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"Caladium is a genus of endogenous plants, the typical one of the family caladieæ. They are cultivated in greenhouses here, and flourish in warmer parts of the world. The leaves of the caladium are boiled and eaten in the West Indies."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Caladium

"Caladium is a genus of endogenous plants, the typical one of the family caladieæ. They are cultivated…

"Arnotto-extremely common in Jamaica and other parts of the West Indies, and has been introduced into tropical regions of the old world."-Whitney, 1902

Arnotto

"Arnotto-extremely common in Jamaica and other parts of the West Indies, and has been introduced into…

"The Eagle is a gold coin of the United States, value $10; half-eagle, $5; quarter-eagle, $2.50, double eagle, the largest gold coin of this country, $20."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Eagle on Seal of United States

"The Eagle is a gold coin of the United States, value $10; half-eagle, $5; quarter-eagle, $2.50, double…

"Vanilla is a genus of epiphytal Orchide&aelig;, natives of tropical America and Asia. They are distinguished from most other orchids by their climbing habit; they cling with their aerial roots to the stems of trees or to rocks, attain the height of 20 or 30 feet, and obtain their chief sustenance from the atmosphere. There are about 20 species comprised in the genus. The flowers are thick, fleshy, and fragrant, but dull in color. Vanilla is remarkable among orchids as possessing the only species of the order that has any economical value. From the fruit of several species the vanilla of commerce is obtained, the best being produced by the West Indian species, which is now cultivated in many tropical countries. <em>A,</em> a seed pod"&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Vanilla Planifolia

"Vanilla is a genus of epiphytal Orchideæ, natives of tropical America and Asia. They are distinguished…

William Clayborne was secretary of the Virginia colony.

William Clayborne

William Clayborne was secretary of the Virginia colony.

Fight between Clayborne and the St. Mary's ship.

Clayborne Fight

Fight between Clayborne and the St. Mary's ship.

"Louvre is the name of a celebrated public building of Paris, situated in the N. part of the city, near the right band of the Seine."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Louvre West Pavilion

"Louvre is the name of a celebrated public building of Paris, situated in the N. part of the city, near…

"The Union forces which operated in Virginia in the Civil War were known as the "Army of the Potomac." It was organized by Gen. George B. McClellan in 1861, and served under him in the Peninsular campaign and later in that of Antietam. General Burnside took command in 1862, and General Hooker in 1863. General Meade was in command when the victory at Gettysburg was won, in July, 1863, and continued in charge during General Grant's operations in 1864-1865."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Badge of the Army of the Potomac

"The Union forces which operated in Virginia in the Civil War were known as the "Army of the Potomac."…

"The Prong-horn Antelope inhabits the W. parts of North America, from 53 degrees N. to the plains of Mexico and California. It is rather more than four feet in length, and stands three feet at the shoulder. Pale fawn above and on the limbs; breast, abdomen, and rump white. The horns are branched, and are shed annually."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Prong-horn Antelope

"The Prong-horn Antelope inhabits the W. parts of North America, from 53 degrees N. to the plains of…

"The Quail is a small game bird; the Virginia species is common in North America, and so far south as Honduras. It is larger than the European quail, and is better eating. The California crested quail is another American species. THe quail, genus Coturnix, is widely distributed over the Eastern Hemisphere, visiting Europe in early summer and returning S. in the autumn, when immense numbers are caught and fattened for the market. Length about seven inches, general color reddish-brown, with buff streaks on the upper surface; throat rufous; head, dark brown above, striped with ocherous white, sides reddish-brown, lower parts pale buff, fading into white on belly. Color less bright in the hen bird, and the rufous tinge absent from the throat. They nest on the ground, laying from 9 to 15 pyriform, yellowish-white eggs, blotched with dark-brown. The males are polygamous and extremely pugnacious."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lophortyx Californicus Quail

"The Quail is a small game bird; the Virginia species is common in North America, and so far south as…

"The Quassia is a tree cultivated in the West Indies and the parts adjacent. It has terminal clusters of large, red flowers, and unequally pinnate leaves. It comes to this country in logs or billets, and is retained as chips or raspings. It is given as an extract, an infusion, or a tincture. An infusion of it is used to poison flies."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Quassia

"The Quassia is a tree cultivated in the West Indies and the parts adjacent. It has terminal clusters…

"The common rue is a half-shrubby plant, two or three feet high, of a fetid odor and an acrid taste. The bluish-green leaves are pinnate, the flowers yellow; a native of Southern Europe but grown in gardens in the United States, the East and West Indies, etc."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Rue

"The common rue is a half-shrubby plant, two or three feet high, of a fetid odor and an acrid taste.…

"The Seal, of the family Phocid&aelig;, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals, those which display the most complete adaptation to residence in the water. The seal has considerable resemblance to a quadruped in some respects, and to a fish in others. The head is round, and the nose, which is broad, resembles that of a dog, with the same look of intelligence and mild and expressive physiognomy. It has large whiskers, oblong nostrils, and great black sparkling eyes. It has no external ears, but a valve exists in the orifices, which can be closed at will, so as to keep out the water; the nostrils have a similar valve; and the clothing of the body consists of stiff glossy hairs, very closely set against the skin. The body is elongated and conical, gradually tapering from the shoulders to the tail. The spine is provided with strong muscles, which bend it with considerable force; and this movement is of great assistance to the propulsion of the body."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hooded Seal

"The Seal, of the family Phocidæ, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals,…

Scene from "East of the Sun and West of the Moon."

Elsa

Scene from "East of the Sun and West of the Moon."

Scene from "East of the Sun and West of the Moon."

Elsa

Scene from "East of the Sun and West of the Moon."

"The Tamarind is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cultivated in India as far N. as the Jhelum, and very largely planted in avenues and 'topes.' The wood, which is yellowish-white, sometimes with red streaks, is hard and close-grained. It weighs about 83 pounds per cubic foot, is highly prized, but is very difficult to work, and is used in India for turning wheels, mallets, planes, furniture, rice-pounders, oil and sugar mills, etc. The West Indian and South American variety has legumes only three times as long as the broad, whereas the Indian tree has them six times as long. The tamarinds sold in the United States are chiefly West Indian tamarinds. They differ from the Black or East Indian tamarinds, of which the preserved pulp is black."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tamarind

"The Tamarind is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cultivated in India as far…

Wire, brier, limber-lock, three geese in a flock; One flew east, and one flew west, and one flew over the Coo-Coo's nest.

Counting Out

Wire, brier, limber-lock, three geese in a flock; One flew east, and one flew west, and one flew over…

Seal of New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam

Seal of New Amsterdam

Seal of New Netherland

New Netherland

Seal of New Netherland

Loading tobacco in Virginia

Loading Tobacco

Loading tobacco in Virginia

A large West African Ape. A dark blackish brown hair, flesh-colored hands and feet, arms reaching to the knee, and very large ears, and like the orang in having the hair on its forearm turned backward.

Chimpanzee

A large West African Ape. A dark blackish brown hair, flesh-colored hands and feet, arms reaching to…

Seal of East Jersey

East Jersey

Seal of East Jersey

Seal of the proprietors of Carolina.

Carolina

Seal of the proprietors of Carolina.

Emigrants crossing the plains

Emigrants

Emigrants crossing the plains

Leader of the "Oklahoma Boomers," Couch and his group explored the west and Native American territory.

Captain W. L. Couch

Leader of the "Oklahoma Boomers," Couch and his group explored the west and Native American territory.

A famous journalist.

Murat Halstead

A famous journalist.

(1844-1890) Lawyer and senator from Virginia who served in the Confederate army.

Harrison H. Riddleberger

(1844-1890) Lawyer and senator from Virginia who served in the Confederate army.

Known as Buffalo Bill, a famous figure in the Old West.

William F. Cody

Known as Buffalo Bill, a famous figure in the Old West.

"A Cylinder Seal" &mdash; Morey, 1903

Cylinder Seal

"A Cylinder Seal" — Morey, 1903

"West Front of Temple at Aegina" &mdash; Morey, 1903

Temple Aegina

"West Front of Temple at Aegina" — Morey, 1903

"West Front of the Parthenon (Restoration)" &mdash; Morey, 1903

Parthenon

"West Front of the Parthenon (Restoration)" — Morey, 1903

"An outdoor classroom at Williamsburg, Virginia. When the children becoem tired indoors, classes are taken to this building for a recitation. There were only 20 days during the winter of 1911-1912 on which this outdor classroom was not used." &mdash; Ritchie, 1918

Outdoor classroom

"An outdoor classroom at Williamsburg, Virginia. When the children becoem tired indoors, classes are…

"The third sign of the zodiac, so named from its 2 brightest stars, Castor, of the 1st magnitude, farthest to the west, and Pollux of the 2d, farthest to the east. Its constitutent stars form a binary system revolving in about 250 years. The sun is in G. from about May 21st, till about June 21st." &mdash; Williams, 1889

Gemini

"The third sign of the zodiac, so named from its 2 brightest stars, Castor, of the 1st magnitude, farthest…

The Reading of "Paul and Virginia."

Paul

The Reading of "Paul and Virginia."

"Ex-Senator Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, a gentleman held in the highest esteem by both political parties, and a statesman of learning, experience, and lift character, is a native of the state of Virginia." —The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

Allen G. Thurman

"Ex-Senator Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, a gentleman held in the highest esteem by both political parties,…

A plant which grows upon or just beneath the surface of the ground, or upon any other surface.

Virginia Creeper

A plant which grows upon or just beneath the surface of the ground, or upon any other surface.

In the United States, a patroon was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America. Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and land to some of its invested members. The deeded tracts were called patroonships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. After the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the system continued with the granting of large tracts known as manors, and sometimes referred to as patroonships.

A Dutch Patroon

In the United States, a patroon was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the…

Emigrants on the road to the West.

Emigrants

Emigrants on the road to the West.

Patrick Henry in the Virginia Assembly.

Virginia Assembly

Patrick Henry in the Virginia Assembly.

Architecture of Cathredals in England. Perpendicular window, West Front at Norwich Cathedral, inserted in a Norman wall.

Window

Architecture of Cathredals in England. Perpendicular window, West Front at Norwich Cathedral, inserted…

A tree native to Central America, but naturalized in and exported from Jamaica and other West Indian islands. It grows most successfully in moist and swampy regions.

Logwood

A tree native to Central America, but naturalized in and exported from Jamaica and other West Indian…

An animal native to the waters of South America, Australia, and West Africa. It is herbivorous, subsisting especially on sea moss and plants in shallow water.

Manatee

An animal native to the waters of South America, Australia, and West Africa. It is herbivorous, subsisting…

A french soldier born in Thoissey, France, Nov. 22, 1863. He joined the army in 1883, but attended the military school of St. Maixent most of the time till 1887. He then went to West Africa for the purpose of aiding in exploring the Niger, and subsequently filled several important missions in relation to the extension of French influence in Africa.

Jean Marchand

A french soldier born in Thoissey, France, Nov. 22, 1863. He joined the army in 1883, but attended the…

The fifth president of the United States, born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, April 28, 1758; died in New York City, July 4, 1831.

James Monroe

The fifth president of the United States, born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, April 28, 1758; died…

Mount Vernon, the home and burial place of George Washington, situated in Fairfax county, Virginia, on the Potomac River, about fifteen miles below Washington. Several thousand acres of land were included in the original estate.

Mount Vernon

Mount Vernon, the home and burial place of George Washington, situated in Fairfax county, Virginia,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

Built on the right angle triangle and, like the Signet of David, it is found in many of the Turkish and Caucasian fabrics and to it scores of patterns may be traced.

Solomon's Seal

Built on the right angle triangle and, like the Signet of David, it is found in many of the Turkish…

A city in Italy, capital of a province of the same name, on the Arno River, forty-four miles west of Florence. it has well platted and paved streets, and is connected with Leghorn, Florence, and other cities by an extensive railway system.

Pisa

A city in Italy, capital of a province of the same name, on the Arno River, forty-four miles west of…

Daughter of Powhatan, a distinguished Indian chief, born in 1595; died off Gravesend, England, in March, 1617. Her early life was spent among the Indians in Virginia. In 1607 she became connected with the early history of America by saving the life of Capt. John Smith, and otherwise showed friendship for the English colonists.

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan, a distinguished Indian chief, born in 1595; died off Gravesend, England, in March,…

A noted poet, born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 19, 1809; died Oct. 7, 1849. He lost his parents when only two years of age, and was adopted by John Allan, a wealthy merchant of Richmond, Virginia.

Edgar Allan Poe

A noted poet, born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 19, 1809; died Oct. 7, 1849. He lost his parents when only…

A mechanical device for printing multiple copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. It was invented in the West by a German goldsmithand eventual printer, Johann Gutenberg in the 1450s. Apart from Gutenberg, the Dutch laurens Janszoon coster has also been credited with this invention.

Printing Press

A mechanical device for printing multiple copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. It was invented…

An article of food obtained from the inner portion of the bark of several species of palm trees. The sage-bearing palms thrive in the East and West Indies, the Bahamas, and New Guinea.

Sago

An article of food obtained from the inner portion of the bark of several species of palm trees. The…

A distinguished general, born in Petersburg, Virginia, June 13, 1786; died at West Point, New York, May 29, 1866.

Winfield Scott

A distinguished general, born in Petersburg, Virginia, June 13, 1786; died at West Point, New York,…

The general name of certain genera of carnivorous mammals, havin feet adapted for swimming, and being able to live both in and out of water.

Seal

The general name of certain genera of carnivorous mammals, havin feet adapted for swimming, and being…

An eminent explorer and founder of Virginia, born in Willoughby, England, in January, 1579; died in London, June 21, 1632.

John Smith

An eminent explorer and founder of Virginia, born in Willoughby, England, in January, 1579; died in…