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"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament for the head by almost every people. they were much used by both the classical nations of joyous and on solemn occasions." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crown

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament…

"Diagram to show the way in which an outgrowing gill-process bearing blood-holding lamellae, may give rise, if the sternal body wall sings inwards, to a lung-chamber with air-holding lamellae. I is the embryonic condition. L is the condition of outgrowth with gl, gill lamellae. A is the condition of insinging of the sternal surface and consequent enclosure of the lamelligerous surface of the appendage in a chamber with narrow orifice—the pulmonary air-holding chamber. pl, Pulmonary lamellae. bs, Blood sinus." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Lamellae

"Diagram to show the way in which an outgrowing gill-process bearing blood-holding lamellae, may give…

"Drawing from tlife of the Italian scorpion Euscorpius italicus, Herbst, holding a blue-bottle fly with its left chela, and carefully piercing it between head and thorax with its string. Two insertions of the string are effected and the fly is instantly paralysed by the poison so introduced into its body." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Scorpion

"Drawing from tlife of the Italian scorpion Euscorpius italicus, Herbst, holding a blue-bottle fly with…

Two heavily armored knights on horseback shaking hands.

Two Knights

Two heavily armored knights on horseback shaking hands.

"A "still;" and, for condensing the vapor, vats are constructed, holding serpentine pipes or "worms," which present a greater condensing surface than if the pipe has passed directly through the vat." —Wells, 1857

Still

"A "still;" and, for condensing the vapor, vats are constructed, holding serpentine pipes or "worms,"…

"Suppose the cistern a to be capable of holding one hundred gallons, and into its bottom there be fitted the tube b, bent, as seen in the figure, and capable of containing one gallon. The top of the cistern, and that of the tube, being open, pour water into the tube at c, and it will rise up through the perpendicular bend into the cistern, and if the process be continued, the cistern will be filled by pouring water into the tube. Now it is plain, that the gallon of water in the tube presses against the hundred gallons in the cistern, with a force equal to the pressure of the hundred gallons, otherwise, that in the tube would be forced upwards higher than that in the cistern, whereas, we find that the surfaces of both stand exactly at the same height." —Comstock, 1850

Water Pressure

"Suppose the cistern a to be capable of holding one hundred gallons, and into its bottom there be fitted…

A man dressed in a suit holding an umbrella and coat.

Man With Hat

A man dressed in a suit holding an umbrella and coat.

A young girl holding a basket of fruit and wearing a hat.

Young Girl

A young girl holding a basket of fruit and wearing a hat.

The upper extremity of the human body. 1: Clavicle; 2: Scapula; 3: Humerus; 4: Ulna; 5: Radius; 6: Carpus; 7: Metacarpal; 8: Phalanges.

Upper Extremity

The upper extremity of the human body. 1: Clavicle; 2: Scapula; 3: Humerus; 4: Ulna; 5: Radius; 6: Carpus;…

Woman holding lid of trashcan.

Woman With Trashcan

Woman holding lid of trashcan.

Man holding out hand.

Man Holding Out Hand

Man holding out hand.

A pocket belt for holding ammunition.

Bandoleer

A pocket belt for holding ammunition.

Parallel runs of hotbeds with racks for holding sashes.

Hotbeds

Parallel runs of hotbeds with racks for holding sashes.

A chief of a Frankish tribe, wearing full battle armor. He stands looking to his right holding a long spear, Germanic spear, in his left hand and a short axe in his right. A decorated shield rest on his left hip and a cape rests on his shoulders. His hair is in long braids and his helmet is tall and pointed, resembling a crown. His sandals wrap around his leg up to his knee.

A Frankish Chief in Full Armor

A chief of a Frankish tribe, wearing full battle armor. He stands looking to his right holding a long…

Caractacus was a British Chief that had fought very bravely against the Romans. He was brought to Rome with chains on his hands and feet and set before the emperor of Rome. The wife of Caratacus, who had also been brought a prisoner to Rome, fell upon her knees imploring pity, but Caractacus asked for nothing and exhibited no signs of fear.

Caractacus And Claudius

Caractacus was a British Chief that had fought very bravely against the Romans. He was brought to Rome…

"Ethelbert met Augustine in the open air, under a tree at Canterbury, and heard him tell about the true God and Jesus Christ, whom He has sent; and, after some time, and a great deal of teaching, Ethelbert gave up worshiping Wooden and Thor, and believed in the true God and was baptized, and many of his people with him."

Augustine and Ethelbert

"Ethelbert met Augustine in the open air, under a tree at Canterbury, and heard him tell about the true…

Julius Caesar heard that a little way off there was a country nobody knew anything about, except that the people were very fierce and savage, and that a sort of pearl was found in the shells of mussels which lived in the rivers. He could not bear that there should be any place that his own people, the Romans, did not know and subdue. So he commanded the ships to be prepared, and he and his soldiers embarked, watching the white cliffs in the other side of the sea grow higher and higher as he came nearer and nearer.

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar heard that a little way off there was a country nobody knew anything about, except that…

As a kind of joke, John, King Henry's youngest son, had been called Lackland, because he had nothing when his brothers each had some great dukedom. The name suited him only too well before the end of his life. The English made him king at once. Richard had never had any children, but his brother Geoffery, who was older than John had left a son named Arthur, who was about twelve years old, and who rightly the Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou. King Philip, who was always glad to vex whoever was king of England, took Arthur under his protection, and promised to get Normandy out of John's hands. However, John had a meeting with him and persuaded him to desert Arthur, and marry his son Louis to John's own niece, Blanche, who had a chance of being queen of part of Spain. Still Arthur lived at the French King's court, and when he was sixteen years old, Philip helped him to raise an army and go to try his fortune against his uncle. He laid siege to Mirabeau, a town where his grandmother, Queen Eleanor, was living. John, who was then in Normandy, hurried to her rescue, beat Arthur's army, made him prisoner and carried him off, first to Romen, and then to the strong castle of Falaise. Nobody quite knows what was done to him there. The governor, Hubert de Burgh, once found him fighting hard, though with no weapon but a stool, to defend himself from some ruffians who had been sent to put out his eyes. Hubert saved him from these men, but shortly after this good man was sent elsewhere by the king, and John came himself to Falaise. Arthur was never seen alive again, and it is believed that John took him out in a boat in the river at night, stabbed him with his own hand, and threw his body in the river.

Murder of Prince Arthur

As a kind of joke, John, King Henry's youngest son, had been called Lackland, because he had nothing…

All this time John Lacklands cruelty and savageness were making the whole kingdom miserable; and at last the great barons bear it no longer. They met together and agreed that they would make John swear to govern by the good old English laws that had prevailed before the Normans came. The difficulty was to be sure of what these laws were, for most of the copies of them had been lost. However, Archbishop Langton and some of the wisest of the barons put together a set of laws-some copied, some recollected, some old, some new-but all such as to give the barons some control of the king, and hinder him from getting savage soldiers together to frighten people into doing whatever he chose to make them. These laws they called Magna Charta, or the great charter; and they all came in armor, and took John by surprise at Windsor. He came to meet them in a meadow named Runnymede, on the bank of the Thames, and there they force him to sign the charter, for which all Englishmen are grateful to them.

John's Anger after Signing Magna Charta

All this time John Lacklands cruelty and savageness were making the whole kingdom miserable; and at…

King Henry was a builder of beautiful churches. Westminster Abbey, as it is now, was one. And he was charitable to the poor that, when he had his children weighed, he gave their weight in gold and silver in alms. But he gave to everyone who asked, and so always wanted money; and sometimes his men could get nothing for the king and queen to eat, but by going and taking sheep and poultry from the poor farmers around; so that things were nearly as bad as under William Rufus-because the king was so foolishly good-natured. The Pope was always sending for money, too; and the king tried to raise it in ways that, according to Magna Carta, he had sworn not to do. His foreign friends told him that if he minded Magna Carta he would be a poor creature-not like a king who might do all he pleased; and whenever he listened to them he broke the laws of Magna Carta. Then, when his barons complained and frightened him, he swore again to keep them; so that nobody could trust him, and his weakness was almost as bad for the kingdom as John's wickedness. When they could bear it no longer, the barons all met him at the council, which was called the Parliament, from a French word meaning talk. This time they came in armor, binging all their fighting men, and declared that he had broken his word so often that they should appoint some of their own number to watch him, and hinder his doing anything against the laws he had sworn to observe, or from getting money from the people without their consent.

King Henry and His Barons

King Henry was a builder of beautiful churches. Westminster Abbey, as it is now, was one. And he was…

Daniel Boone as a hunter when he was a boy

Daniel Boone

Daniel Boone as a hunter when he was a boy

Boone trying to eat

Daniel Boone

Boone trying to eat

Daniel Boone escapes

Daniel Boone

Daniel Boone escapes

Lincoln rail splitting

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln rail splitting

Boys watching a room full of people, from afar.

Boys

Boys watching a room full of people, from afar.

A scene from the story, "The Old Gravestone."

The Old Gravestone

A scene from the story, "The Old Gravestone."

A scene from the story, "The Old Gravestone."

The Old Gravestone

A scene from the story, "The Old Gravestone."

Four cells from dried Onion-peel, each holding a crystal of different shape, one of them twinned.

Onion-Peel

Four cells from dried Onion-peel, each holding a crystal of different shape, one of them twinned.

This painting by Correggio is one of his more famous pieces depicting Madonna holding Christ in her arms. This painting can be found in the Dresden Gallery

Madonna and Saints

This painting by Correggio is one of his more famous pieces depicting Madonna holding Christ in her…

An illustration of the death of King Phillip at the hands of another Native American.

Death of King Phillip

An illustration of the death of King Phillip at the hands of another Native American.

This banner has floral and vine arrangements on it with two mermaids in the center of the print.

Banner

This banner has floral and vine arrangements on it with two mermaids in the center of the print.

This painting is by Andrea Mantegna is a good example of how the artist placed the figures in the background. The people seem to flow together in his work. The painting can now be found Hampton Court in Kensington Palace.

Part of the Triumphs of Julius Cesar

This painting is by Andrea Mantegna is a good example of how the artist placed the figures in the background.…

A girl and her father holding hands.

Hands

A girl and her father holding hands.

A little girl on a sail boat holding onto the main sail.

Little Girl Sailing

A little girl on a sail boat holding onto the main sail.

1. Nerves of the skin 2. Tendons 3. Arteries of the palm of the hand 4. Elbow nerve 5. Elbow artery 6. Nerve of the forearm 7. Nerve of the under-arm 8. Artery of the underarm.

Hand

1. Nerves of the skin 2. Tendons 3. Arteries of the palm of the hand 4. Elbow nerve 5. Elbow artery…

1. Collar bone 2. Left Lung 3. Breast Bone 4. Right Lung 5. Ribs 6. Right lobe of the liver 7. Left lobe of the liver 8. Cartilage 9. Stomach 10. Spleen 11. Descending colon 12. Transverse colon 13. Ascending colon 14. Omentum 15. Coecum 16. Verniform appendix 17.Mesentery 18. Small intestines 19. Sigmoid Flexure 20. Bladder

Internal Anatomy

1. Collar bone 2. Left Lung 3. Breast Bone 4. Right Lung 5. Ribs 6. Right lobe of the liver 7. Left…

This banner contains images of people with tools and weapons chasing after a duck and fox with an animal in its mouth.

Banner

This banner contains images of people with tools and weapons chasing after a duck and fox with an animal…

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of a man dressed in armor holding a shield in front of him. The statue is made of marble and is now located in S. Michele, Florence.

Saint George

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of a man dressed in armor holding a shield in front…

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of many people kneeling and standing around the body of Jesus Christ. It is a Bronze-relief and can now be found in S. Lorenzo, Florence.

The Deposition

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of many people kneeling and standing around the body…

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of a woman holding a child. It is a Bas-relief that is hanging over the alter of a church in Florence, Italy.

Virgin and Child

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of a woman holding a child. It is a Bas-relief that…

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of a man holding a book and looking down at an angel kneeling. It is a Bass-relief that can now be found in Florence, Italy.

The Annunciation

This sculpture by the great artist, Donatello, is of a man holding a book and looking down at an angel…

One of the greatest of the Girondists, was born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767. At first an advocate and journalist at Marseilles, he was sent by that city to the Constituent Assembly at Paris. There he opposed the Court party, and took part with the Minister, Roland, then out of favor. After the events of the 10th of August, 1792, he returned to his native town, where he was received with enthusiasm, and was soon after chosen delegate to the Convention. In the Convention he adhered to the Girondists, and belonged to the party who, at the trial of the King, voted for an appeal to the people. He boldly opposed the party of Marat and Robespierre, and even directly accused the latter of aiming at the dictatorship; consequently, he was, in May, 1793, proscribed as a royalist and enemy of the Republic. He fled to Calvados, and thence with a few friends to the Gironde, where he wandered about country, hiding himself as he best could for about 13 months. At last, on the point of being taken, he tried to shoot himself; but the shot miscarried, and he was guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. This "brave and beautiful young Spartan" was one of the great spirits of the Revolution. There was no loftier-minded dreamer in the Girondist ranks; hardly a nobler head than his fell in that reign of terror. He was "ripe in energy, not ripe in wisdom," says Carlyle, or the history of France might have been different.

Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux

One of the greatest of the Girondists, was born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767. At first an advocate and…

An Italian military officer; formed the first regular company of Italian troops organized to resist foreign mercenaries, about 1379. This organization, named the "Company of St. George," proved to be an admirable school, as from its ranks sprang many future officers of renown. He became Grand Constaable of Naples in 1384, and died in 1409.

Abrecht da Barbiano

An Italian military officer; formed the first regular company of Italian troops organized to resist…

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc until 1775. He made, about this time, a voyage to the Isle-de-France, the governor of which was one of his relations, and entered into the garrison of Pondicherry. On his return, he gave himself up to gambling and women, and dissipated his fortune. The Revolution broke out. He immediately showed himself an opponent of the Court, and had a seat in the <em>tiers-etat</em>, while his brother was sitting in that of the nobility. July 14, 1789, he took part in the attack upon the Bastille, and Aug. 10, 1792, upon the Tuileries. In 1792 he was elected a member of the National Convention, and voted for the unconditional death of Louis XVI. He was sent, in 1793, to the South of France, and commanded the left wing of the besieging army under Dugommier, and it was here that he first met Napoleon Bonaparte, then captain of artillery. The patriotic reputation of Barras was so well established that he abd Freron were the only representatives not denounced by the popular societies. Robespierre, however, was friend of his, and often wished to arrest him. Barras, knowing this, became one of the principle actors of the 9th Thermidor, and put himself at the head of the troops which surrounded Robespierre at the Hotel de Ville. In 1794 he was named one of the Committee of Public Safety, and became a great enemy to the members of the members of the "Mountain." In February, 1795, he was elected President of the Convention, and, in that capacity, declared Paris in a state of siege, when the Assembly was attacked by the populace. Afterward, when the Convention was assailed, Bonaparte, by Barras' advice, was appointed to command the artillery; and that general, on the 13th Vendemaire, decisively repressed the royalist movement. For his services, Barras was now named one of the Directory, and took a prominent part in the changes which that body unerwent until Napoleon's <em>coup d'etat</em> on the 18th Brumaire, which effectually overthrew the power of Barrras and his colleagues. His life, from this date, was, generally speaking, one of retirement. He died in Paris, Jan. 29, 1829. His "Memoirs" appeared in 1895.

Comte de Barras

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the…

One of the most distinguished masters of the Floretine school of painting, born at Savignano, in Tuscany, in 1469. His subjects are mostly religious, and the greater part belong to the later period of his life. He was a warm adherent of Savonarola, after whose tragical end in 1500 he took the habit of the cloister. He imparted to Raphael his knowledge of coloring, and acquired from him a more perfect knowledge of perspective. He died in Florence in 1517.

Fra Bartolommeo

One of the most distinguished masters of the Floretine school of painting, born at Savignano, in Tuscany,…

A shady street in a town.

Town

A shady street in a town.

"This is done in the mechanism of the watch, of which a, is the barrel containing the power in the form of a convoluted spring, and b the fusee which acts as a varying lever, and through which motion is conveyed to the hands of the watch." -Comstock 1850

Barrel and Fusee

"This is done in the mechanism of the watch, of which a, is the barrel containing the power in the form…

"Double convex lenses are used in the eyeglasses for old people, becoming more spherical according to the age of the person or the magnifing power required." -Comstock 1850

Double Convex Lens Magnifing an Arrow

"Double convex lenses are used in the eyeglasses for old people, becoming more spherical according to…

"Thus, if we suppose the conducting wire be placed in a vertical situation, as shown, and p, n, the current of positive electricity to be descending through it, from p to n, and if throught the point c in the wire in the plane NN be taken, perpendicular to p, n, that is in the present case a horiczontal plane, then if any number of circles be described in that plane, having c for thier common centre, the action of the current on the wire on upon the north pole of the magnet, will be to move it in a direction corresponding to the motion of the hands of a watch, having the dial towards the positive pole of the battery." -Comstock 1850

Circular Motion of the [Electric] Fluid

"Thus, if we suppose the conducting wire be placed in a vertical situation, as shown, and p, n, the…

"The Nicholson hydrometer of constant volume is a hollow cylinder carrying at its lower end a basket, d, heavy enough to keep the apparatus upright in water. At the top of the cylinder is a vertical rod carrying a pan, a, for holding weights, etc. The whole apparatus must be lighter than water, so that a certain weight (W) must be put into the pan to sink the apparatus to a fixed point marked on the rod (as c). The given body, which must weigh less than W, is placed in the pan, and enought weights (w) added to sink the point c, to the water line It is evident that the weight of the given body is W-w." -Avery 1895

Nicholson Hydrometer

"The Nicholson hydrometer of constant volume is a hollow cylinder carrying at its lower end a basket,…

"Grease the edges to make more sure of a tight joint, fit the hemispheres to each other, and exhaust the air with a pump. Close the stopcock, remove the hemispheres from the pump, attach the second handle, and, holding the hemispheres in different positions, try to pull them apart. When you are sure that the pressure that holds them together is exerted inall directions, place them under the receiver of the air pump, and exhaust the air from around them. The pressure seems to be removed, for the hemispheres fall apart of their own weight." -Avery 1895

Magdeburg Hemispheres

"Grease the edges to make more sure of a tight joint, fit the hemispheres to each other, and exhaust…

"The effect of holding polarizing lenses at right angles to each other." -Avery 1895

Polarization of Light

"The effect of holding polarizing lenses at right angles to each other." -Avery 1895

"... a farmer with a crowbar, as shown, can move a rock which with his hands alone he could not stir." &mdash;Quackenbos 1859

Crowbar and Stone

"... a farmer with a crowbar, as shown, can move a rock which with his hands alone he could not stir."…

An illustration of hands depicting 0 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 0 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 1 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 1 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 2 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 2 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 3 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 3 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 4 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 4 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 5 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 5 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 6 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 6 European Style