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Linear expansion is elongation (of an iron bar) in one direction. A is a metal rod, B is a screw, C is an eye, F is an indicator. As the rod heats, the elongation is shown by the indicator along D E.

Linear Expansion

Linear expansion is elongation (of an iron bar) in one direction. A is a metal rod, B is a screw, C…

Example of outer work. Outer work is the overcoming of the outside pressure through a certain distance by means of expanding. As the piston in the image is lowered, no outer work is done. Inner work is done. Inner work is the to push molecules farther apart against the force of cohesion that is trying to hold them together.

Outer Work

Example of outer work. Outer work is the overcoming of the outside pressure through a certain distance…

Isothermal expansion is a change in a system with a constant temperature. This occurs when: A. Said system is in contact with an outside heat source and B. The change in temperature is slow enough so that the reservoir can adjust through heat exchange.

Isothermal Expansion

Isothermal expansion is a change in a system with a constant temperature. This occurs when: A. Said…

Comparison of two engine efficiencies. Number 1 is in the reverse cycle.

Engine Efficiency

Comparison of two engine efficiencies. Number 1 is in the reverse cycle.

A sectional view of a human molar. The roots, or fangs, are shown covered by a layer of bone called "cement", which is represented by letter c. The center of the tooth is the vascular pulp-cavity v, d is ivory or dentine, and e is the hardest tissue of the body - enamel.

Human Tooth

A sectional view of a human molar. The roots, or fangs, are shown covered by a layer of bone called…

An Image of an esophagus showing how a mass of food, or bolus, passes through the esophagus into the stomach. The tissue in front is relaxed, while the tissue behind the bolus is in contraction. When food is not going through it, the esophagus looks like the wave of contraction in the picture.

Human Esophagus

An Image of an esophagus showing how a mass of food, or bolus, passes through the esophagus into the…

The cycle of the heart in its diastole (relaxation) state and its systole (contraction) state. The ventricles can be in a diastolic state, while the atria can be in a systolic state. An auricle is a small conical projection coming out of the atrium, but in some texts it represents the actual atrium. As the heart relaxes, blood enters from the other side and into the atria, then leaves and enters the ventricles. When the heart contracts, blood leaves the ventricles and goes back into the body.

Heart Cycle

The cycle of the heart in its diastole (relaxation) state and its systole (contraction) state. The ventricles…

A complex anatomical view of the heart. RA is the right atrium, or auricle, which receives the deoxygenated blood by way of two superior vena cava (SVC) and one inferior vena cava (IVC). The blood passes through the right ventricle (RV) and is pumped up to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries (PA). At the lungs, the blood is reoxygenated and returns via the pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium/auricle (LA). From there, the blood is passed to the left ventricle (LV) where the blood is pumped up through the systematic arch (SA) to the body. The systematic arch gives off a right innominate artery (INN), where the blood is then passed to the right and left carotid (C) and subclavian (SCL), where the blood goes to the head and arms respectively. It continues dorsally to the dorsal aorta (DA), which is the main artery that distributes blood to the whole body. TR is the windpipe, or trachea, BR is the bronchial tube that carries air to the lungs, and BV is a blood vessel on the wall of the heart.

Anatomy of Heart

A complex anatomical view of the heart. RA is the right atrium, or auricle, which receives the deoxygenated…

Striped, or striated, muscle which quickly contracts causing the alternating black and white lines. It has very delicate fibers (M FL). It is stimulated by nerve fibers (N F), which divide into an endplate (N E) on the contracting surface. N are nuclei, which are a part of elongated cells that fused together to make the muscle. M stands for muscle and N, except for nuclei, stands for nerve.

Striated Muscle

Striped, or striated, muscle which quickly contracts causing the alternating black and white lines.…

Three sections of smooth muscle. M C is muscle cells and N is nucleus. Smooth muscles are slow to contract. They make up the wall of a bladder and blood vessels.

Smooth Muscle

Three sections of smooth muscle. M C is muscle cells and N is nucleus. Smooth muscles are slow to contract.…

The elbow has a simple hinge joint. Tendons attach muscle to bones.

Elbow Joint

The elbow has a simple hinge joint. Tendons attach muscle to bones.

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which are fine protoplasmic branches that create synapses that connect to another nerve cell. The neuron is connected to muscle (MU) by a nerve fiber (NF). The fiber is covered by a sheath (SH) of fat to protect it. NE is the ending of the fiber that the muscle is connected to. LB is a lateral branch of the nerve fiber.

Nerve Cell

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which…

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through the sensory nerve-fiber SF to a nerve-cell SC in the ganglion of a dorsal or afferent (convey towards the center) root (DR) of a spinal nerve. The fiber divides in the spinal cord (SP C) where the message is relayed to an internuncial nerve-cell (A). MO is motor nerve-cell, VR is ventral or efferent nerve, ME is nerve plate, and MU is muscle fiber.

Reflex Action

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through…

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to the vitreous humor in the eye cavity; 2: a branch of a divided optic nerve; 3: ganglion cell layer; 4: inner nerve-fiber layer; 5: layer of bipolar ("inner granular") cells; 6: outer layer of nerve-cells; 7: layer of visual (outer granular) cells; 8: outer limiting membrane; 9: long and thing rods and short and broad cones; 10: pigment layer; 11: tangential cells; 12: bipolar cells; 13: amacrine cell; 14: centripetal optic nerve fibers; 15: centrifugal optic nerve fibers; 16: Muller's supporting cells. I, II, III: three areas of nerve cells in the retina.

Eye Retina

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to…

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle image), and a hypermetropic or far-sighted eye. In a human, the retina "sees" an image upside down and the brain rights the image.

Human Eye

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle…

Mendelian chart for chickens. P is parent with black dominant and white recessive, F1 is the hybrid generation of "blue" Andalusians, illustrating imperfect dominance, F2 is the second generation with 25% pure black (DD), 50% blues (DR), and 25% pure whites with black spots (RR)

Genetics Chart

Mendelian chart for chickens. P is parent with black dominant and white recessive, F1 is the hybrid…

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the animal into a "living ball". Notice how close its extremities are to its nose.

Skinned Hedgehog

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the…

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust pipe that leads steam to screen (C) and up the flue (D) along with other exhaust from grate (B). (E) is the boiler, (H) is the out-take pipe, (K) is the engine cylinder, (J) is the water-feed pump, (G) is a rotary fan that creates forced drought, and (F) is the flue leading to the grate.

Hancock Coaches

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust…

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage build. This diagram was drawn from an old wood cut.

Notable Coach

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage…

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth century.

Old-Fashioned Wheel

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth…

A form of gears that used to be employed for tricycles. The studs (AA) are set into the sprockets and turn on their own axes. They turn only when either of the wheels causes rotating (the other wheels are attached to B and C).

Differential Gear

A form of gears that used to be employed for tricycles. The studs (AA) are set into the sprockets and…

Gears used in an older model car. The sprocket gear (far left) carries three bevel pinions on its three radii. The pinions connect to wheels on either side with the wheels attached at the inner ends of the divided axle shaft (middle).

Gear Differentials

Gears used in an older model car. The sprocket gear (far left) carries three bevel pinions on its three…

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often at the turn of the twentieth century. The upper image shows a cross section of the gear, the lower a top-down view.

Balance Gear

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often…

A universal joint differential. The sprocket is used to twist the sleeve that is holding the gear in place. As long as the travel is straight, the pinions don't move on their axes. When an axis is turned however, rotation begins, which causes the two big wheels of the wagon to move.

Joint Differential

A universal joint differential. The sprocket is used to twist the sleeve that is holding the gear in…

A wheel of a car fitted with a double-chain drive from a jack-shaft that is parallel to the rear axis.

Power Transmission

A wheel of a car fitted with a double-chain drive from a jack-shaft that is parallel to the rear axis.

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

Car Cross-Section

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

The manner in which the wheels of a railway car orient themselves around a curve. The outer and inner wheels turn on different diameters.

Wheel Position

The manner in which the wheels of a railway car orient themselves around a curve. The outer and inner…

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle of the steering wheel carries a worm gear at the base of the head.

Steering Device

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle…

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is resistant to backlash and has almost perfect irreversibility. The image on the right is a typical irreversible steering device with a spirally grooved gear plate operating a sector.

Steering Devices

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is…

<p>A cartoon of a Vampire as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Vampire

A cartoon of a Vampire as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of…

<p>A cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Bride of Frankenstein

A cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of…

<p>A cartoon of the Wolfman as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Wolfman

A cartoon of the Wolfman as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half…

<p>A cartoon of the Mummy as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Mummy

A cartoon of the Mummy as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of…

<p>A cartoon of the Invisible Man as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Invisible Man

A cartoon of the Invisible Man as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Bride of Frankenstein (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein depicted in the classic black…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Invisible Man depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Invisible Man (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Invisible Man depicted in the classic black and white…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Mummy depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Mummy (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Mummy depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of a Vampire depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Vampire (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of a Vampire depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Wolfman depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Wolfman (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Wolfman depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A black and white line art version of a brother (the spaceman) and his friend (the dinosaur) taking his little sister (the alien) trick-r-treating.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Trick-R-Treaters (Black and White)

A black and white line art version of a brother (the spaceman) and his friend (the dinosaur) taking…

<p>A black and white line art version of the Mummy, Frankenstein's Monster, and a zombie discuss things of great import.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

The New Guy (Black and White)

A black and white line art version of the Mummy, Frankenstein's Monster, and a zombie discuss things…

<p>A simple black and white illustration of Christopher Columbus' ships at sea.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria (Black and White)

A simple black and white illustration of Christopher Columbus' ships at sea. Illustrated by James Basom…

<p>A black and white decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Jack-O-Lantern Corner (Black and White)

A black and white decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern. Illustrated by James…

A leafy branch, with separate roots illustrated on the right.

Leafy Branch with Roots

A leafy branch, with separate roots illustrated on the right.

Leaves are plucked from a bush and a man carries them to the drying house.

Plucking Leaves

Leaves are plucked from a bush and a man carries them to the drying house.

Three Chinese tea leaves. In some Chinese tea making processes, only the first three leaves were picked.

Three tea leaves

Three Chinese tea leaves. In some Chinese tea making processes, only the first three leaves were picked.

Unlike Chinese tea making methods (which involve plucking only three leaves), Indian methods are shown to pluck up to six leaves.

Plucked Tea Leaves (Six)

Unlike Chinese tea making methods (which involve plucking only three leaves), Indian methods are shown…

Tea leaves are placed in the basket atop the oven and receive a steam bath, drying them out.

Drying Tea Leaves

Tea leaves are placed in the basket atop the oven and receive a steam bath, drying them out.

Tea leaves taken from the steam bath and laid on a mat to cool.

Tea Leaves Cooling

Tea leaves taken from the steam bath and laid on a mat to cool.

Five pounds of tea leaves are taken out of the steam bath and put in a stone furnace.

Leaves in Furnace

Five pounds of tea leaves are taken out of the steam bath and put in a stone furnace.

A wooden tray designed to encase a gridiron support, which in turn holds tea leaves heated in the furnace.

Gridiron support (Tea Making)

A wooden tray designed to encase a gridiron support, which in turn holds tea leaves heated in the furnace.

Tea leaves are placed in bamboo baskets that hang from thin twine.

Leaves in Basket

Tea leaves are placed in bamboo baskets that hang from thin twine.

The tea leaves are taken to long, low tables where the stems and uncurled leaves are separated and discarded.

Sorting Leaves

The tea leaves are taken to long, low tables where the stems and uncurled leaves are separated and discarded.

The tea leaves are steamed until they reach a desirable fragrance. They are then rolled or kneaded by hand into balls.

Tea Balls

The tea leaves are steamed until they reach a desirable fragrance. They are then rolled or kneaded by…

Tea leaves are placed in a thin iron vessel with no handles called a Kuo.

Kuo Basket

Tea leaves are placed in a thin iron vessel with no handles called a Kuo.

The tea sieves are placed in a cylindrical basket that is slightly contracted in the middle.

Cylindrical Basket

The tea sieves are placed in a cylindrical basket that is slightly contracted in the middle.

Tea leaves can be dried in sunlight and rolled by means of a channeled stone tablet with hollow sides for lifting.

Drying and Rolling Tablet

Tea leaves can be dried in sunlight and rolled by means of a channeled stone tablet with hollow sides…

Tea leaves are placed in tiered, horizontally arranged baskets. The floor has a channel running its entire length burning with charcoal; the baskets are placed above said channel in order to dry the leaves within.

Tea Drying in Baskets

Tea leaves are placed in tiered, horizontally arranged baskets. The floor has a channel running its…

A kuo basket is placed above a furnace to be hand-stirred by a worker in order to regulate the leaf temperature. Two other workers stoke the flames.

Tea Leaf Treatment

A kuo basket is placed above a furnace to be hand-stirred by a worker in order to regulate the leaf…

Tea leaves are passed through sieves then winnowed via tossing on large bamboo trays.

Winnowing Tea Leaves

Tea leaves are passed through sieves then winnowed via tossing on large bamboo trays.