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Businessman who established the <em>Armour Refrigerator Line</em>.

Philip D. Armour

Businessman who established the Armour Refrigerator Line.

A catostomine fish with the air bladder dvided into two parts and no lateral line.

Chub Sucker

A catostomine fish with the air bladder dvided into two parts and no lateral line.

"Raise the rifle with both hands high enough to clear the line of vision, barrel downward, point of the bayonet to the left front. When necessary to raise the rifle well above the head, it may be supported between the thumb and forefinger of the left hand. This position will be necessary against attacks from higher elevation, such as men mounted or on top of parapets." — Moss, 1914

High Parry

"Raise the rifle with both hands high enough to clear the line of vision, barrel downward, point of…

"The position of the true meridian may be found as follows: Point the hour hand of a watch towards the sun; the line joining the pivot and the point midway between the hour hand and XIII on the dial will point towards the south; that is to say if the observer stands so as to face the sun and the XII on the dial, he will be looking south. To point the hour hand exactly at the sun, stick a pin and bring the hour hand into the shadow. At night a line drawn toward the north star from the observer's position is approximately a true meridian." &mdash; Moss, 1914

True meridian

"The position of the true meridian may be found as follows: Point the hour hand of a watch towards the…

"The principal of a tourniquet is easily understood, a pad or compass placed on the line of the artery and a strap or band to go over the pad and around the limb so that, when tightened, it will press the pad down upon the artery and interrupt the flow of the blood." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Tourniquet

"The principal of a tourniquet is easily understood, a pad or compass placed on the line of the artery…

"A formidable obstacle against cavalry consists of railroad ties planted at intervals of 10 feet with tops four and a half feet above the ground, and connected by a line of rails spiked securely to each." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Cavalry obstacle

"A formidable obstacle against cavalry consists of railroad ties planted at intervals of 10 feet with…

A weight of lead or other material attached to a line, and used to indicate a vertical direction; a plummet.

Plumb

A weight of lead or other material attached to a line, and used to indicate a vertical direction; a…

An instrument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust something with reference to such a line.

Level

An instrument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust something with reference to such a line.

A line or cord about one hundred and fifty fathoms in length, used for ascertaining the speed of a vessel.

Log-line

A line or cord about one hundred and fifty fathoms in length, used for ascertaining the speed of a vessel.

A piece of lead fastened to a line, and used to determine a perpendicular, and with a square, a horizontal line.

Plummet

A piece of lead fastened to a line, and used to determine a perpendicular, and with a square, a horizontal…

A line of posts or stakes set in the earth as a fence or barrier.

Stockade

A line of posts or stakes set in the earth as a fence or barrier.

"A loaded vehicle is represented as crossing the side of a hill, which has been raised one wheel above the level of the other wheel, so as to incline the body of the vehicle very considerably from the horizontal. The centre of gravity is represented in two different positions; a lower one with th eline of direction L C, and a higher one with the line of direction U C. If there had been no load upon the vehicle, the line of direction would have remained at L C; and as it falls within the wheel, or base, the vehicle would have maintained its balance. But if the wagon had been laden, the centre of gravity would have been raised, and, the line of direction U C consequently falling without the wheel, the vehicle must overturn." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Vehicle on hill

"A loaded vehicle is represented as crossing the side of a hill, which has been raised one wheel above…

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and tuning on an axis carried in a frame, called a pulley block. The pulley is fixed if the block is stationary." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Fixed Pulley

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and tuning on an axis carried…

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and turning on an axis carried in a frame, called a pulley block. The pulley is movable if the block moves during the action of the power." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Movable pulley

"A pulley is a wheel having a grooved rim for carrying a rope or other line, and turning on an axis…

A line of boys pushing eachother, with the first boy being knocked over.

Boys in line

A line of boys pushing eachother, with the first boy being knocked over.

"An apparatus devised by Mach for the illustration of the pendular motions of the particles of a medium transmitting waves of any kind, longitudinal or transverse, stationary or progressive." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Line of pendulums

"An apparatus devised by Mach for the illustration of the pendular motions of the particles of a medium…

A line of interlocking circles.

Circles

A line of interlocking circles.

"A vertical conductor carrying an electric current, and surrounded by a magnetic line of force, which is in turn surrounded by electric whirls; the magnetic line of force is an electric vortex-ring." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Vertical conductor

"A vertical conductor carrying an electric current, and surrounded by a magnetic line of force, which…

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through its center, and a similar point is found on the line at an equal distance beyond the center." &mdash; Ford, 1912

Symmetry plane

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through…

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through its center, and a similar point is found on the line at an equal distance beyond the center." &mdash; Ford, 1912

Symmetry axis

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through…

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through its center, and a similar point is found on the line at an equal distance beyond the center." &mdash; Ford, 1912

Symmetry center

"A crystal has a center of symmetry if an imaginary line is passed from some point on its surface through…

Hydraulic tourniquet, also called Barker's mill. It consists of a vessel of water free to rotate about a vertical axis, and having at its lower end bent arms through which the water is discharged horizontally, the direction of discharge being nearly at right angles to a line joining the discharging orifice to the axis. The unbalanced pressures at the bends of the tube, opposite to the openings, cause the apparatus to revolve in the opposite direction to the issuing liquid.

Tourniquet

Hydraulic tourniquet, also called Barker's mill. It consists of a vessel of water free to rotate about…

A pyramid is a solid whose base is a plan figure, and whose sides are triangles uniting at a common point, called the vertex. If a straight line be drawn on one of the sides of a pyramid from the vertex so as to be perpendicular to one edge of the base, this line is called the slant height.

Pyramid

A pyramid is a solid whose base is a plan figure, and whose sides are triangles uniting at a common…

A cone is a solid whose base is a circle, and whose convex surface tapers uniformly to a point called the vertex. If a straight line be drawn on the cone from the vertex to the edge of the base, this line is ccalled the slant height.

Cone

A cone is a solid whose base is a circle, and whose convex surface tapers uniformly to a point called…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Scotia.</em> It consists of two quarter circles one of which has a radius equal to twice the radius of the other. The centers of both arcs must be on the same horizontal line. It is generally applied in the bases of columns.

Scotia

A roman moulding, called a Scotia. It consists of two quarter circles one of which has a radius…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cyma Recta.</em> It is a moulding of double curvature and two fillets. The curve is composed of quarter-circles; the upper or concave portion of the has its center without, while the lower curve has its center within the moulding. Both centers are on the same horizontal line. This moulding is frequently called an <em>Ogee</em>.

Cyma Recta

A roman moulding, called a Cyma Recta. It is a moulding of double curvature and two fillets.…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cyma Reversa.</em> This like the cyma recta, is composed of two quarter circles and an upper and lower fillet. It is distinguished from the former by having its convex part above and the concave part below a horizontal center line.

Cyma Reversa

A roman moulding, called a Cyma Reversa. This like the cyma recta, is composed of two quarter…

An order of flowerless or cryptogamous plants. All plants are classified as belonging to the flowering or flowerless division, lichens being included with the latter. They are found native in all zones up to the snow line.

Lichens

An order of flowerless or cryptogamous plants. All plants are classified as belonging to the flowering…

Diagram of the external structure of an insect. 1: The head carrying the eyes and antennae. 2: First segment of the thorax with the first pair of legs. 3: The second segment of the thorax with the second pair of legs and the first pair of wings. 4: The third segment of the thorax with the third pair of legs and the second pair of wings. 5: Abdomen without legs.

Insect

Diagram of the external structure of an insect. 1: The head carrying the eyes and antennae. 2: First…

Link in Lozenge or Spiral is a combination of two triangles with one side of each parallel with the other and sometimes joined by a diagonal line. It is found in the borders of Asia Minor rugs, also in the field of many Nomad productions. Especially common in the Kurdistans and Shirvans.

Link Design

Link in Lozenge or Spiral is a combination of two triangles with one side of each parallel with the…

Link in Lozenge or Spiral is a combination of two triangles with one side of each parallel with the other and sometimes joined by a diagonal line. It is found in the borders of Asia Minor rugs, also in the field of many Nomad productions. Especially common in the Kurdistans and Shirvans.

Link Design

Link in Lozenge or Spiral is a combination of two triangles with one side of each parallel with the…

Overlapping as the segments of some perianths in the bud. At least one segment must be wholly outside and one wholly inside.

Imbricate

Overlapping as the segments of some perianths in the bud. At least one segment must be wholly outside…

A firearm resembling a pistol, but differing from it in having a breech-loading cylinder so arranged that the cocking of the hammer revolves it and brings the next cartridge in line for firing.

Revolver

A firearm resembling a pistol, but differing from it in having a breech-loading cylinder so arranged…

Soup line at Ruhleben Prison Camp-1916

Soup line

Soup line at Ruhleben Prison Camp-1916

An extensive division of insects, which includes the scorpions and mites. The spiders differ from most insects in that the body consists of only two segments instead of three, the head and chest being united to form one segment.

Spider

An extensive division of insects, which includes the scorpions and mites. The spiders differ from most…

This illustration shows the structure of capsule of Funaria: 5, capsule with calyptra, 5A, removed. 6, section of nearly mature capsule-sp, spore-forming cells surrounded on outside by loosely arranged chlorophyll-bearing cells; o, operculum; r, annulus; p, peristome; a, apophysis. 8, magnified view of a portion of the capsule, showing the annulus, r, and the thick-walled cells of the peristome, p, which are attached at their base to the epidermis by a double row of cells; sp, spore-forming cells, the doted line should run to the four roundish cells at the left. 7, the cells shown in 8, p, have split apart, thus orming the inner and outer teeth-like segments of the peristome.

Funaria

This illustration shows the structure of capsule of Funaria: 5, capsule with calyptra, 5A, removed.…

This diagram shows some stages in the life history of the tapeworm. A, Cysticercus or Bladderworm stage, before the "head" protrudes from the bladder; B, same, later stage; C, Strobila, or chain of proglottides, many being omitted; D, embryo such as fill the uterus of the mature proglottides. It is protected by a shell. b, bladder; ex., excretory canals; g, genital pore; h, head or scolex provided with hooks and suckers (s); u, uterus in a mature posterior proglottis; z, one of budding or segment formation. The numerals show the approximate number of segments, reckoning from the front.

Tapeworm

This diagram shows some stages in the life history of the tapeworm. A, Cysticercus or Bladderworm stage,…

This diagram shows a fresh-water annelid. a, appendages; br., brain; d, dissepiments; i, intestine; m, mouth; nph, nephridium; oe, aesophagus; p, pavilion, line with ciliated entoderm; ph., pharynx; pr., processes from the anal segment; z, zone immediately in front of the anal segment where new segments are continually being formed; z', the zone of fission or budding. This takes place in the middle of a segment. The anterior half-segment of z' will produce a region like z for the anterior half of the worm.

Annelid

This diagram shows a fresh-water annelid. a, appendages; br., brain; d, dissepiments; i, intestine;…

This diagram shows a transverse section of dero. c., caelom; c.l., cells of the so-called "lateral line"; d.m., dermo-muscular wall including muscles and skin; d.v., dorsal blood vessel; ect, ectoderm; ent, entoderm; g, gut; g.f., giant nerve fibers; gl, glandular cells assisting in digestion; m.c., circular muscle fibers; m.l., longitudinal muscle fibers; n, nephridium; n.v., ventral nerve chain, made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers; s, setae; v.v., ventral blood vessel.

Annelid

This diagram shows a transverse section of dero. c., caelom; c.l., cells of the so-called "lateral line";…

This illustration shows the skull of a rattlesnake. ar, articular portion of lower jaw; de, dentary portion; bo, basi-occipatal; mx, maxilla, bearing poison fang; na, nasal; pl, palatine, the front end being represented by a dotted line as though seen through the maxilla; pmx, premaxilla; po, post frontal; pr, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; qu, quadrate; sq, squamosal; tr, transverse bone.

Rattlesnake Skull

This illustration shows the skull of a rattlesnake. ar, articular portion of lower jaw; de, dentary…

The teeth are compressed and trunctated, and the lateral line is cimple and arched above the pectoral.

Dab

The teeth are compressed and trunctated, and the lateral line is cimple and arched above the pectoral.

A round, laterally flattened wooden block, encircled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with three holes to recieve the lanyard, used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes.

Deadeye

A round, laterally flattened wooden block, encircled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with three…

A round, laterally flattened wooden block, encircled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with three holes to recieve the lanyard, used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes.

Deadeye

A round, laterally flattened wooden block, encircled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with three…

Sagittal section in the median line of the male pelvis.

Male Pelvis

Sagittal section in the median line of the male pelvis.

Sagittal section in the median line of the female pelvis.

female Pelvis

Sagittal section in the median line of the female pelvis.

"Shell of a Bivalve Mollusk, inner surface. ad.a., depression showing the attachment of the anterior adductor muscle; ad.p., posterior adductor muscle; h, hinge with teeth; l, attachments of the ligaments; p, pallial line, marking the attachment of the mantle muscles; s, the pallial sinus, marking the attachment of the retractor muscles of the siphon; u, umbo or beak." &mdash; Galloway

Bivalve Mollusk

"Shell of a Bivalve Mollusk, inner surface. ad.a., depression showing the attachment of the anterior…

Making up rafts on the Susquehanna River. A scene on the line of the Erie Railroad.

Susquehanna River

Making up rafts on the Susquehanna River. A scene on the line of the Erie Railroad.

The correct position when the pen is at the bottom of an extended letter below the line, the pen being, as shown, nearly perpendicular.

Penmanship

The correct position when the pen is at the bottom of an extended letter below the line, the pen being,…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

"Curves other than arcs of circles are drawn with the pencil or ruling pen by means of curved or irregular-shaped rulers, called irregular curves. A series of points is first determined through which the curved line is to pass. The line is then drawn through these points by using such parts of the irregular curve as will pass through several of the points at once, the curve being shifted from time to time as required." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Irregular Curves

"Curves other than arcs of circles are drawn with the pencil or ruling pen by means of curved or irregular-shaped…

"A genus of saurian reptiles, constituting a distinct family, of very peculiar form and structure, and on various accounts highly interesting. The body is much compressed; the dorsal line sharp, in some of the species rising into an elevated crest; the back of the head is also elevated into a sort of cone. The neck is very short, and does not admit of the head being turned, for which, however, compensation is found in the remarkable powers of motion possessed by the large prominent eyes, which move independently of one another, and are covered with a membrane pierced only with a small hole for the pupil to look through." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Chameleon

"A genus of saurian reptiles, constituting a distinct family, of very peculiar form and structure, and…

"Carte, Guard. Turn wrist with nails upwards; hand on a line with lower part of breast; arm somewhat bent, and elbow inclined a little to the outside; point of foil elevated at an angle of about 15 degrees, and directed at upper part of adversary's breast." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Carte

"Carte, Guard. Turn wrist with nails upwards; hand on a line with lower part of breast; arm somewhat…

"The ghats, or landing places that line the banks of the rivers of Northern India, are often of great architectural merit." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Ghat, Goosla

"The ghats, or landing places that line the banks of the rivers of Northern India, are often of great…

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Plumb Bob

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Plumb Bob

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Plumb Bob

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Plumb Bob

A conoid shaped metal bob or weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

A narrow board with parallel edges having a stright line drawn through the middle, and a string carrying a metal weight attached to the upper end of the line. It is used by masons, bricklayers, and carpenters to determine a vertical.

Plumb Rule

A narrow board with parallel edges having a stright line drawn through the middle, and a string carrying…

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain amount of twist imparted to it, and is wound on a bobbin. In this process the end or sliver from the last head of the drawing frame is drawn out by means of three pairs of rollers, and this is twisted as it emerges from the front line of rollers by the action of vertical spindles and flyers, which at the same time wind the ends upon bobbins in successive layers." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Slubbing Frame

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain…