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"The Pintail Duck has the upper parts and flanks ash, with narrow stripes of black; under parts white; head umber-brown; tail pointed. It inhabits the N. of America and Europe."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Pintail Duck

"The Pintail Duck has the upper parts and flanks ash, with narrow stripes of black; under parts white;…

"The Porcupine is a rodent quadruped. The North American porcupine is about two feet long, and of sluggish habits. The quills are short, and concealed among the fur, and the tail is short. The 'tree porcupine' of South America has a prehensile tail, about 10 inches long. The porcupine of Southern Europe and Africa is about 28 inches long, exclusive of the tail. The head, fore quarters, and under surface are clothed with short spines, intermixed with hairs, crest on head and neck, hind quarters covered with long sharp spines, ringed with black and white, and erectile at will. They are but loosely attached to the skin and readily fall out, a circumstance which probably gave rise to the belief that the animal was able to project them at an enemy."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Prehensile Tailed Porcupine

"The Porcupine is a rodent quadruped. The North American porcupine is about two feet long, and of sluggish…

"The Porcupine is a rodent quadruped. The North American porcupine is about two feet long, and of sluggish habits. The quills are short, and concealed among the fur, and the tail is short. The 'tree porcupine' of South America has a prehensile tail, about 10 inches long. The porcupine of Southern Europe and Africa is about 28 inches long, exclusive of the tail. The head, fore quarters, and under surface are clothed with short spines, intermixed with hairs, crest on head and neck, hind quarters covered with long sharp spines, ringed with black and white, and erectile at will. They are but loosely attached to the skin and readily fall out, a circumstance which probably gave rise to the belief that the animal was able to project them at an enemy."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hystrix Crystata Porcupine

"The Porcupine is a rodent quadruped. The North American porcupine is about two feet long, and of sluggish…

"The Prong-horn Antelope inhabits the W. parts of North America, from 53 degrees N. to the plains of Mexico and California. It is rather more than four feet in length, and stands three feet at the shoulder. Pale fawn above and on the limbs; breast, abdomen, and rump white. The horns are branched, and are shed annually."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Prong-horn Antelope

"The Prong-horn Antelope inhabits the W. parts of North America, from 53 degrees N. to the plains of…

"The Quail is a small game bird; the Virginia species is common in North America, and so far south as Honduras. It is larger than the European quail, and is better eating. The California crested quail is another American species. THe quail, genus Coturnix, is widely distributed over the Eastern Hemisphere, visiting Europe in early summer and returning S. in the autumn, when immense numbers are caught and fattened for the market. Length about seven inches, general color reddish-brown, with buff streaks on the upper surface; throat rufous; head, dark brown above, striped with ocherous white, sides reddish-brown, lower parts pale buff, fading into white on belly. Color less bright in the hen bird, and the rufous tinge absent from the throat. They nest on the ground, laying from 9 to 15 pyriform, yellowish-white eggs, blotched with dark-brown. The males are polygamous and extremely pugnacious."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lophortyx Californicus Quail

"The Quail is a small game bird; the Virginia species is common in North America, and so far south as…

"The Raccoon, or Racoon, is a handsome animal, about the size of a large cat, brown furry hair, tail bushy and ringed; body large and unwieldy, legs short, feet with strong fossorial claws. It is omnivorous and ranges over a large part of North America, where it is hunted for its fur. The crab-eating raccoon of South America, ranging as far N. as Panama, differs chiefly from the former in the shortness of its fur, and consequent slender shape."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Procyon Lotor Raccoon

"The Raccoon, or Racoon, is a handsome animal, about the size of a large cat, brown furry hair, tail…

"The Seal, of the family Phocidæ, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals, those which display the most complete adaptation to residence in the water. The seal has considerable resemblance to a quadruped in some respects, and to a fish in others. The head is round, and the nose, which is broad, resembles that of a dog, with the same look of intelligence and mild and expressive physiognomy. It has large whiskers, oblong nostrils, and great black sparkling eyes. It has no external ears, but a valve exists in the orifices, which can be closed at will, so as to keep out the water; the nostrils have a similar valve; and the clothing of the body consists of stiff glossy hairs, very closely set against the skin. The body is elongated and conical, gradually tapering from the shoulders to the tail. The spine is provided with strong muscles, which bend it with considerable force; and this movement is of great assistance to the propulsion of the body."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hooded Seal

"The Seal, of the family Phocidæ, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals,…

"The Swift, like swallows in many respects, their structure is almost entirely different, and some naturalists rather class them with the humming birds or the goat suckers. The swift has all four toes directed forward; it is larger than the swallow; its flight is more rapid and steady; and its scream is very different from the twittering of the swallow. Its weight is most disproportionately small to its extent of wing, the former being scarcely an ounce, the latter 18 inches, the length of the body beinig about 8 inches. Its color is a somber or sooty black, a whitish patch appearing beneath the chin. It builds in holes in the roofs of houses, in towers, or in hollow trees. A common North American swift is the so-called chimney swallow, which builds its nest in chimneys."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Common Swift

"The Swift, like swallows in many respects, their structure is almost entirely different, and some naturalists…

"The Theseum is situated on a height to the north of the Areopagus, and was built to receive the bones of Theseus, which Cimon brought from Seyros in B.C. 469. It was probably finished about 465, and is the best preserved of all the monuments of ancient Athens. It was at once a tomb and a temple, and possessed the privileges of an asylum. It is of the Doric order, 104 feet in length by 45 feet broad, and surrounded with columns." — Smith, 1882

Thesium restored

"The Theseum is situated on a height to the north of the Areopagus, and was built to receive the bones…

"The building of the new Erechtheum was not commenced till the Parthenon and Propylea were finished, and probably not before the year preceding the breaking out of the Peloponnesian war. Its progress was no doubt delayed by that event, and it was probably not completed before 393 B.C. When finished it presented one of the finest models of the Ionic order, as the Parthenon was of the Doric. It stood to the north of the Acropolis." — Smith, 1882

Erechtheum restored

"The building of the new Erechtheum was not commenced till the Parthenon and Propylea were finished,…

"Tansy is a genus of Compositæ, numbering about 50 species of strong-scented herbs, often shrubby below, with alternate usually much-divided leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads of rayless yellow flowers. The genus is represented in North America, Europe, North and South Africa, temperate and cold Asia. Common tansy has long had a reputation as a medicinal herb, causing it to be much grown in gardens in the past."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tansy

"Tansy is a genus of Compositæ, numbering about 50 species of strong-scented herbs, often shrubby…

A common bird in north America.

Belted Kingfisher

A common bird in north America.

The north wind doth blow, and we shall have snow, and what will poor Robin do then? Poor thing! He'll sit in a barn, and to keep himself warm will hide his head under his wing, poor thing!

Poor Robin

The north wind doth blow, and we shall have snow, and what will poor Robin do then? Poor thing! He'll…

Seal of New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam

Seal of New Amsterdam

Seal of New Netherland

New Netherland

Seal of New Netherland

A North American bird having a long graduated, party colored tail, and the head much striped.

Lark Finch

A North American bird having a long graduated, party colored tail, and the head much striped.

Seal of East Jersey

East Jersey

Seal of East Jersey

Seal of the proprietors of Carolina.

Carolina

Seal of the proprietors of Carolina.

"Tiara or Tiaras, a hat with a large high crown. This was the head-dress which characterized the north-western Asiatics, and more especially the Armenians, Parthians, and Persians, as distinguished from the Greeks and Romans, whose hats fitted the head, or had only a low crown. The king of Persia wore an erect tiara, whilst those of his subjects were soft and flexible, falling on one side. The Persian name for this regal head-dress was cidaris. " &mdash Smith; 1873

Tiara

"Tiara or Tiaras, a hat with a large high crown. This was the head-dress which characterized the north-western…

Otto von Bismarck was the Duke of Lauenburg, Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the North German Confederation and of the German Empire.

Prince Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck was the Duke of Lauenburg, Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the North…

Democratic U.S. Senator from North Carolina in 1872.

Matt W. Ransom

Democratic U.S. Senator from North Carolina in 1872.

"The position of the true meridian may be found as follows: Point the hour hand of a watch towards the sun; the line joining the pivot and the point midway between the hour hand and XIII on the dial will point towards the south; that is to say if the observer stands so as to face the sun and the XII on the dial, he will be looking south. To point the hour hand exactly at the sun, stick a pin and bring the hour hand into the shadow. At night a line drawn toward the north star from the observer's position is approximately a true meridian." — Moss, 1914

True meridian

"The position of the true meridian may be found as follows: Point the hour hand of a watch towards the…

Hero of the Civil War and Governor of North Carolina.

Hon. Zebulon B. Vance

Hero of the Civil War and Governor of North Carolina.

"A Cylinder Seal" — Morey, 1903

Cylinder Seal

"A Cylinder Seal" — Morey, 1903

"In the eleventh century, the Anglo-Saxons, originally the fiercest nation of the North of Europe, had become changed into a submissive and unwarlike people by the combine influences of luxury, a great landed aristocracy, and a richly endowed hierarchy." — Goodrich, 1844

Saxons

"In the eleventh century, the Anglo-Saxons, originally the fiercest nation of the North of Europe, had…

A singing-bird of North America remarkable for its exact imitations of the notes of other birds.

Mockingbird

A singing-bird of North America remarkable for its exact imitations of the notes of other birds.

A instrument used for navigation. The needle is magnetic and always points to the north pole.

Compass

A instrument used for navigation. The needle is magnetic and always points to the north pole.

"Bring the two ends of the wire into contact, and thus close the circuit. The needle instantly flies around as though it was trying to place itself at right angles to the wire. Break the circuit, and the needle swings back to its north and south position. Twist the wires together, and bend the conductor into a loop so that the current passes above the needle in one direction and beneath the needle in the other direction. The deflection of the needle will be greater than before." — Avery, 1895

Needle, compass

"Bring the two ends of the wire into contact, and thus close the circuit. The needle instantly flies…

A pair of opposite poles attracting, the magnetic force shown by iron filings.

Attractive poles

A pair of opposite poles attracting, the magnetic force shown by iron filings.

A pair of similar magnetic poles repelling, the magnetic forces shown by iron filings.

Repelling poles

A pair of similar magnetic poles repelling, the magnetic forces shown by iron filings.

"The polarity of the solenoidal magnet may be determined by holding it in the right hand so that the fingers point in the direction of the current; then the extended thumb will point toward the marked or north-seeking pole of the magnet." — Avery, 1895

Solenoidal magnet

"The polarity of the solenoidal magnet may be determined by holding it in the right hand so that the…

A hand holding a bar magnet.

Hand with magnet

A hand holding a bar magnet.

The constellation, with the north star also shown.

The Dipper

The constellation, with the north star also shown.

"Many species of the kingfisher family are found in various parts of the world. The belted kingfisher is peculiar to North America, and is a larger bird than the kingfisher of Great Britain, being fully twelve inches in length, but inferior in brilliancy of plumage." —The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

Belted Kingfisher

"Many species of the kingfisher family are found in various parts of the world. The belted kingfisher…

A very venomous snake found in the warmer parts of North America.

Serpent

A very venomous snake found in the warmer parts of North America.

In the United States, a patroon was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America. Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and land to some of its invested members. The deeded tracts were called patroonships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. After the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the system continued with the granting of large tracts known as manors, and sometimes referred to as patroonships.

A Dutch Patroon

In the United States, a patroon was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the…

A small passerine bird that breeds across most of Europe and Asia, as well as the mountains of north Africa.

Skylark

A small passerine bird that breeds across most of Europe and Asia, as well as the mountains of north…

Monarch of mountains of north cape.

Mountains

Monarch of mountains of north cape.

The buffalo from North America.

Buffalo

The buffalo from North America.

A Rocky Mountain sheep from North America.

Sheep

A Rocky Mountain sheep from North America.

A species of sea-fish found in the northern seas as far north as Iceland. It is allied to the cod family. The body measures from three to four feet in length, has grayish sides and back, and the head is flat. The ling is very valuable as an article of commerce.

Ling

A species of sea-fish found in the northern seas as far north as Iceland. It is allied to the cod family.…

A genus of birds native to tropical South America, remarkable for their size and beauty of their plumage. They range as far north as Mexico.

Macaw

A genus of birds native to tropical South America, remarkable for their size and beauty of their plumage.…

An excellent food fish, widely distributed, and particularly abundant in the North Atlantic. It attains a length of from twelve to eighteen inches, weighing about two pounds.

Mackerel

An excellent food fish, widely distributed, and particularly abundant in the North Atlantic. It attains…

A genus of ornamental shrubs and trees, native to North America, China, India, Japan, and other portions of Eurasia. There are many species noted for their great beauty, handsome flowers, and evergreen or deciduous leaves.

Magnolia

A genus of ornamental shrubs and trees, native to North America, China, India, Japan, and other portions…

The Russian name of the large extinct elephant closely resembling the Indian elephant, and of which fossil remains have been found in the northern part of North America and Eurasia.

Mammoth

The Russian name of the large extinct elephant closely resembling the Indian elephant, and of which…

A class of trees belonging to the genus acer, containing about eighty species, all of which are confined to the north temperate zone.

Maple

A class of trees belonging to the genus acer, containing about eighty species, all of which are confined…

Native to North America and Eurasia. The best known species of North America are the prairie marmot or prairie dog, which occurs in large families on the western plains.

Marmot

Native to North America and Eurasia. The best known species of North America are the prairie marmot…

A bird of North america, and common in the United States as far south as the Mexican boundary.

Meadowlark

A bird of North america, and common in the United States as far south as the Mexican boundary.

A fish found in abundance off the Atlantic coast of North America, and often called whitefish, hardhead, and bony fish.

Menhaden

A fish found in abundance off the Atlantic coast of North America, and often called whitefish, hardhead,…

Mount Builders, the name applied to a prehistoric race of North America, of which remarkable remains have been found in various portions of the continent, especially in the Mississippi valley, the state of Washington, and in Yucatan.

Mound Builders

Mount Builders, the name applied to a prehistoric race of North America, of which remarkable remains…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

Built on the right angle triangle and, like the Signet of David, it is found in many of the Turkish and Caucasian fabrics and to it scores of patterns may be traced.

Solomon's Seal

Built on the right angle triangle and, like the Signet of David, it is found in many of the Turkish…

A bird found extensively in North America, belonging to the family of goatsuckers. It is a value for its destruction of large insects and beetles, upon which it feeds.

Night Hawk

A bird found extensively in North America, belonging to the family of goatsuckers. It is a value for…

A name applied to the inhabitants of the coast regions of Scandinavia and North Germany, who were noted in the Middle Ages for their skill in navigating the sea.

Norsemen

A name applied to the inhabitants of the coast regions of Scandinavia and North Germany, who were noted…

A genus of trees and shrubs widely distributed in the temperate zones of all the continents, but most abundant in North America. They are not common to the tropical regions of South America, Africa, or Australia.

Oak

A genus of trees and shrubs widely distributed in the temperate zones of all the continents, but most…