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"Lycia was, in ancient geography, a country on the S. coast of Asia Minor, extending toward Mount Taurus, and bounded on the W. by Caria, on the N. by Phrygia and Pisidia, and on the E. by Pamphylia. Many monuments and ruined buildings, exquisite sculptures, coins, and other antiquities, testify to the attainments of the Lycians in civilization and the arts, in which they rivalled the Greeks themselves."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lycian Tomb

"Lycia was, in ancient geography, a country on the S. coast of Asia Minor, extending toward Mount Taurus,…

"Tragedy masks. The origin of Greek drama is to be found in the yearly celebrations in honor of Dionysus, god of wine. Riotous festivals were held, during which the god of wine was extolled with carousals and boisterous songs, these having been introduced to Greece from Thrace, where they were even wilder in their nature." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Tragedy masks

"Tragedy masks. The origin of Greek drama is to be found in the yearly celebrations in honor of Dionysus,…

"Who brandishing aloft the ax of doom, That just has laid one victim at her feet, Looks round her for that other, without whom, The banquet of revenge were incomplete." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Man with ax

"Who brandishing aloft the ax of doom, That just has laid one victim at her feet, Looks round her for…

"When grown up, Oedipus is told by the oracle that he would slay his father and marry his mother. On his return to Corinth he met Laius in a narrow pass and, in a dispute about the road, slew him." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Death of Laius

"When grown up, Oedipus is told by the oracle that he would slay his father and marry his mother. On…

"Thesus and the Minotaur. (From a vase-painting in the Vatican Museum.) — The Delphian Society, 1913

Thesus and the Minotaur

"Thesus and the Minotaur. (From a vase-painting in the Vatican Museum.) — The Delphian Society,…

"Greek lyres"

Greek lyres

"Greek lyres"

"When she was about to be slain at the altar, Artemis intervened and carried her off in a cloud to be priestess of her temple in Tauris (the Crimea), while a stag was substituted in the sacrifice." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Rescue of Iphigenia

"When she was about to be slain at the altar, Artemis intervened and carried her off in a cloud to be…

"What in this letter is contained, what here, Is written, all I will repeat to thee, That thou mayst bear my message to my friends, 'Gainst danger thus I guard: if thou preserve, The letter, that though silent will declare, My purport; if it perish in the sea, Saving thyself, my words too thou wilt save." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Iphegnia delivers letter to Pylades

"What in this letter is contained, what here, Is written, all I will repeat to thee, That thou mayst…

"While Greek tragedt grew farther and farther away from the humor and burlesque so characteristic of the old satyr dances and songs, comedy arose to incorporate within itself much of this early spirit. The comedies supplied entertainments, pure and simple, yet at the same time did much to mold public opinion." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Comedy masks

"While Greek tragedt grew farther and farther away from the humor and burlesque so characteristic of…

"Greek Philosophy, which reached its highest excellence in Athens in the fourth century before Christ, had its origin two hundred years earlier i nthe ourlying settlements of the Hellenic race in Asia Minor, Thrace, Sicily, and Southern Italy, rather than in Greece proper. The founding of colonies and frequent changes of government in the older states led thoughtful men to study the constitution of man and of society." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Greek philosophers

"Greek Philosophy, which reached its highest excellence in Athens in the fourth century before Christ,…

A Greek coin, with an elderly man on it.

Greek coin

A Greek coin, with an elderly man on it.

A scene from ancient Greece, possibly from a vase.

Scene from ancient Greece

A scene from ancient Greece, possibly from a vase.

"Cadmus and the Dragon. (From a vase-painting at Naples.)" — The Delphian Society, 1913

Cadmus and the Dragon

"Cadmus and the Dragon. (From a vase-painting at Naples.)" — The Delphian Society, 1913

"Greek school - from a vase painting." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Greek school

"Greek school - from a vase painting." — The Delphian Society, 1913

"So long as Pericles stood at the head of Athens in time of peace, he governed it with moderation and maintained it in safety, and under him it rose to its highest power. And when the war broke out he proved that he had well calculated the resources of the State." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Pericles

"So long as Pericles stood at the head of Athens in time of peace, he governed it with moderation and…

A group of ancient Greek around a stone table.

Gathering of Greeks

A group of ancient Greek around a stone table.

A woman kneeling by a column, with several articles of pottery nearby.

Greek woman

A woman kneeling by a column, with several articles of pottery nearby.

"The mosted noted of the orations of Isocrates is the Panathenaicus or Panegyric of Athens, a work on which he spent ten years, and in which he uses all the resources of his art to extol Athens and magnify the benefits she conferred o nthe whole of Greece." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Ancient Athens

"The mosted noted of the orations of Isocrates is the Panathenaicus or Panegyric of Athens, a work on…

"The act of reclining at meals. The Greeks and Romans were accustomed, in later times, to recline at their meals; but this practice could not have been od great antiquity in Greece, since Homer always describes persons as sitting at their meals; and Isidore of Seville, an ancient grammarian, also attributes the same custom to the ancient Romans. Even in the time of the early Roman emperors, children in families of the highest rank used to sit together, while their fathers and elders reclined on couches at the upper part of the room. Roman ladies continued the practice of sitting at table, even after the recumbent position had become common with the other sex. It appears to have been considered more decent, and more agreeable to the severity and purity of ancient manners for women to sit, more especially if many persons were present. But, on the other hand, we find cases of women reclining, where there was conceived to be nothing bold or indelicate in their posture. Such is the case in the following woodcut, which seems intended to represent a scene of matrimonial felicity. The husband and wife recline on a sofa; their two sons are in front of them; and several females and a boy are performing a piece of music for the entertainment of the married pair." — Smith, 1873

Accubatio

"The act of reclining at meals. The Greeks and Romans were accustomed, in later times, to recline at…

"Aeschines owes the perpetuity of his fame to the fact he was the only rival of Demosthenes. He was five years older than the great orator, being born in 389 B.C. In early life he served as a soldier, then as a public clerk, and afterwards undertook the role of an actor." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Aeschines

"Aeschines owes the perpetuity of his fame to the fact he was the only rival of Demosthenes. He was…

"In the oratory of more thn two thousand years Demosthenes stands in the front rank, and will always hold first place among the orators of the ancient world. He was born in 384 B.C. When he was only seven years of age, his father, a wealthy manufacturer of arms in Athens, died. When the youth came of age he found himself stripped of his inheritance by dishonest trustees. Aided by Isaeus he commenced a lawsuit against the chief embezzler, and succeeded in recovering about a third of his father's estate. The loss of his patrimony was the means of developing a spirit of courage and self-relience, which might otherwise have remained latent." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Demosthenes

"In the oratory of more thn two thousand years Demosthenes stands in the front rank, and will always…

Quills, a crown, olive branches, and books

Quill doodad

Quills, a crown, olive branches, and books

Women playing a lyre.

Greek border

Women playing a lyre.

"signifies, literally, a goat skin. According to ancient mythology, the aegis worn by Jupiter was the hide of the goat Amaltheia, which had suckled him in his infancy. Homer always represents it as part of the armour of Jupiter, whom on this account he distinguishes by the epithet aegis-bearing. He, however, asserts, that it was borrowed on different occasions, both by Apollo and Minerva. The aegis was connected with the shield of Jupiter, either serving as a covering over it, or as a belt by which it was suspended from the right shoulder. Homer accordingly uses the word to denote not only the goat-skin, which it properly signified, but also the shield to which it belonged. The aegis was aorned in a style corresponding to the might and majesty of the father of the gods. In the middle of it was fixed the appalling Gorgon's head, and its border was surrounded with golden tassels, each of which was worth a hecatomb. The aegis is usually seen on the statues of Minerva, in which it is a sort of scarf falling obliquely over the right shoulder, so as to pass round the body under the left arm. The serpents of the Gorgon's head are transferred to the border of the skin. The later poets and artists represent the aegis as breastplate covered with metal in the form of scales." — Smith, 1873

Aegis

"signifies, literally, a goat skin. According to ancient mythology, the aegis worn by Jupiter was the…

A group of women, with a lyre and wreath.

Sappho

A group of women, with a lyre and wreath.

"Besides Sappho, her friend, perhaps lover, Alcaeus is almost the sole representative of the Aeolic school of poetry. He was a noble of Mytilene, the capital of Lesbos. With other nobles he opposed and drove into exile the tyrant of this city." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Alcaeus

"Besides Sappho, her friend, perhaps lover, Alcaeus is almost the sole representative of the Aeolic…

Greek illustration of Elysium.

Elysium doodad

Greek illustration of Elysium.

"Though Anacreon has been famous as the poet of wine and love, few geniune fragments of his songs have come down to us. Those which pass under his name belong to his Greek imitators in later times. Specimens are given here in relief after the prosing of historians and philosophers." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Anacreon

"Though Anacreon has been famous as the poet of wine and love, few geniune fragments of his songs have…

"The fame of Theocritus, the prince of bucolic poetry, depends on his faithful pictures of natural scenery and the common Sicilian people. He is generally considered the only poet of the Alexandrean epoch whose works can rank with the brilliant Grecian songs of earlier days." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Theocritus

"The fame of Theocritus, the prince of bucolic poetry, depends on his faithful pictures of natural scenery…

"Theocritus asserts that there is no rememdy for Love but the Muses. He then gives an account of the love of the Cyclops Polyphemus for the sea-nymph Galatea." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Polyphemus

"Theocritus asserts that there is no rememdy for Love but the Muses. He then gives an account of the…

A group of Greeks rowing a boat.

Greek Boat

A group of Greeks rowing a boat.

"Zeus of Otricoli. (Marble bust in the Vatican.)" — The Delphian Society, 1913

Zeus

"Zeus of Otricoli. (Marble bust in the Vatican.)" — The Delphian Society, 1913

The temple of Asklepios.

Temple of Asklepios

The temple of Asklepios.

An illustration of ancient Jerusalem.

Ancient Jerusalem

An illustration of ancient Jerusalem.

Coin of the old Roman Empire.

Ancient Roman coin

Coin of the old Roman Empire.

A Greek woman laying peacefully on an alter.

Woman laying down

A Greek woman laying peacefully on an alter.

A Greek object, with cherubs depicted.

Greek doodad

A Greek object, with cherubs depicted.

"Plutarch, as the great interpreter of Greece and Rome, exerted on generations succeeding him in influence perhaps greater than any other classical writer." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Plutarch

"Plutarch, as the great interpreter of Greece and Rome, exerted on generations succeeding him in influence…

"Lucian, the humorous satirist, was a native of Samosata, in Syria, and flourished towards the end of the second century. In early life he was a sculptor, but later applied himself to the study of literature and philosophy. He was an extensive traveler, and seems to have traversed Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, and Gaul, teaching and studying human nature. After having amassed wealth as a wandering sophist, he settled down in Athens, when about forty years of age, and devoted himself to those satirical and humorous works which have made his name famous." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Lucian

"Lucian, the humorous satirist, was a native of Samosata, in Syria, and flourished towards the end of…

"Thus the prince, both when present and when coming, was alike victorius: and these things he achieved just starting up from amidst his books; or rather, in marching against the adversary, he marched with his books, for he had always in his hands either books or arms, believing that war was wonderfully assisted by philosophy, and that a prince competent to give counsel threw more weight into the scale than a fighting one." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Julian

"Thus the prince, both when present and when coming, was alike victorius: and these things he achieved…

A Greek statue.

Victory of Samothreace

A Greek statue.

"A Sacrifice. (From a vase-painting by Polygnotus.)"

Sacrifice

"A Sacrifice. (From a vase-painting by Polygnotus.)"

"Water jaw, <em>Hydria</em>" &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Hydria

"Water jaw, Hydria" — The Delphian Society, 1913

"Cup, <em>Kantharos</em>." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Kantharos

"Cup, Kantharos." — The Delphian Society, 1913

"A wine jar, <em>Pelike</em>." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Pelike

"A wine jar, Pelike." — The Delphian Society, 1913

"Ladle, <em>Kyathos</em>." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Kyathos

"Ladle, Kyathos." — The Delphian Society, 1913

"Water-jaw, <em>Hydria</em>." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Hydria

"Water-jaw, Hydria." — The Delphian Society, 1913

"Jar for carrying wine, <em>Amphora</em>." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Amphora

"Jar for carrying wine, Amphora." — The Delphian Society, 1913

"The rim or border of anything, especially of a shield or chariot. The trim of the large round shield of the ancient Greeks, was thinner than the part which it enclosed: but on the other hand, the antyx of a chariot must have been thicker than the body to which it gave both form and strength. In front of the chariot the antyx was often raised above the body, into the form of a curvature, which served the purpose of a hook to hang the reins upon." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Antyx

"The rim or border of anything, especially of a shield or chariot. The trim of the large round shield…

"An ornament of wooden planks, which constituted the highest part of the poop of a ship. From the representations of two ancient ships annexed, we see the position of the aplustre. It rose immediately behind the gubernator, who held the rudder and guided the ship, and it served in some degree to protect him from the wind and the rain." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Aplustre

"An ornament of wooden planks, which constituted the highest part of the poop of a ship. From the representations…

"The enrollment of a mortal among the gods. The mythology of Greece contains numerous instances of the deification of mortals; but in the republican times of Greece we find few examples of such deification. The inhabitants of Amphipolis, however, offered sacrifices to Brasidas after his death. In the Greek kingdoms, which arose in the East of the dismemberment of the empire of Alexander, it appears to have been not uncommon for the successor to the throne to offer divine honours to the former sovereign. Such an apotheosis of Ptolemy, king of Egypt, is described by Theocritus in his 17th Idyl" &mdash; Smith, 1873

Apotheosis

"The enrollment of a mortal among the gods. The mythology of Greece contains numerous instances of the…

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. This image shows the Scythian or Parthian bow unstrung." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Arcus

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic…

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. This image shows the usual form of the Grecian bow, which had a double curvature, consisting of two circular portions united by the handle. When not used the bow was put into a case which was made of leather, and sometimes ornamented." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Arcus

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic…

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. When not used the bow was put into a case which was made of leather, and sometimes ornamented. This image shows a drawing the bow." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Arcus

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic…

"An adze. Muratori has published numerous representations of the adze, as it is exhibited on ancient monuments. We select the three following, two of which show the instrument itself, with a slight variety of form, while the third represents a ship-builder holding it in his right hand, and using it to shape the rib of a vessel." — Smith, 1873

Ascia

"An adze. Muratori has published numerous representations of the adze, as it is exhibited on ancient…

"Gold appears not to have been coined at Athens till the time of the Macedonian empire, with the exception a solitary issue of a debased coinage in 407. But from a very early period the Asian nations, and he Greek cities of Asia Minor and the adjacent islands, possessed a gold coinage, which was more or less current in Greece. Herodotus says that the Lydians were the first who coined gold; and the stater of Croesus appears to have been the earliest gold coin known to the Greeks. The dario was a Persian coin. Staters of Cyzicus and Phocaea had a considerable currency in Greece. There was a gold coinage in Samos as early as the time of Polycrates." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Aurum

"Gold appears not to have been coined at Athens till the time of the Macedonian empire, with the exception…

"A king of drinking cup, furnished with handles. It was the cup scred to Bacchus, who is frequently represented on ancient vases holding it in his hand." &mdash; Smith, 1873;

Cantharus

"A king of drinking cup, furnished with handles. It was the cup scred to Bacchus, who is frequently…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East&ndash; an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East&ndash; an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East&ndash; an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…