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"The bones of fishes are of a less dense and compact nature than in the higher order of animals; in some, indeed, they are wholly cartilaginous. The skeleton may in general be divided into four chief parts - the Vertical Column, the Head, the Repiratory Apparatus, and the Limbs" — Goodrich, 1859

Perch skeleton

"The bones of fishes are of a less dense and compact nature than in the higher order of animals; in…

"Almost of a circular form, with long dorsal and anal fins, projecting like handles from its inder parts. It attains a great size, sometimes as much as four or five hundred pounds' wright, and measures four or five feet in length." — Goodrich, 1859

Short Sunfish

"Almost of a circular form, with long dorsal and anal fins, projecting like handles from its inder parts.…

"Bridge over Sleepy Hollow Creek. Ichabod, according to Irving, in the <em>Legend</em>, returning from a late evening tarry with Katrina Van Tassel, on his lean steed Gunpowder, was chased by a huge horseman, without a head, from the Andre tree to the bridge. 'He saw the walls of the church dimly gleaming under the trees beyond. He recollected the place where Brom Bones' ghostly competitor had disappeared. "If I can reach that bridge," thought Ichabod, "I am safe." Just then he heard the black steed panting and blowing close behind him; he even fancied that he felt his hot breath. Another compulsive kick in the ribs, and old Gunpowder sprang upon the bridge; he thundered over the resounding planks; he gained the opposite side; and now Ichabod cast a look behind, to see if his pursuer should vanish, according to rule, in a flash of fire and brimstone. Just then he saw the goblin rising in his stirrups, and in the very act of hurling his head at him. Ichabod endeavored to dodge the horrible missile, but too late; it encountered his cranium with a terrible crash; he was tumbled headlong into the dust, and Gunpowder, the black steed, and the goblin rider, passed like a whirlwind.' A shattered pumpkin was found on the road the next day, but Ichabod had gone to parts unknown. Brom Bones, his rival, soon afterward let the pretty Katrina to the altar. The good country people always maintained that Ichabod was spirited away by the <em>headless horseman</em>, who was the ghost of a Hessian soldier, whose body, deprived of its caput by a cannon-ball, ws sleeping in the church-yard near."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Sleepy Hollow

"Bridge over Sleepy Hollow Creek. Ichabod, according to Irving, in the Legend, returning from…

"The Roach, <em>L. rutilus</em>, is abundant in the rivers of the temperate parts of Europe. It attains the weight of one to two pounds." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Roach

"The Roach, L. rutilus, is abundant in the rivers of the temperate parts of Europe. It attains…

"Is found in the lakes and rivers of some parts of Europe; in its habits and food it resembles the trout, and is fished for with artificial flies." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Graining

"Is found in the lakes and rivers of some parts of Europe; in its habits and food it resembles the trout,…

"Frequents deep places in the quiet parts of steams, sheltering itself usually under a bush or tree that may screen it from view. It feeds on worms or insects in their various stages." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Chub

"Frequents deep places in the quiet parts of steams, sheltering itself usually under a bush or tree…

"A celebrated species, common in all parts of the Mediterranean, and occasionally met with on the coasts of Great Britain." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Muraena

"A celebrated species, common in all parts of the Mediterranean, and occasionally met with on the coasts…

"Raleigh Tavern. When I visited Williamsburg in December, 1848, the front part of the old Raleigh tavern had been torn down, and a building in modern style was erected in its place. The old tavern was in the form of an L, one portion fronting the street, the other extending at right angles, in the rear. Both parts were precisely alike in external appearance, and as the rear building was yet standing and unaltered. I am able to give a restored view of the Raleigh, as it appeared during the Revolution. The wooden bust of Sir Walter Raleigh, which graved the front of the old inn, now ornaments the new building."—Lossing, 1851

Raleigh Tavern

"Raleigh Tavern. When I visited Williamsburg in December, 1848, the front part of the old Raleigh tavern…

"Extensively caught in dredges in Europe, as it is eaten, and is also used as fish-bait. It is well-known to bore through the shells of other mollusca, and thus to suck out the vital parts." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Common whelk

"Extensively caught in dredges in Europe, as it is eaten, and is also used as fish-bait. It is well-known…

"The belly; that part of the body of a mammal which lies between the thorax and the pelvis; In <em>entomology</em>, the hind body, the posterior one of the three parts of a perfect insect, united with the thorax by a slender connecting portion, and containing the greater part of the digesting apparatus."-Wright, 1902

Abdomen

"The belly; that part of the body of a mammal which lies between the thorax and the pelvis; In entomology,…

"The common wormwood; a European species, much cultivated for its bitter qualities; it contains a volatile oil which is the principle ingredient in the French liquor absinthe."-Whitney, 1902

Absinthium

"The common wormwood; a European species, much cultivated for its bitter qualities; it contains a volatile…

"An Egyptian tree; the bark and pods are frequently used in tanning and the aqueous extract of the wood some Indian species forms the catechu of commerce."-Whitney, 1902

Acacia

"An Egyptian tree; the bark and pods are frequently used in tanning and the aqueous extract of the wood…

Upper leaves shorter and broader.

Callitriche

Upper leaves shorter and broader.

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves, and they are sometimes cultivated for the sake of their beautiful foliage."-Whitney, 1902

Acanthus

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves,…

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves, and they are sometimes cultivated for the sake of their beautiful foliage."-Whitney, 1902

Acanthus

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves,…

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves, and they are sometimes cultivated for the sake of their beautiful foliage."-Whitney, 1902

Acanthus

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves,…

Plants stuff; rooting along the stem; leaves stiff and often fascicles.

Juncus

Plants stuff; rooting along the stem; leaves stiff and often fascicles.

Leaves with dilated bases.

Najas

Leaves with dilated bases.

Leaves with narrow bases.

Zannichellia

Leaves with narrow bases.

Selerolepis

Selerolepis

Selerolepis

Leaves usually three in whorls (sometimes four); flowers minute and inconspicuous

Anacharis

Leaves usually three in whorls (sometimes four); flowers minute and inconspicuous

Leaves crowded on stem; flowers three petaled, pink and fairly conspicuous.

Mayaca

Leaves crowded on stem; flowers three petaled, pink and fairly conspicuous.

Leaf-base apparently inflated.

Ruppia

Leaf-base apparently inflated.

Leaf-base narrow, sometimes with stipules.

Potamogeton

Leaf-base narrow, sometimes with stipules.

Leaves elliptic, the petiole ad under surface coated with a thick jelly-like material.

Brasenia

Leaves elliptic, the petiole ad under surface coated with a thick jelly-like material.

Leaves small, about 8 cm. in diameter or less; toothed or lobed.

Hydrocotyle

Leaves small, about 8 cm. in diameter or less; toothed or lobed.

Leaves small, mostly less than 15cm. long, heart-shaped; flowers white and less than 2.5cm across.

Nymphoides

Leaves small, mostly less than 15cm. long, heart-shaped; flowers white and less than 2.5cm across.

Flowers white; leaf-blade round.

Nymphaea

Flowers white; leaf-blade round.

Leaves round, often peltate; the long petiole attached near center of leaf.

Hydrocotyle

Leaves round, often peltate; the long petiole attached near center of leaf.

Plants aromatic when crushed; flowers blue.

Hydrotrida

Plants aromatic when crushed; flowers blue.

Stem finely pubescent, flowers 3-4 mm long.

Herpestris

Stem finely pubescent, flowers 3-4 mm long.

Stem not finely pubescent; flowers not more than 1.5mm long.

Micranthemum

Stem not finely pubescent; flowers not more than 1.5mm long.

flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; leaves less than 3.5cm long.

Ludwigia

flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; leaves less than 3.5cm long.

Flowers in stalked head-like spikes; leaves over 3.5cm long.

Alternanthera

Flowers in stalked head-like spikes; leaves over 3.5cm long.

Stems with a sheath just above attachment point of leaf; flowers individually small, white to pink.

Polygonum

Stems with a sheath just above attachment point of leaf; flowers individually small, white to pink.

Flowers large, showy yellow; fruit a four angled capsule.

Jussiaea

Flowers large, showy yellow; fruit a four angled capsule.

No leaf-sheaths present; flower cluster consisting of one to several showy, irregular, yellow, or purple blossoms.

Utricularia

No leaf-sheaths present; flower cluster consisting of one to several showy, irregular, yellow, or purple…

Leaf-sheaths present only at the base of stem; flowers in one group.

Eleocharis

Leaf-sheaths present only at the base of stem; flowers in one group.

Leaf-sheaths scattered along stem; flowers in several groups.

Fuirena

Leaf-sheaths scattered along stem; flowers in several groups.

Flwers or fruits hidden by overlapping scales.

Scirpus

Flwers or fruits hidden by overlapping scales.

Flowers or fruits individually manifest; parts in threes.

Juncus

Flowers or fruits individually manifest; parts in threes.

Sheaths at base of stem with edges united to form tube.

Eleocharis

Sheaths at base of stem with edges united to form tube.

Sheaths at base of stem merely overlapping.

Juncus

Sheaths at base of stem merely overlapping.

Plants small, mostly under 1 dm tall; leaves filiform, or very narrowly linear.

Myosurus

Plants small, mostly under 1 dm tall; leaves filiform, or very narrowly linear.

Plants aromatic when crushed.

Acorus

Plants aromatic when crushed.

Flowers violet, over 3cm scross; leaves equitant at base; that is coming in two ranks, making the base of the plant appear flattened.

Nemastylis

Flowers violet, over 3cm scross; leaves equitant at base; that is coming in two ranks, making the base…

Flowers inconspicuous and hidden by overlapping scales.

Cyperus

Flowers inconspicuous and hidden by overlapping scales.

Leaves large (1cm wide or wider); flowers very showy.

Iris

Leaves large (1cm wide or wider); flowers very showy.

Leaves smaller, rigid; small yellow flowers gathered in dense heads at top of naked stalk, each subtended by a scale-like bract.

Xyris

Leaves smaller, rigid; small yellow flowers gathered in dense heads at top of naked stalk, each subtended…

Leave from base of scrape bearing button like whitish heads of minute flowers; roots with cross-constrctions.

Eriocaulon

Leave from base of scrape bearing button like whitish heads of minute flowers; roots with cross-constrctions.

Leaves from base of scape bearing evident white flowers in racemes; roots without crss-constrictions.

Sagittaria

Leaves from base of scape bearing evident white flowers in racemes; roots without crss-constrictions.

Flowers with filaments connected by a funnel-like membrane.

Hymenocallis

Flowers with filaments connected by a funnel-like membrane.

Flowers with free filaments.

Crinum

Flowers with free filaments.

Leaf with a ligule at base (junction of leaf and sheath).

Graminae

Leaf with a ligule at base (junction of leaf and sheath).

Leaves narrow, mostly less than 1 cm.

Juncus

Leaves narrow, mostly less than 1 cm.

Sheaths abruptly contracted to blade of leaf; leaves without keels.

Typha

Sheaths abruptly contracted to blade of leaf; leaves without keels.

Sheaths narrowed to blade; leaves with keels.

Sparganium

Sheaths narrowed to blade; leaves with keels.

Flowers few, showy, pinkish purple.

Coreopsis

Flowers few, showy, pinkish purple.

Fruit flattened laterally; fruit not winged.

Ptilimnium

Fruit flattened laterally; fruit not winged.

Fruit flattened dorsally; fruit prominently winged.

Oxypolis

Fruit flattened dorsally; fruit prominently winged.