"Cartilaginous Cranium of the Pike (Esox lucius), with its intrinsic ossifications. B, side view: V, VII, exits of trigeminal and of pneumogastric nerves; 3, small ossifications in the rostrum; I Or, interorbital septum; Eth, ethmoid; Prf, Ptf, prefrontal and postfrontal; PrO, proötic; EpO, epiotic; OpO, opisthotic; Pt, pteriotic; EO, exoccipital; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; AS, alisphenoid." -Whitney, 1911

Pike Cranium

"Cartilaginous Cranium of the Pike (Esox lucius), with its intrinsic ossifications. B, side view: V,…

Colonial, plant-like animals closely related to jellyfish, with stinging cells, Any member of the invertebrate order Hydroida (class Hydrozoa, phylum Cnidaria). Hydroids have three basic life-cycle stages: (1) a tiny free-swimming planula larva about 1 mm (0.04 inch) long, which settles and grows into (2) a sessile (attached), usually colonial hydroid stage, which in turn liberates (3) medusa.

Medusa of a Hydroid

Colonial, plant-like animals closely related to jellyfish, with stinging cells, Any member of the invertebrate…

A flowering branch of the Blue Gum Tree (Eucalyptus globulus), a tree in the Myrtaceae family of evergreen plants.

Blue Gum

A flowering branch of the Blue Gum Tree (Eucalyptus globulus), a tree in the Myrtaceae family of evergreen…

Illustration used to show how to divide a given straight line into required number of equal parts.

Construction Of Dividing A Line

Illustration used to show how to divide a given straight line into required number of equal parts.

Illustration used to show how to divide a given straight line into required number of equal parts.

Construction Of Dividing A Line

Illustration used to show how to divide a given straight line into required number of equal parts.

The Ayapana (Ayapana triplinervis) is a flowering shrub in the Asteraceae family of daisies.

Ayapana

The Ayapana (Ayapana triplinervis) is a flowering shrub in the Asteraceae family of daisies.

The Resin Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) is a flowering plant that superficially resembles a cactus. "Top of Stem of Euphorbia resinifera. a, involucre with inclosed flowers; b, section of same." -Whitney, 1911

Resin Spurge

The Resin Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) is a flowering plant that superficially resembles a cactus.…

"Eurotium repens. A, a small portion of the mycelium with a conidiophore (c), terminated by the sterigmata (st), from which the spores have fallen, also with the spiral female organ, the ascogonium (as). B the spiral ascogonium (as) with antheridium (p). C, the same beginning to be surrounded by threads, out of which the wall of the perithecium is formed. D, a perithecium. E, F, sections of young perithecia: w, cells composing the wall; f, false parenchyma underneath the wall; as ascogonium. G, ascus. H, an ascopore." -Whitney, 1911

Eurotium Fungus

"Eurotium repens. A, a small portion of the mycelium with a conidiophore (c), terminated by the sterigmata…

Diagram of plant zones in small lake near Merryman's Lake, Michigan.

Plant Zones

Diagram of plant zones in small lake near Merryman's Lake, Michigan.

A rush, found in northern salt marshes, <em>Juncus gerardi</em>.

Rush

A rush, found in northern salt marshes, Juncus gerardi.

A common peat-moss, <em>Hypnum</em>.

Peat Moss

A common peat-moss, Hypnum.

Common duckweed, <em>Lemna</em>. The entire plant is reduced to a leaf-like expansion which bears a long slender root and small flowers; forms green floating scum on ponds and stagnant pools.

Duckweed

Common duckweed, Lemna. The entire plant is reduced to a leaf-like expansion which bears a…

The twig-rush, a characteristic plant of the bogs of the northeastern United States.

The Twig Rush

The twig-rush, a characteristic plant of the bogs of the northeastern United States.

Diagram showing how plants fill ponds from the sides and top.

Pond Diagram

Diagram showing how plants fill ponds from the sides and top.

"Exogen. 1. Section of a branch of three years' growth: a, medulla or pith; b b, medullary sheath; e e, medullary rays; c c c, circles of annual growth; d, bark. 2. Netted veined leaf (oak). 3. Dicotyledonous seed: a, cotyledon. 4. Germination of dicotyledonous seed: a a, seed-leaves or cotyledons; o, plumula. 5. Exogenous flower (crowfoot)." -Whitney, 1911

Section of Branch Showing Exogen

"Exogen. 1. Section of a branch of three years' growth: a, medulla or pith; b b, medullary sheath; e…

Extrorse or outward facing stamens of the flower of Hippocratea, a genus of staff vine.

Extrorse Stamens of Flower of Staff Vine

Extrorse or outward facing stamens of the flower of Hippocratea, a genus of staff vine.

"Human Eye, in Median Vertical Anteroposterior Section. (Ciliary processes shown, through not all lying in this section.) A, anterior, and A', posterior chambers of aqueous humor; a, central artery of retina; C, cornea; Ch, choroid; cj, conjunctiva; cm, ciliary muscle; cp, ciliary processs; H, hyaloid; I, iris; L, crystalline lens in its capsule (the reference-line passes through the pupil); l, l', insertion of tendon of superior and inferior rectus muscles; o, optic nerve; P, canal of Petit; R, retina; S, sclerotic; s, s', circular sinus or canal of Schlemm; V, vitreous body filling back part of the eye." -Whitney, 1911

Median Vertical Anteroposterior Section of Eye

"Human Eye, in Median Vertical Anteroposterior Section. (Ciliary processes shown, through not all lying…

"Right Eyeball of Bird, seen from behind, showing the following muscles; a, rectus superior; b, rectus externus; c, rectus inferior; d, rectus internus; e, obliquus superior; f, obliquus inferior; g, quadratus; h, pyramidalis, with its tendon, k, passing through a pulley in the quadratus (as shown by dotted line) to keep it off the optic nerve, i, then passing around the edge of the ball to its insertion in the nictitating membrane." -Whitney, 1911

Right Eyeball of Bird

"Right Eyeball of Bird, seen from behind, showing the following muscles; a, rectus superior; b, rectus…

"Exterior of Left Human Eye. 1, supercilium, or eyebrow; 2, palpebra superior, or upper eyelid; 3, 3, cilia, or eyelashes; 4, caruncula lacrymalis; 5, plica semilunaris; 6, pupil; 7, iris." -Whitney, 1911

Exterior of Left Human Eye

"Exterior of Left Human Eye. 1, supercilium, or eyebrow; 2, palpebra superior, or upper eyelid; 3, 3,…

The fava bean plant (Vicia faba or Faba vulgaris) is a flowering plant in the Fabaceae family of legumes.

Fava Bean

The fava bean plant (Vicia faba or Faba vulgaris) is a flowering plant in the Fabaceae family of legumes.

The Tarantula Wolf Spider (Lycosa tarantula) is an arachnid in the Lycosidae family of wolf spiders. f, falces.

Tarantula Wolf Spider

The Tarantula Wolf Spider (Lycosa tarantula) is an arachnid in the Lycosidae family of wolf spiders.…

The image shows a fascicle (bundle or cluster) of flowers of a mallow plant (Malvaceae).

Fascicle of Mallow Flowers

The image shows a fascicle (bundle or cluster) of flowers of a mallow plant (Malvaceae).

"Wheel. a, felly; b, spoke; c, hub." -Whitney, 1911

Wheel Showing Parts

"Wheel. a, felly; b, spoke; c, hub." -Whitney, 1911

"Anterior View of Human Right Femur. ec, external condyle; etu, external tuberosity; ic, internal condyle; itu, internal tuberosity; ltr, lesser trochanter; gtr, great trochanter; h, head; n, neck." -Whitney, 1911

Anterior View of Human Right Femur

"Anterior View of Human Right Femur. ec, external condyle; etu, external tuberosity; ic, internal condyle;…

"Posterior View of Left Femur of a Horse. h, head; gtr, great trochanter; ttr, third trochanter; ltr, lesser trochanter; p, pit for round ligament; itf, intertrochanteric fossa; d, a depression or fossa; etu, itu, external and internal tuberosities; cc, the two condyles." -Whitney, 1911

Posterior View of Left Femur of Horse

"Posterior View of Left Femur of a Horse. h, head; gtr, great trochanter; ttr, third trochanter; ltr,…

The Common Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) is a species of male fern in the Dryopteridaceae family.

Common Male Fern

The Common Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) is a species of male fern in the Dryopteridaceae family.

A species of Seed Fern (Sphenopteris obtusiloba) is a fossil fern in the Carboniferous Era.

Seed Fern

A species of Seed Fern (Sphenopteris obtusiloba) is a fossil fern in the Carboniferous Era.

A species of Seed Fern (Sphenopteris latifolia) is a fossil fern in the Carboniferous period.

Seed Fern

A species of Seed Fern (Sphenopteris latifolia) is a fossil fern in the Carboniferous period.

A leaf which has "the form of a fiddle or violin; pandurate or panduriform: applied in botany to an obovate leaf which is contracted above the base." -Whitney, 1911

Fiddle-Shaped Leaf

A leaf which has "the form of a fiddle or violin; pandurate or panduriform: applied in botany to an…

"Fifth wheel, a horizontal plate, bent to form a whole or part of a circle, placed on the forward axle of a carriage. It is designed to support the fore part of the body while allowing it to turn freely in a horizontal plane." Today, the fifth wheel is used in coupling of trailers and towing trucks. -Whitney, 1911

Fifth Wheel

"Fifth wheel, a horizontal plate, bent to form a whole or part of a circle, placed on the forward axle…

"Fifth wheel, a horizontal plate, bent to form a whole or part of a circle, placed on the forward axle of a carriage. It is designed to support the fore part of the body while allowing it to turn freely in a horizontal plane." Today, the fifth wheel is used in coupling of trailers and towing trucks. -Whitney, 1911

Fifth Wheel

"Fifth wheel, a horizontal plate, bent to form a whole or part of a circle, placed on the forward axle…

The fruit from a fig tree (Ficus carica) showing its section.

Section of Fruit of Fig

The fruit from a fig tree (Ficus carica) showing its section.

The fimbriate petals of the flower of the Clove Pink (Dianthus caryophyllus), from the Caryophyllaceae family of pinks or carnations.

Clove Pink

The fimbriate petals of the flower of the Clove Pink (Dianthus caryophyllus), from the Caryophyllaceae…

"Skeleton of Fish (Perch). a, intermaxillaries; b, nasal region; c, dentary bone of mandible; d, orbit of eye; e, supraoccipital crest; f, preoperculum; g, g', vertebral column; h, pectoral fin; i, ventral fin; k, first dorsal fin; l, second dorsal fin; m, anal fin; n, n, caudal fin, making a homocercal tail." -Whitney, 1911

Skeleton of Perch

"Skeleton of Fish (Perch). a, intermaxillaries; b, nasal region; c, dentary bone of mandible; d, orbit…

"In botany, a runner; a weak, creeping shoot sent out from the bottom of the stem, and rooting and forming new plants at the nodes, as in the strawberry." -Whitney, 1911

Strawberry Flagellum

"In botany, a runner; a weak, creeping shoot sent out from the bottom of the stem, and rooting and forming…

Common Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a flowering plant in the Linaceae family of flaxes.

Common Flax

Common Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a flowering plant in the Linaceae family of flaxes.

The Blackberry Psyllid (Trioza tripunctata) is an insect that feeds on specific plants.

Blackberry Psyllid

The Blackberry Psyllid (Trioza tripunctata) is an insect that feeds on specific plants.

"Sarracenia Flesh-fly (Sarcophaga sarraceniae). a, larva; b, pupa; c, fly; d, head and prothoracic joints of larva, showing curved hooks, lower lip, and prothoracic spiracles; e, end of body of larva, showing stigmata, prolegs, and vent; h, tarsal claws of fly with protecting pads; i, antenna of fly." -Whitney, 1911

Sarracenia Flesh Fly

"Sarracenia Flesh-fly (Sarcophaga sarraceniae). a, larva; b, pupa; c, fly; d, head and prothoracic joints…

"They are trumpet-animalcules of the family Stentoridae, with the peristome divided into two lappet-like parts. Folliculina ampulla is an example." -Whitney, 1911

Trumpet Animalcule

"They are trumpet-animalcules of the family Stentoridae, with the peristome divided into two lappet-like…

"Follicle. Fruit of Larkspur. A dry one-celled seed-vessel consisting of a single carpel, and dehiscent only by the ventral suture, as in the milkweed and larkspur." -Whitney, 1911

Larkspur Follicle

"Follicle. Fruit of Larkspur. A dry one-celled seed-vessel consisting of a single carpel, and dehiscent…

"Bones of Human Foot, or Pes, the third principal segment of the hind limb, consisting of tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges. a, astralagus; ca, calcaneum; n, navicular, or scaphoid; co, cuboid; c1, c2, c3, entocuneiform, mesocuneiform, and ectocuneiform, or inner, middle, and outer cuneiform bones. The foregoing seven bones constitute the tarsus, and m1 to m5, first to the fifth metatarsal, constitue the metatarsus. The remaining fourteen bones are the phalanges, three to each digit excepting the great toe; h, distal phalanx of the hallux or great toe." -Whitney, 1911

Bones of Human Foot

"Bones of Human Foot, or Pes, the third principal segment of the hind limb, consisting of tarsus, metatarsus,…

Diagrammatic representation of the propagation of the earthquake waves and their record by the seismograph in different parts of the earth.

Earthquake Waves

Diagrammatic representation of the propagation of the earthquake waves and their record by the seismograph…

"Section of Fortified Wall. (Interior on the left; exterior on the right.) a, a, is the abatis; b, b, the counterscarp; c, c, the palisade; d, d, the scarp; f, f, the fraise; f, e, g, g, the parapet; h, the banquette; and i, g, the breast-height." -Whitney, 1911

Section of Fortified Wall

"Section of Fortified Wall. (Interior on the left; exterior on the right.) a, a, is the abatis; b, b,…

"Forum of Pompeii. A, principal entrance; B, a Corinthian temple; C, the public prison (carcer publicus); D is supposed to have been a horreum, or public granary; E, temple of Venus, the guardian goddess of the city; F, basilica; G, H, I, the curiae, or civil and commercial tribunals; K, a rectangular building which may have served the purpose of a shop for money-changers; L, a portico terminating in an apsis; M, temple of Mercury or Quirinus; N, a building with a large semicircular tribune, which probably constituted the residence of the priests called Augustales." -Whitney, 1911

Forum of Pompeii

"Forum of Pompeii. A, principal entrance; B, a Corinthian temple; C, the public prison (carcer publicus);…

The Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is a flowering plant in Rosaceae, the rose family.

Woodland Strawberry

The Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is a flowering plant in Rosaceae, the rose family.

"Frame of Iron Ship. A, double bottom; B, bracket frame; C, coal-bunkers; D, upper or spar deck; D', upper- or or spar-deck beam; F, main frame; H, hammock-berthing; I, inner bottom plating; K, keel; L, longitudinals; M, main deck; M', main-deck beam; P, outside plating; R, reverse frame; S, boilers; Y, protective deck; Y', protective-deck beam." -Whitney, 1911

Frame of Iron Ship

"Frame of Iron Ship. A, double bottom; B, bracket frame; C, coal-bunkers; D, upper or spar deck; D',…

The Crown Imperial or Kaiser's Crown (Fritillaria imperialis) is a flowering plant in the Liliaceae, the lily family.

Crown Imperial

The Crown Imperial or Kaiser's Crown (Fritillaria imperialis) is a flowering plant in the Liliaceae,…

Known as rockweed or bladder wrack, this species of seaweed is in the Fucaceae family of brown algae. "Fructifying Tip of a Frond of Rockweed (Fucus vesiculosus). a, a, air-bladders; b, b, conceptacles." -Whitney, 1911

Fructifying Tip of a Frond of Rockweed

Known as rockweed or bladder wrack, this species of seaweed is in the Fucaceae family of brown algae.…

"Funicle. In botany, The stalk of an ovule or seed. Pod of Lunaria. a, a, a, funicles." -Whitney, 1911

Funicle of Lunaria Pod

"Funicle. In botany, The stalk of an ovule or seed. Pod of Lunaria. a, a, a, funicles." -Whitney, 1911

"In botany, applied to a monopetalous corolla shaped like a funnel, in which the tube enlarges gradually from below, it expands widely at the summit; infundibuliform." -Whitney, 1911

Funnelform Corolla

"In botany, applied to a monopetalous corolla shaped like a funnel, in which the tube enlarges gradually…

"Under Surface of Head of Tumble-bug (Copris carolina), about four times natural size. 1, galea; 2, palpifer; 3, lacinia; 4, subgalea; 5, maxillary palp; 6, stipes." -Whitney, 1911

Ventral View of Dung Beetle

"Under Surface of Head of Tumble-bug (Copris carolina), about four times natural size. 1, galea; 2,…

"Gall, or Oak-apple, produced by Cynips quercus-inanis, showing the internal cobwebby structure. Gall: a vegetable excrescence produced by the deposit of the egg of an insect in the bark or leaves of a plant, ordinarily to to the action of some virus deposited by the female along with the egg, but often to the irritation of the larva." -Whitney, 1911

Oak Apple Gall

"Gall, or Oak-apple, produced by Cynips quercus-inanis, showing the internal cobwebby structure. Gall:…

An illustration of a simple tree with roots.

Tree with Roots

An illustration of a simple tree with roots.

"Typical Skull of Common Fowl (Galliformes). A, side view: sa, surangular bone of mandible; ar, articular of mandible; d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrymal; me, mesethmoid; mx, maxillary; p, parietal; pf, postfrontal process; pt, pterygoid; px, premaxillary; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; v, vomer." -Whitney, 1911

Skull of Common Fowl

"Typical Skull of Common Fowl (Galliformes). A, side view: sa, surangular bone of mandible; ar, articular…

"Typical Skull of Common Fowl (Galliformes). B, vertical longitudinal section: sa, surangular bone of mandible; ar, articular of mandible; d, dentary; f, frontal; me, mesethmoid; p, parietal; pf, postfrontal process; px, premaxillary; sq, squamosal; v, vomer; as, alisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; so, supraoccipital; os, orbitosphenoid; p', prootic; pf, pituitary fossa; sp, splenial bone." -Whitney, 1911

Skull of Common Fowl

"Typical Skull of Common Fowl (Galliformes). B, vertical longitudinal section: sa, surangular bone of…

An illustration of a soldier planting a United States flag in the ground.

Planting of US Flag

An illustration of a soldier planting a United States flag in the ground.

The Gambooge tree (Garcinia gummi-gutta) is a plant in the Clusiaceae family. The species was also known as the synonyms Garcinia cambogia and Garcinia hanburyi.

Branch of Gambooge

The Gambooge tree (Garcinia gummi-gutta) is a plant in the Clusiaceae family. The species was also known…

One-wattled Cassowary "...Casuarius uniappendiculatus, of Salawatti and the adjoining parts of New Guinea, has the head, throat, and nape blue, the lower portion of the neck and the median pear-shaped caruncle yellow, the casque dusky olive, and the longitudinal naked space towards the sides of the neck flesh-coloured with a yellow margin." - A. H. Evans, 1900

One-wattled Cassowary

One-wattled Cassowary "...Casuarius uniappendiculatus, of Salawatti and the adjoining parts of New Guinea,…

The Statue of Bavaria is a bronze-cast statue of a female figure representing Bavaria's "secular patron saint", the Tellus (Mater) Bavarica. It is also called the goddess of the land of Bavaria. The statue was built at the foundry of J.B. Stiglmair from 1844 until 1850, mainly by Stiglmair's nephew Ferdinand Von Miller. Since the Bavaria is one of the biggest bronze sculptures in the world, it had to be built out of four big parts and several smaller ones.

Statue of Bavaria

The Statue of Bavaria is a bronze-cast statue of a female figure representing Bavaria's "secular patron…

The Yellow Jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens) is a vine in the Gelsemiaceae family.

Yellow Jasmine

The Yellow Jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens) is a vine in the Gelsemiaceae family.