he took care that the leaders who had fomented the mutiny should be executed."—Ridpath, 1885

Citizens! I Discharge You.

"[Caesar] mustered the soldiers in the Campius Martius, and requested a statement of their grievances.…

"More particularly was the new sect of Christians selected as the objects of vengeance. These people had already gained the intense dislike of Rome. The austerity of their manners, the severe tenets of their faith so opposed to the license of paganism, their customs and laws so antagonistic to the usages of the state, all combined to render them odious to the commonwealth."—Ridpath, 1885

Christians Given to the Lions in the Roman Amphitheater

"More particularly was the new sect of Christians selected as the objects of vengeance. These people…

"It was during Hadrian's sojourn in this country that his favorite, the beautiful Birthynian named Antinous, cast himself for his master's sake into the Nile, and was drowned. t appears that the oracle at Besa had informed the Emperor that impending calamity could be averted only by the self-sacrifice of the one whom he most loved. Antinous believed himself to be designated as the offering, and accordingly gave his life to the river."—Ridpath, 1885

Antinous

"It was during Hadrian's sojourn in this country that his favorite, the beautiful Birthynian named Antinous,…

Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious emperors of Rome.

Caracalla

Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious emperors of Rome.

"The next Emperor was Aurelius Probus, officer of the army of Germany. He was chosen by the legions, and recognized by the Senate, A certain Florianus, brother of Tacitus, had in the mean tie assumed the purple without recognition by either the civil or the military power; but presently finding himself abandoned, he made an end by suicide. Probus, who was a soldier and man of worth, was thus left in undisputed possession of the throne. His reign of six years was almost wholly occupied in war."—Ridpath, 1885

Probus

"The next Emperor was Aurelius Probus, officer of the army of Germany. He was chosen by the legions,…

The Arch of Constantine was erected to celebrate Constantine's victory of Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. It is situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill.

Arch of Constantine

The Arch of Constantine was erected to celebrate Constantine's victory of Maxentius at the Battle of…

A depiction of Julian the Apostate, a noted philosopher and Roman Emperor, and his death.

Death of Julian the Apostate

A depiction of Julian the Apostate, a noted philosopher and Roman Emperor, and his death.

"In order that [Alaric's] body might be saved from the gaze of the vulgar and the rage of his foes, he gave direction that it should be buried in the bed of the river Busentinus."—Ridpath, 1885

The Burial of Alaric in the Bed of the Busentinus

"In order that [Alaric's] body might be saved from the gaze of the vulgar and the rage of his foes,…

Augustulus is deposed from the crown by Odoacer, and was thus the last Western Roman Emperor.

Odoacer Compels Augustulus to Yield the Crown

Augustulus is deposed from the crown by Odoacer, and was thus the last Western Roman Emperor.

Belsarius was ordered to have his eyes put out, and was reduced to a homeless beggar.

Blind Belsarius

Belsarius was ordered to have his eyes put out, and was reduced to a homeless beggar.

"The two chief avenues that were open to advancement were the political and the military. He must be well educated in a general way. Then he must be versed in the law, in statesmanship, and in oratory, or else in the art of war. If he were trained in both disciplines, so much the better."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Roman Boy

"The two chief avenues that were open to advancement were the political and the military. He must be…

The consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic. They were elected every year. The lictors were a member of a special class of Roman civil servant. Their tasks were to attend and guard the magistrates of the Roman Republic.

Consul and Lictors

The consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic. They were elected every year. The lictors…

"1 and 3, necklaces with amber and coral pendants; 2, military standard; 4, bronze trumpet; 5, iron boss of shield; 6, iron fastening; 7, sword-hilt and belt; 8, iron helmet; 9, iron belt-chain."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Gallic Remains

"1 and 3, necklaces with amber and coral pendants; 2, military standard; 4, bronze trumpet; 5, iron…

A cavlaryman of Cæsar's army during the Roman Republic.

Roman Cavalryman

A cavlaryman of Cæsar's army during the Roman Republic.

"The romans had no knowledge of gunpowder, siege cannon, or field guns; but the place of modern artillery was supplied by what in general were called tormenta. These were powerful engines for hurling missiles, the propelling force being furnished by the twisting of rope, sinews, or hair. They were used in siege operations rather than in ordinary battle."

Tormenta Within a Fortified Camp

"The romans had no knowledge of gunpowder, siege cannon, or field guns; but the place of modern artillery…

An ancient missile weapon which launched a large projectile at a distant target.

Ballista

An ancient missile weapon which launched a large projectile at a distant target.

A flag-like object. The cloth was draped from a horizontal cross suspended from the staff. It was a treasured symbol of the military and was closely defended in combat.

Vexillum

A flag-like object. The cloth was draped from a horizontal cross suspended from the staff. It was a…

"1, funditor; 2, 2, milites levis armaturae; 3, 3, legionarii; 4, sarcina."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Roman Soldiers and Equipment

"1, funditor; 2, 2, milites levis armaturae; 3, 3, legionarii; 4, sarcina."—D'ooge & Eastman,…

"A, via principalis. B, via documana. C, porta praetoria. D, porta decumana. E, portq principalis dextra. F, porta principalis sinistra. G, praetorium. H, forum. K,K, tribuni. L, auxilia. M, ara. N, tribunal. O, equites. P, pedites. Q, fossa. R, via quintana. S, agger. T, intervallum. V, vallum."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Castra Romana

"A, via principalis. B, via documana. C, porta praetoria. D, porta decumana. E, portq principalis dextra.…

An ancient town first recorded in the journals of Julius Caesar.

Besancon

An ancient town first recorded in the journals of Julius Caesar.

A legion of the Roman army marching.

Roman Army on the March

A legion of the Roman army marching.

A bowman. Also the symbol for the zodiac sign Sagittarius.

Bowman (Sagittarius)

A bowman. Also the symbol for the zodiac sign Sagittarius.

A catapult as used during the Roman Empire. The catapult is an effective device used to hurl an object a great distance without the assistance of explosive devices.

A Catapult

A catapult as used during the Roman Empire. The catapult is an effective device used to hurl an object…

Roman soldiers breaking into the German camp.

Milites Nostri in Castra Inruperunt

Roman soldiers breaking into the German camp.

A harbor from the era of the Roman Empire.

An Ancient Harbor

A harbor from the era of the Roman Empire.

An eagle bearer from the Roman Empire. The eagle was made of precious metal and was the symbol of the power of Rome. If the eagle was lost in battle, it was considered a terrible disgrace.

Eagle Bearer

An eagle bearer from the Roman Empire. The eagle was made of precious metal and was the symbol of the…

"A philosopher, seating himself under an oak tree, and viewing its massiveness, could not understand why so large a tree should produce such small fruit. 'There,' said he, 'is the pumpkin, growing on a slender vine; how much better it would be, if that vine bore acorns, and the great tree the pumpkins; then there would be some harmony and fitness in nature.' As he was meditating on this subject, and examining some ancient theories on the works of creation, an acorn dropped on his head and broke up the train of his reflections. 'How foolish and short-sighted I am, to question the wisdom of Providence,' thought the philosopher, 'if the acorn had been a pumpkin, my head would have been broken.'"—Barber, 1857

Man Thinks Himself Wise, till God Shows Him His Folly

"A philosopher, seating himself under an oak tree, and viewing its massiveness, could not understand…

"The pyramids of Egypt are well entitled to a place among the most interesting curiosities in the world. The principal ones stand opposite Cairo, on the west side of the river Nile. They are built of stones, which overleap each other, and thus form steps from the bottom to the top. The perpendicular height of the largest is about 500 feet, and the area of its basis contains nearly 500,000 square feet, or something more than eleven English acres of ground."—Blake, 1825

Ancient Pyramid

"The pyramids of Egypt are well entitled to a place among the most interesting curiosities in the world.…

A small deciduous tree, native to the Mediterranean region. It produced the earliest-known form of turpentine, and was used in medicine by the ancient Greeks.

Terebinth Tree

A small deciduous tree, native to the Mediterranean region. It produced the earliest-known form of turpentine,…

Vases and other pottery made by the ancient Greeks.

Classic Vessels

Vases and other pottery made by the ancient Greeks.

Also known as Frederick II of Prussia. He reigned from 1740 to 1786 and was a proponent of enlightened absolutism.

Frederick the Great

Also known as Frederick II of Prussia. He reigned from 1740 to 1786 and was a proponent of enlightened…

The Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790, and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790.

Joseph II

The Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790, and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790.

A French Roman Catholic clergyman who helped transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly.

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

A French Roman Catholic clergyman who helped transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly.

"Begun by Napoleon in 1806; not completed until 1842. The emperor planned it as a 'of fame' to commemorate his victories, but it now serves as a church. The structure has the lines of a Roman temple, with a colonnade of Corinthian pillars."—Webster, 1920

La Madeleine

"Begun by Napoleon in 1806; not completed until 1842. The emperor planned it as a 'of fame' to commemorate…

The second longest-reigning elected Pope in Church history, serving from 1846 until his death in 1878. He defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.

Pope Pius IX

The second longest-reigning elected Pope in Church history, serving from 1846 until his death in 1878.…

William I, in the garb of an ancient Germanic chieftain, rides his charger over the body of prostate France. The Crown Prince, Bismarck, and other leaders appear in the background."—Webster, 1920p

Væ Victis!

William I, in the garb of an ancient Germanic chieftain, rides his charger over the body of prostate…

"This fine structure was built in the eighteenth century as a palace for members of the Bourbon-Condé family. It became national property during the French Revolution. The façade, which faces the Pont de la Concorde, is in the style of an ancient temple."—Webster, 1920

Chamber of Deputies (Paris)

"This fine structure was built in the eighteenth century as a palace for members of the Bourbon-Condé…

A portrait of the Vatican in Italy.

The Vatican

A portrait of the Vatican in Italy.