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"Flag of the Dutch West India Company. When the rights of the company ceased, a new and more powerful company was forced in Holland in 1621, called the West India Company, with full control of New Netherland. It was a trading company like the others, but it was intended also to dispute the Spanish power in America. The Dutch captains, like the English, found a profitable business in capturing Spanish vessels. The West India Company encouraged people to settle on its lands; it explored the North River and the South River, now known as the Delaware; and villages grew up about Fort Orange, and at New Amsterdam, as the Dutch called the settlement on Manhattan Island."—Scudder, 1897

Dutch West India Flag

"Flag of the Dutch West India Company. When the rights of the company ceased, a new and more powerful…

"Century-plant. A large North American genus of plants, of the natural order Amaryllidaceæ, chiefly Mexican."-Whitney, 1902

Agave

"Century-plant. A large North American genus of plants, of the natural order Amaryllidaceæ, chiefly…

In 1859, John Brown collected a small body of men, white and black, in the mountains of Maryland. He made a sudden attack upon Harper's Ferry, where there was a United States arsenal, which he seized and held for a few hours. The attack was a direct assault upon slavery. Brown had resolved to carry the war into what he regarded as the enemy's country, and he expected to see the slaves flock to his standard. There were few at the North who knew of his purpose; and the country, North and South, was amazed at the act. John Brown was wounded and taken prisoner; some of his associates were killed, and some were taken with him. He was tried by the State of Virginia, sentenced, and hanged. His action was generally condemned by the people, but many declared him a martyr to freedom, and accused slavery of provoking him to the deed. His act, moreover, deepened the feeling of the South that the North was in a hostile attitiude; and public opinion at the South held the North responsible for Brown's movement."—Scudder, 1897

John Brown

In 1859, John Brown collected a small body of men, white and black, in the mountains of Maryland. He…

"A North American fish, Clupea Vernalis, from 8 to 10 inches long, resembling a small shad, but much inferior to it as food."-Whitney, 1902

Alewife

"A North American fish, Clupea Vernalis, from 8 to 10 inches long, resembling a small shad, but much…

Fort Carolina on the River of May

Fort Carolina

Fort Carolina on the River of May

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, a Spanish soldier who landed at and named St. Augustine and attacked the French at Fort Carolina.

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, a Spanish soldier who landed at and named St. Augustine and attacked the…

Jacques Cartier, voyager of St. Malo, coasted along the north of Newfoundland in 1534 and passed through the Straits of Belle Ilse into the water now known as St. Lawrence Gulf, and into the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. Erecting a cross, he took possession of the shores in the name of the king of France.

Jacques Cartier

Jacques Cartier, voyager of St. Malo, coasted along the north of Newfoundland in 1534 and passed through…

Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 – 9 September 1583) of Devon in England was a half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh (they had the same mother, Catherine Champernowne), and cousin of Sir Richard Grenville. Adventurer, explorer, member of parliament, and soldier, he served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth and was a pioneer of the English colonial empire in North America and the Plantations of Ireland.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 – 9 September 1583) of Devon in England was a half-brother of Sir Walter…

Seal of Massachusetts Bay Company

Massachusetts Seal

Seal of Massachusetts Bay Company

"River-Mussel (Anodonta fragilis), North Carolina."-Whitney, 1902

River Mussel

"River-Mussel (Anodonta fragilis), North Carolina."-Whitney, 1902

"A heavy, springless wagon, usually covered with a screen as shelter from the rays of the sun, drawn by oxen or cows, and used throughout north-western and central Asia, India, Turkey, and Russia, wherever Tatars have settled."-Whitney, 1902

Araba

"A heavy, springless wagon, usually covered with a screen as shelter from the rays of the sun, drawn…

"This important insect is a native of the north of China; and a great portion of the supplies of silk for Europe and America are still derived from that country." — Goodrich, 1859

Silkworm Moth, Caterpillar, and Chrysalis

"This important insect is a native of the north of China; and a great portion of the supplies of silk…

"The Carolina Grasshopper, <em>Gryllus Carolina</em>, is a large species with brown wings, common in our grassy fields in August, September, and October; they rise when approached and fly for the distance of a few feet, when they alight." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Carolina Grasshopper

"The Carolina Grasshopper, Gryllus Carolina, is a large species with brown wings, common in…

"The Beaver is a quadruped of the order Rodentia, or gnawers, the only species of its genus. It is very widely distributed, being found in the N. parts of Europe, Asia, and America, nowadays most abundantly in the N. and thinly peopled parts of North America, dwelling in communities on the banks of rivers and lakes."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Beaver

"The Beaver is a quadruped of the order Rodentia, or gnawers, the only species of its genus. It is very…

"Bee is the common name given to a large family of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, of which the most important is the common hive or honey bee (apis mellifica). It belongs to the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is now naturalized in the Western. A hive commonly consists of one mother or queen, from 600 to 800 males or drones, and from 15,000 to 20,000 working bees, formerly termed neuters, but now known to be imperfectly developed females. The humblebees, or bumblebees, of which over 60 species are found in North America, belong to the genus bombus, which is almost world wide in its distribution. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Drone Bee

"Bee is the common name given to a large family of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, of which…

"Bee is the common name given to a large family of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, of which the most important is the common hive or honey bee (apis mellifica). It belongs to the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is now naturalized in the Western. A hive commonly consists of one mother or queen, from 600 to 800 males or drones, and from 15,000 to 20,000 working bees, formerly termed neuters, but now known to be imperfectly developed females. The humblebees, or bumblebees, of which over 60 species are found in North America, belong to the genus bombus, which is almost world wide in its distribution. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Queen Bee

"Bee is the common name given to a large family of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, of which…

"Bee is the common name given to a large family of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, of which the most important is the common hive or honey bee (apis mellifica). It belongs to the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is now naturalized in the Western. A hive commonly consists of one mother or queen, from 600 to 800 males or drones, and from 15,000 to 20,000 working bees, formerly termed neuters, but now known to be imperfectly developed females. The humblebees, or bumblebees, of which over 60 species are found in North America, belong to the genus bombus, which is almost world wide in its distribution. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Worker Bee

"Bee is the common name given to a large family of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, of which…

"Bee is the common name given to a large family of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, of which the most important is the common hive or honey bee (apis mellifica). It belongs to the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is now naturalized in the Western. A hive commonly consists of one mother or queen, from 600 to 800 males or drones, and from 15,000 to 20,000 working bees, formerly termed neuters, but now known to be imperfectly developed females. The humblebees, or bumblebees, of which over 60 species are found in North America, belong to the genus bombus, which is almost world wide in its distribution. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Royal Cells

"Bee is the common name given to a large family of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, of which…

Chicory is a flowering plant with blue flowers, originally from the Old World but now seen growing wild as a weed in North America.

Chicory

Chicory is a flowering plant with blue flowers, originally from the Old World but now seen growing wild…

"Date Palm is a genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common date palm, the palm tree of Scripture, a native of the N. half of Africa, the S. W. of Asia, and some parts of India, and of which the cultivation is no less wide, and still extending. Some parts of China produce large crops. The stem, which is straight and simple, reaches a height of 30 to 60 feet, and bears a head of 40 to 80 glaucous pinnated leaves, 8 to 10 feet long, and a number of branching spadices, each of which on the female tree bears 180 to 200 fruits. A bunch of dates weighs 20 or 25 pounds, so that an average year's crop may be reckoned at 300 to 600 pounds per tree, and the yield per acre at about 12 times that of corn. This is one of the most important and useful of all the palms. In Egypt, and generally in North Africa, Persia, and Arabia, dates form the principal food, and date palms the principal wealth of the people."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Date Palm

"Date Palm is a genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common date palm, the palm…

"Drumfish, or Drum, and other species of the same genus, fishes found on the Atlantic coasts of North America, and so named from the deep drumming sound they make in the water."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Drumfish

"Drumfish, or Drum, and other species of the same genus, fishes found on the Atlantic coasts of North…

"The Eagle is a gold coin of the United States, value $10; half-eagle, $5; quarter-eagle, $2.50, double eagle, the largest gold coin of this country, $20."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Eagle on Seal of United States

"The Eagle is a gold coin of the United States, value $10; half-eagle, $5; quarter-eagle, $2.50, double…

"The Erne is one of the 'bare-legged' eagles. The genus includes some seven species, represented apparently in all parts of the world except South America. A notable species is the white-headed or bald eagle, the emblem of the United States. This erne is common in North America, both by the coasts and by inland lakes, and also occurs in Northern Europe. The general color is brown, but the head and neck of the adults are milky-white, and the same is true of the rounded tail."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Erne

"The Erne is one of the 'bare-legged' eagles. The genus includes some seven species, represented apparently…

"The Grayling is a genus of fresh-water fishes in the salmon family, distinguished from trout, etc., by the smaller mouth and teeth, and by the long, many-rayed dorsal fin. The genus is represented by five species inhabiting clear streams in North America, Europe and Asia."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Grayling

"The Grayling is a genus of fresh-water fishes in the salmon family, distinguished from trout, etc.,…

"Thorn Apple is a genus of plants. The common thorn apple is an annual plant, with smooth stem and leaves, white flowers, and erect prickly capsules, a native of the East Indies, but now often met with in North America. A variety with pale violet flowers and purplish violet stem is frequently cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Thorn Apple

"Thorn Apple is a genus of plants. The common thorn apple is an annual plant, with smooth stem and leaves,…

"Thorn Apple is a genus of plants. The common thorn apple is an annual plant, with smooth stem and leaves, white flowers, and erect prickly capsules, a native of the East Indies, but now often met with in North America. A variety with pale violet flowers and purplish violet stem is frequently cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Thorn Apple Bud

"Thorn Apple is a genus of plants. The common thorn apple is an annual plant, with smooth stem and leaves,…

"Thrush, in ornithology, is the name for any of the Turdid&aelig;. They are universally distributed, and are very highly organized birds, and it is for this reason, perhaps, as well as on account of their omnivorous diet, that they have been able to establish themselves on a number of remote islands. They differ widely in their habits and in their habitats; some are gregarious, others live solitarily or in pairs. The wood thrush is abundant in North America. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Song Thrush

"Thrush, in ornithology, is the name for any of the Turdidæ. They are universally distributed,…

"Timothy Grass is a hard coarse grass with cylindrical spikes from 2 to 6 inches long. It is used mixed with other grasses for permanent pasture, and grows best in tenacious soils. It is extensively cultivated in North America. Timothy Hanson first recommended it, hence its name. Swine refuse it."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Timothy Grass

"Timothy Grass is a hard coarse grass with cylindrical spikes from 2 to 6 inches long. It is used mixed…

"Viper's Bugloss is a genus of plants. The species are large herbaceous plants or shrubs, rough with tubercles and hairs. Their flowers are often very beautiful. the common viper's bugloss, a large annual plant, is a native of Great Britain and of most parts of Europe growing in dry places, not infrequently in cornfields. Its flowers are at first reddish, and afterward blue. It derives its name, viper's bugloss, from spots on its stem, which somehat resemble those of the viper, and the property of healing viper's bites was therefore ascribed to it. Other herbaceous species are found in North and South America, and other parts of the world. Shrubby species are found chiefly in the Canaries and South Africa."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Viper's Bugloss

"Viper's Bugloss is a genus of plants. The species are large herbaceous plants or shrubs, rough with…

"Wapiti is the name given by the North American Indians to an animal, a native of North America, ranging from the Carolinas to lat. 56-57 degrees N. It is closely allied to but considerably larger than the stag, standing about 54 inches at the shoulder; yellowish brown on upper parts; sides gray, long coarse hair in front of neck, like a dewlap; antlers large, brow-tine duplicated. It frequents low grounds, or woody tracts near savannahs or marshes. The venison is of little value, as it is coarse and dry; but the hide makes excellent leather. It is called also, but erroneously, the elk and gray moose."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Wapiti

"Wapiti is the name given by the North American Indians to an animal, a native of North America, ranging…

"Warbler is a popular name often applied to well-known singing birds of northern climes, whose notes are heard in wood, and hedge, and orchard, many of which commonly receive other popular names, as the blackcap, nightingale, hedgesparrow, redbreast, redstart, stonechat, wheatear, whitethroat, etc., while many receive the name warbler with some adjunct&ndash; reed warbler, etc. The more typical genera comprise birds of small size and plain plumage, usually alike in both sexes; most of them are migratory, going a long way S. of their breeding haunts to winter. Numerous species of warblers are found in North America, as suburban and country residents know, when the sunshine of May ushers in the summertime. They are birds of brighter plumage than the Old World warblers, but resemble them in their habits, and are also migrants."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Reed Warbler

"Warbler is a popular name often applied to well-known singing birds of northern climes, whose notes…

"Warbler is a popular name often applied to well-known singing birds of northern climes, whose notes are heard in wood, and hedge, and orchard, many of which commonly receive other popular names, as the blackcap, nightingale, hedgesparrow, redbreast, redstart, stonechat, wheatear, whitethroat, etc., while many receive the name warbler with some adjunct&ndash; reed warbler, etc. The more typical genera comprise birds of small size and plain plumage, usually alike in both sexes; most of them are migratory, going a long way S. of their breeding haunts to winter. Numerous species of warblers are found in North America, as suburban and country residents know, when the sunshine of May ushers in the summertime. They are birds of brighter plumage than the Old World warblers, but resemble them in their habits, and are also migrants."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Nest of Reed Warbler

"Warbler is a popular name often applied to well-known singing birds of northern climes, whose notes…

"The Water Lily is an exogenous aquatic plant including eight genera, and all possessing submerged root stocks. They are found in all temperate climates, and attain great size in the tropics. The white water lily is the familiar flower of ponds and placid streams throughout North America, its large and chaste flowers claiming precedence for beauty among the indigenous flora."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

White Water Lily

"The Water Lily is an exogenous aquatic plant including eight genera, and all possessing submerged root…

"Wormwood is the genus Artemisia. The stem is one to three feet high, grooved, and angled; the leaves silky on both sides, twice or thrice pinnatified, dotted; the yellow flowers in racemes, the heads drooping, silky, the outer flowers fertile. It is wild in North America in various waste places, also in Continental Europe, the North of Africa and Great Britain."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Wormwood

"Wormwood is the genus Artemisia. The stem is one to three feet high, grooved, and angled; the leaves…

"The Yellow Hammer, or Yellow Bunting, is a bird widely distributed over North America and Europe. It frequents hedges and low trees; it nests on the ground, and the male assists in incubation. The song consists of few notes, but is sweet and pleasing."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Yellowhammer

"The Yellow Hammer, or Yellow Bunting, is a bird widely distributed over North America and Europe. It…

"Jay is the popular name of a species of birds belonging to the crow family, of a vinous red color; the back pale gray; the rump and upper tail coverts white; the tail black or gray, with bluish-gray bars; the wing coverts light gray, in the median series light gray inclining to chestnut; the bastard wing or primary coverts barred with black or bright cobalt blue; headed with an erectile crest; forehead white, streaked with black. Length about 13 inches. It is a beautiful bird, but attacks peas and other garden crops, to which it is very destructive, especially in the vicinity of woods and forests, alnd also easts worms, larv&aelig;, and snails. It is often kept as a cage bird. The common blue jay is found over a large portion of North and South America. The green jay of the Unites States is well known."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Jay

"Jay is the popular name of a species of birds belonging to the crow family, of a vinous red color;…

"Lady's Slipper is a genus of plants. The genus is remarkable for the large inflated lip of the corolla. Several very beautiful species are natives of the colder parts of North America."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lady's Slipper

"Lady's Slipper is a genus of plants. The genus is remarkable for the large inflated lip of the corolla.…

"The Lump Fish, or Sucker, is named from the clumsiness of its form. The back is arched and sharp, the belly flat, the body covered with numerous bony tubercles, the ventral fins modified into a sucker, by means of which it adheres with great force to any substance to which it applies itself. It frequents the N. seas."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lumpfish

"The Lump Fish, or Sucker, is named from the clumsiness of its form. The back is arched and sharp, the…

"Mammoth is a species of extinct elephant, the fossil remains of which are found in European, Asiatic and North American formations. Geologically speaking, the mammoth or Elephas primigenius, dates from the post-pliocene period, its remains having been frequently found associated with human remains, and its figure carved on bone. It had large curved tusks; was covered with fur and shaggy hair; and was twice as large as the modern elephant. Bones and tusks have been found in great abundance in Siberia, and America. In the St. Petersburg Imperial Museum is the perfect preserved carcass of a mammoth found in the frozen ice in Siberia in 1903."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Skeleton of the Mammoth

"Mammoth is a species of extinct elephant, the fossil remains of which are found in European, Asiatic…

"Megatherium is a genus of extinct edentates, founded on a nearly complete skeleton discovered on the banks of the Lujan, about 9 miles from Buenos Ayres, and sent by the Marquis of Loretto, the viceroy, to the Royal Museum of Madrid. The best-known species was nearly as large as an elephant, though the limbs were shorter. Its mounted skeleton measures 18 feet in length, of which the tail occupies five. Dr. Leidy has described a smaller species from the post-Tertiary of Georgia and South Carolina; and there is a third, founded on remains from Brazil."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Megatherium

"Megatherium is a genus of extinct edentates, founded on a nearly complete skeleton discovered on the…

"Nelumbium is the typical and only genus of the order Nelumbiace&aelig;. The species are remarkable for the beauty of their flowers. N. speciosum has magnificent flowers, magenta or white. It does not now grow in Egypt, but is found in India. The rhizome, stalks, and seeds are eaten by the Hindus. A fiber derived from the stalk is used as a wick for lamps in Hindu temples, the plant being considered sacred. The North American Indians eat the rhizomes of N. luteum."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Nelumbium

"Nelumbium is the typical and only genus of the order Nelumbiaceæ. The species are remarkable…

"The Osprey, the fish hawk, bald buzzard, or fishing eagle. A bird of prey, of almost world wide distribution usually near the seashore, and, unlike rapacious birds generally, are in some measure gregarious. In North America large communities of ospreys are found, and the purple grakle often builds close by. The osprey lays three or four eggs of a rich red to buffy white, with large reddish and brown markings."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Osprey

"The Osprey, the fish hawk, bald buzzard, or fishing eagle. A bird of prey, of almost world wide distribution…

"The Pintail Duck has the upper parts and flanks ash, with narrow stripes of black; under parts white; head umber-brown; tail pointed. It inhabits the N. of America and Europe."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Pintail Duck

"The Pintail Duck has the upper parts and flanks ash, with narrow stripes of black; under parts white;…

"The Porcupine is a rodent quadruped. The North American porcupine is about two feet long, and of sluggish habits. The quills are short, and concealed among the fur, and the tail is short. The 'tree porcupine' of South America has a prehensile tail, about 10 inches long. The porcupine of Southern Europe and Africa is about 28 inches long, exclusive of the tail. The head, fore quarters, and under surface are clothed with short spines, intermixed with hairs, crest on head and neck, hind quarters covered with long sharp spines, ringed with black and white, and erectile at will. They are but loosely attached to the skin and readily fall out, a circumstance which probably gave rise to the belief that the animal was able to project them at an enemy."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Prehensile Tailed Porcupine

"The Porcupine is a rodent quadruped. The North American porcupine is about two feet long, and of sluggish…

"The Porcupine is a rodent quadruped. The North American porcupine is about two feet long, and of sluggish habits. The quills are short, and concealed among the fur, and the tail is short. The 'tree porcupine' of South America has a prehensile tail, about 10 inches long. The porcupine of Southern Europe and Africa is about 28 inches long, exclusive of the tail. The head, fore quarters, and under surface are clothed with short spines, intermixed with hairs, crest on head and neck, hind quarters covered with long sharp spines, ringed with black and white, and erectile at will. They are but loosely attached to the skin and readily fall out, a circumstance which probably gave rise to the belief that the animal was able to project them at an enemy."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hystrix Crystata Porcupine

"The Porcupine is a rodent quadruped. The North American porcupine is about two feet long, and of sluggish…

"The Prong-horn Antelope inhabits the W. parts of North America, from 53 degrees N. to the plains of Mexico and California. It is rather more than four feet in length, and stands three feet at the shoulder. Pale fawn above and on the limbs; breast, abdomen, and rump white. The horns are branched, and are shed annually."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Prong-horn Antelope

"The Prong-horn Antelope inhabits the W. parts of North America, from 53 degrees N. to the plains of…

"The Quail is a small game bird; the Virginia species is common in North America, and so far south as Honduras. It is larger than the European quail, and is better eating. The California crested quail is another American species. THe quail, genus Coturnix, is widely distributed over the Eastern Hemisphere, visiting Europe in early summer and returning S. in the autumn, when immense numbers are caught and fattened for the market. Length about seven inches, general color reddish-brown, with buff streaks on the upper surface; throat rufous; head, dark brown above, striped with ocherous white, sides reddish-brown, lower parts pale buff, fading into white on belly. Color less bright in the hen bird, and the rufous tinge absent from the throat. They nest on the ground, laying from 9 to 15 pyriform, yellowish-white eggs, blotched with dark-brown. The males are polygamous and extremely pugnacious."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lophortyx Californicus Quail

"The Quail is a small game bird; the Virginia species is common in North America, and so far south as…

"The Raccoon, or Racoon, is a handsome animal, about the size of a large cat, brown furry hair, tail bushy and ringed; body large and unwieldy, legs short, feet with strong fossorial claws. It is omnivorous and ranges over a large part of North America, where it is hunted for its fur. The crab-eating raccoon of South America, ranging as far N. as Panama, differs chiefly from the former in the shortness of its fur, and consequent slender shape."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Procyon Lotor Raccoon

"The Raccoon, or Racoon, is a handsome animal, about the size of a large cat, brown furry hair, tail…

"Three locomotives were imported from England in 1829, and the first trial in America took place Aug. 8, 1829, at Honesdale, Pa. The first railway constructed to be worked by locomotives was the South Carolina railroad (1826&ndash;1830), though trials of an experimental locomotive had been made before on the Baltimaore and Ohio railroad, which continued to be worked by horsepower till 1832. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

American Locomotive

"Three locomotives were imported from England in 1829, and the first trial in America took place Aug.…

"Three locomotives were imported from England in 1829, and the first trial in America took place Aug. 8, 1829, at Honesdale, Pa. The first railway constructed to be worked by locomotives was the South Carolina railroad (1826&ndash;1830), though trials of an experimental locomotive had been made before on the Baltimaore and Ohio railroad, which continued to be worked by horsepower till 1832. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Early Locomotive

"Three locomotives were imported from England in 1829, and the first trial in America took place Aug.…

"The Seal, of the family Phocid&aelig;, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals, those which display the most complete adaptation to residence in the water. The seal has considerable resemblance to a quadruped in some respects, and to a fish in others. The head is round, and the nose, which is broad, resembles that of a dog, with the same look of intelligence and mild and expressive physiognomy. It has large whiskers, oblong nostrils, and great black sparkling eyes. It has no external ears, but a valve exists in the orifices, which can be closed at will, so as to keep out the water; the nostrils have a similar valve; and the clothing of the body consists of stiff glossy hairs, very closely set against the skin. The body is elongated and conical, gradually tapering from the shoulders to the tail. The spine is provided with strong muscles, which bend it with considerable force; and this movement is of great assistance to the propulsion of the body."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hooded Seal

"The Seal, of the family Phocidæ, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals,…

"The Swift, like swallows in many respects, their structure is almost entirely different, and some naturalists rather class them with the humming birds or the goat suckers. The swift has all four toes directed forward; it is larger than the swallow; its flight is more rapid and steady; and its scream is very different from the twittering of the swallow. Its weight is most disproportionately small to its extent of wing, the former being scarcely an ounce, the latter 18 inches, the length of the body beinig about 8 inches. Its color is a somber or sooty black, a whitish patch appearing beneath the chin. It builds in holes in the roofs of houses, in towers, or in hollow trees. A common North American swift is the so-called chimney swallow, which builds its nest in chimneys."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Common Swift

"The Swift, like swallows in many respects, their structure is almost entirely different, and some naturalists…

"The Theseum is situated on a height to the north of the Areopagus, and was built to receive the bones of Theseus, which Cimon brought from Seyros in B.C. 469. It was probably finished about 465, and is the best preserved of all the monuments of ancient Athens. It was at once a tomb and a temple, and possessed the privileges of an asylum. It is of the Doric order, 104 feet in length by 45 feet broad, and surrounded with columns." &mdash; Smith, 1882

Thesium restored

"The Theseum is situated on a height to the north of the Areopagus, and was built to receive the bones…

"The building of the new Erechtheum was not commenced till the Parthenon and Propylea were finished, and probably not before the year preceding the breaking out of the Peloponnesian war. Its progress was no doubt delayed by that event, and it was probably not completed before 393 B.C. When finished it presented one of the finest models of the Ionic order, as the Parthenon was of the Doric. It stood to the north of the Acropolis." &mdash; Smith, 1882

Erechtheum restored

"The building of the new Erechtheum was not commenced till the Parthenon and Propylea were finished,…

"Tansy is a genus of Composit&aelig;, numbering about 50 species of strong-scented herbs, often shrubby below, with alternate usually much-divided leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads of rayless yellow flowers. The genus is represented in North America, Europe, North and South Africa, temperate and cold Asia. Common tansy has long had a reputation as a medicinal herb, causing it to be much grown in gardens in the past."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tansy

"Tansy is a genus of Compositæ, numbering about 50 species of strong-scented herbs, often shrubby…

A common bird in north America.

Belted Kingfisher

A common bird in north America.

The north wind doth blow, and we shall have snow, and what will poor Robin do then? Poor thing! He'll sit in a barn, and to keep himself warm will hide his head under his wing, poor thing!

Poor Robin

The north wind doth blow, and we shall have snow, and what will poor Robin do then? Poor thing! He'll…

Seal of New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam

Seal of New Amsterdam

Seal of New Netherland

New Netherland

Seal of New Netherland

A North American bird having a long graduated, party colored tail, and the head much striped.

Lark Finch

A North American bird having a long graduated, party colored tail, and the head much striped.