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Cross section of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (historically Constantinople). The Greek name Hagia Sophia means "Holy Wisdom." It is known as Ayasofya in Turkish. <p>The building was originally constructed as a church between A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed the Conqueror, who ordered the building be converted into a mosque. It was closed in 1931 and reopened as a museum in 1935. This important milestone in the history of architecture was the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years. It also greatly influenced the design of Ottoman mosques, including the nearby Blue Mosque.

Hagia Sophia

Cross section of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (historically Constantinople). The Greek name Hagia Sophia…

"Botanically Jasminum, a genus of shrubs or climbers constituting the principal part of the natural order Jasminaceae, and comprising about sixty species, of which forty or more occur in the gardens of Britain. The plants of the genus are mostly natives of the warmer regions of the Old World, but there are one or two South American species. The leaves are pinnate or ternate, articulted to the petiole. The flowers, usually white or yellow, are arranged in terminal or axillary panicles, and have a tubular 5 or 8-cleft calyx, and a cylindrical corolla-tube, with a spreading limb, two included stamens, and a two-celled ovary." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Jasmine

"Botanically Jasminum, a genus of shrubs or climbers constituting the principal part of the natural…

A fish with a red eye. Sometimes refered to as a pest in parts of the world because of its impact on native species.

Rudd

A fish with a red eye. Sometimes refered to as a pest in parts of the world because of its impact on…

A women wearing a sack. A gown of particular form which was first introduced from France into England toward the close of the seventeenth century.

Sack

A women wearing a sack. A gown of particular form which was first introduced from France into England…

A man and women standing by a chair dresed fancy.

Man and Woman

A man and women standing by a chair dresed fancy.

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

Women with horn

Banner

Women with horn

The crab louse can live in almost any form of human hair, leading to its other common name of pubic louse.

Crab-louse

The crab louse can live in almost any form of human hair, leading to its other common name of pubic…

Raleigh's plan for colonization in Virginia in North America ended in failure at Roanoke Island, but paved the way for subsequent colonies.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Raleigh's plan for colonization in Virginia in North America ended in failure at Roanoke Island, but…

Monsters supposed to live in the ocean as drawn on old maps

Monsters

Monsters supposed to live in the ocean as drawn on old maps

An old world bird that is distinguished by it's vibrant plumage and downward-curving bill, and bright crest.

Hoopoe

An old world bird that is distinguished by it's vibrant plumage and downward-curving bill, and bright…

(1480-1521) A Portuguese maritime explorer who sailed around the entire Earth.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480-1521) A Portuguese maritime explorer who sailed around the entire Earth.

This piece contains a display of simple domesticity and the artists expression of nature against art.

The Cut Finger

This piece contains a display of simple domesticity and the artists expression of nature against art.

An illustration of one of Sir Walter Raleigh's ships.

Ralegh's Ship

An illustration of one of Sir Walter Raleigh's ships.

This painting is by Andrea Mantegna is a great example of popular art from the baroque period. It can now be found in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy.

Judith with the Head of Holofernes

This painting is by Andrea Mantegna is a great example of popular art from the baroque period. It can…

Mark Twain illustrating an Italian newspaper as saying that a twenty-seven year old women has compare-scampered- on the 9th of November. You see by the added detail that she departed with her coachman.

I Hope Sarebbe Has Not Made A Mistake

Mark Twain illustrating an Italian newspaper as saying that a twenty-seven year old women has compare-scampered-…

Mark Twain illustrating an Italian newspaper as saying that one morning a man was standing up in a sitting posture on top of a cart lost his equilibrium and fell on himself, with his left leg caught under one of the wheels of the cart.

Serious Disgrace on the Old Bridge

Mark Twain illustrating an Italian newspaper as saying that one morning a man was standing up in a sitting…

A tiny women sitting in a hat knitting while her cat licks its paw.

Tiny Women

A tiny women sitting in a hat knitting while her cat licks its paw.

The Himalayas, the loftiest mountains in the world, rise abruptly form the plains of Northern Hindustan.

Himalaya Mountains

The Himalayas, the loftiest mountains in the world, rise abruptly form the plains of Northern Hindustan.

The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert, 9,000,000 square kilometers, almost as large as the United States.

Desert of Sahara

The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert, 9,000,000 square kilometers, almost as large as the United…

The grandest falls in the world are those of the Niagara, 160 feet high. Though greatly inferior to many others in height, yet their volume of water is so great that they surpass all others in grandeur.

The Falls of Niagara

The grandest falls in the world are those of the Niagara, 160 feet high. Though greatly inferior to…

The world's largest rodent, it has webbed feet and is usually in the water or along the shore of a river or lake.

Capybara

The world's largest rodent, it has webbed feet and is usually in the water or along the shore of a river…

These animalcule are so small that 1,000,000 are equal in bulk to only one cubic inch. They appear to live in the layers of water near the surface, and after death to fall gradually to the bottom of the sea.

Foraminifera

These animalcule are so small that 1,000,000 are equal in bulk to only one cubic inch. They appear to…

This portrait of the artist, Tiziano Vecelli was etched by Agostino Carracci. The most famous quote by this artist is, "The whole world without Art would be one great wilderness."

Tiziano Vecelli

This portrait of the artist, Tiziano Vecelli was etched by Agostino Carracci. The most famous quote…

This painting, by Tistian, is of a Roman story. The painting can now be found hanging in the Borghese Palace in Rome, Italy.

Cupid Equipped by Venus

This painting, by Tistian, is of a Roman story. The painting can now be found hanging in the Borghese…

The blossom of the Artichoke plant is edible and cultivated world wide.

Artichoke

The blossom of the Artichoke plant is edible and cultivated world wide.

The lion is a mammal of the family Felidae and one of four "big cats" in the Genus <em>Panthera</em>. The lion is the second largest cat, after the tiger. The male lion, easily recognized by his mane, weighs between 330-500 lbs. In the wild, lions live for around 10-14 years, while in captivity they can live for 20 years. While once found throughout much of Africa, Asia and Europe, it is presently encountered in the wild only in Africa and in India.

Lion

The lion is a mammal of the family Felidae and one of four "big cats" in the Genus Panthera.…

Elephants are mammals, and the largest land animals alive today. The elephants gestation period is 22 months, the longest of any land animal. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 265 lbs. An elephant may live as long as 70 years, sometimes longer.

Elephant

Elephants are mammals, and the largest land animals alive today. The elephants gestation period is 22…

The coal-fields of the United States are the richest in the world. Immense deposits occur in the eastern, central, and western sections of the country.

Coal Mine

The coal-fields of the United States are the richest in the world. Immense deposits occur in the eastern,…

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc until 1775. He made, about this time, a voyage to the Isle-de-France, the governor of which was one of his relations, and entered into the garrison of Pondicherry. On his return, he gave himself up to gambling and women, and dissipated his fortune. The Revolution broke out. He immediately showed himself an opponent of the Court, and had a seat in the <em>tiers-etat</em>, while his brother was sitting in that of the nobility. July 14, 1789, he took part in the attack upon the Bastille, and Aug. 10, 1792, upon the Tuileries. In 1792 he was elected a member of the National Convention, and voted for the unconditional death of Louis XVI. He was sent, in 1793, to the South of France, and commanded the left wing of the besieging army under Dugommier, and it was here that he first met Napoleon Bonaparte, then captain of artillery. The patriotic reputation of Barras was so well established that he abd Freron were the only representatives not denounced by the popular societies. Robespierre, however, was friend of his, and often wished to arrest him. Barras, knowing this, became one of the principle actors of the 9th Thermidor, and put himself at the head of the troops which surrounded Robespierre at the Hotel de Ville. In 1794 he was named one of the Committee of Public Safety, and became a great enemy to the members of the members of the "Mountain." In February, 1795, he was elected President of the Convention, and, in that capacity, declared Paris in a state of siege, when the Assembly was attacked by the populace. Afterward, when the Convention was assailed, Bonaparte, by Barras' advice, was appointed to command the artillery; and that general, on the 13th Vendemaire, decisively repressed the royalist movement. For his services, Barras was now named one of the Directory, and took a prominent part in the changes which that body unerwent until Napoleon's <em>coup d'etat</em> on the 18th Brumaire, which effectually overthrew the power of Barrras and his colleagues. His life, from this date, was, generally speaking, one of retirement. He died in Paris, Jan. 29, 1829. His "Memoirs" appeared in 1895.

Comte de Barras

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the…

(1820-1906) A prominent American civil rights leader and abolitionist, who worked to secure women's suffrage in the United States.

Susan B. Anthony

(1820-1906) A prominent American civil rights leader and abolitionist, who worked to secure women's…

(1860-1948) John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was General of the Armies during World War I.

John Joseph Pershing

(1860-1948) John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was General of the Armies during World War I.

The whirligig beetles are a family (Gyrinidae) of water beetles that normally live on the surface of the water. They get their common name from their habit of swimming rapidly in circles when alarmed, and are also notable for their divided eyes which can see both above and below water.

Whirligig Beetle Larva

The whirligig beetles are a family (Gyrinidae) of water beetles that normally live on the surface of…

(1313-1375) An Italian author and poet, a friend and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist in his own right and author of a number of notable works including <em>On Famous Women</em> and the <em>Decameron</em>.

Giovanni Boccaccio

(1313-1375) An Italian author and poet, a friend and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance…

(672-754) Saint Boniface was the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid or Wynfrith, was a missionary who propogated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He was murdered in Frisia.

Saint Boniface

(672-754) Saint Boniface was the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid or Wynfrith, was a missionary…

(1801-1865) Fredrika was a Swedish writer and feminist activist.

Fredrika Bremer

(1801-1865) Fredrika was a Swedish writer and feminist activist.

(1816-1855) Bronte was an English novelist and known for her following novels: <em>Jane Eyre, Shirley, Villtte</em>, and <em>The Professor</em>.

Charlotte Bronte

(1816-1855) Bronte was an English novelist and known for her following novels: Jane Eyre, Shirley,…

(1849-1924) Frances Hodgson Burnett was an English-American playwright and author.

Frances H. Burnett

(1849-1924) Frances Hodgson Burnett was an English-American playwright and author.

(100 BC- 44 BC) A Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history.

Julius Caesar

(100 BC- 44 BC) A Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history.

Also known as Pandanus and is native to the Old World tropics and western Pacific Ocean islands.

Screw Pine

Also known as Pandanus and is native to the Old World tropics and western Pacific Ocean islands.

Rice is a species of grass native to tropical and subtropical southern and southeastern Asia and Africa. Rice is a staple for a large part of the world's human population.

Rice

Rice is a species of grass native to tropical and subtropical southern and southeastern Asia and Africa.…

"A genus of Old World bulbous plants belonging to the order Lilac&aelig;." &mdash;Finley, 1917

Scilla

"A genus of Old World bulbous plants belonging to the order Lilacæ." —Finley, 1917

Teeth of a frugivore (fruit-eating animal). Animals that live on soft fruits do not need such grinders as grass-eating animals do, instead they have rounded teeth which serve to crush their food.

Teeth of a Frugivore

Teeth of a frugivore (fruit-eating animal). Animals that live on soft fruits do not need such grinders…

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1892. Obverse has the head of Columbus right-facing with the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA COLUMBIAN HALF DOLLAR. Reverse shows a sailing caravel left-facing over the two hemispheres which separate 14 92 surrounded by the inscription WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION CHICAGO 1892.

Silver Columbian Half Dollar, 1892

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1892. Obverse has the head of Columbus right-facing with…

A thin slice through the skin. Labels: a, dead part; d, live part of the epidermis; ar, artery; e, sweat glands; n, nerves.

Section of the Skin

A thin slice through the skin. Labels: a, dead part; d, live part of the epidermis; ar, artery; e, sweat…

A lobule of a pig liver, magnified, showing the hepatic cells radially arranged around the central intralobular vein, and the connective tissue surrounding the lobule.

Liver Lobule of a Pig

A lobule of a pig liver, magnified, showing the hepatic cells radially arranged around the central intralobular…

Leaves - simple; alternate; lobed (the edge of the lobes entire, or of the larger ones sometimes wavy). Outline - reverse egg-shape. Apex - of the lobes, rounded. Base - wedge-shape. Leaf - six to fifteen inches long (the longest of the oak-leaves); smooth above, downy beneath; the lobes usually long and rather irregular, the middle ones longest and often extending nearly to the middle rib. Bark - of the young branches always marked with corky wings or ridges. Acorns - large, with short stems. Cup - two thirds to two inches across, roughly covered with pointed scales, and heavily fringed around the nut. Nut - very large (one to one and a half inches long); broad egg-shape; one half to two thirds or often wholly enclosed by the cup. Found - along the coast of Maine southward as far as the Penobscot, in Western New England, in Western New York, in Pennsylvania, and thence westward to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, and from Central Nebraska and Kansas southwest to the Indian Territory and Texas. It is found farther west and northwest than any other oak of the Atlantic forests. In the prairie region it forms a principal growth of the "Oak Openings." General Information - One of the most valuable and widely distributed oaks in North America, growing sixty to eighty feet in height, or more, with hard, tough wood resembling that of the White Oak. "The most interesting thing about this tree, perhaps is its power, quite unknown in the other White Oaks, of adapting itself to very different climatic conditions, which enables it to live in the humid climate of Maine and Vermont, to flourish in the somewhat drier climate of the Mississippi Valley, and to exist (still farther west) in the driest and most exposed region in habited by any of the Eastern America Oaks." - Sargent. Q. m. olivaformis is a variety found only in a few districts (near Albany and in Pennsylvania), having narrower and rather more deeply lobed leaves. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves - simple; alternate; lobed (the edge of the lobes entire, or of the larger ones sometimes wavy).…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - long and narrow. Apex - pointed and bristle-tipped. Base - pointed. Leaf - three to six inches long; one to two inches wide; smooth and shining above; somewhat downy beneath; thick and stiff. Bark - smooth and unbroken. Acorns - small, nearly stemless. Cup - shallow. Nuts - rounded; about one half inch in diameter; bitter. October. Found - in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania (Porter), westward to Southeastern Iowa, and southward. Most common west of the Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree thirty to fifty feet high, with poor wood, that is used at the West for shingles and clapboards. Note: Of the nine hybrids that have been recognized, most are outside of our limits or entirely local. Mention need be made only of tow: Q. heterophylla, Michaux ("Bartram's Oak"). Staten Island and New Jersey to Delaware and North Carolina; Q. Rudkini, Britt., New Jersey. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites. The Oak "Live thy Life, Young and old, Like yon oak, Bright in spring, Living gold; Summer-rich, Then; and then Autumn-changed, Sober-hued Gold again. All his leaves fall'n at length, Look, he stands, Trunk and bough, Naked strength.: Alfred (Lord) Tennyson, 1889.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - long and narrow. Apex - pointed and bristle-tipped.…

Sectional view of a submarine.

Submarine

Sectional view of a submarine.

A map of the western half of the United States. The states are labeled for what year they allowed women to vote. In front of the map is an image of a woman voting.

Women's Suffrage Map

A map of the western half of the United States. The states are labeled for what year they allowed women…

Swedish king who fought to keep Sweden neutral during World War I.

Gustave V

Swedish king who fought to keep Sweden neutral during World War I.

Norwegian king during World War I.

Haakon VII

Norwegian king during World War I.

(1828-1905) French author most famous for Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, From the Earth to the Moon, and Around the World in Eighty Days.

Jules Verne

(1828-1905) French author most famous for Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, From the Earth to the…

Queen of the Netherlands during World War I.

Queen Wilhelmina

Queen of the Netherlands during World War I.

The various types of oak leaves: "a. Bur oak, b. Live oak, c. Willow oak, d. White oak." -Foster, 1921

Oak Leaves

The various types of oak leaves: "a. Bur oak, b. Live oak, c. Willow oak, d. White oak." -Foster, 1921

(1811-1884) American orator and reformer who led the anti-slavery campaign and fought for the rights of women and Native Americans.

Wendell Phillips

(1811-1884) American orator and reformer who led the anti-slavery campaign and fought for the rights…

(1446-1506) Made the "discovery" of the New World in 1492.

Christopher Columbus

(1446-1506) Made the "discovery" of the New World in 1492.

St. Peter's and the Vatican palace in Italy is the largest church in the world.

St. Peter's and the Vatican Palace

St. Peter's and the Vatican palace in Italy is the largest church in the world.

A "long house" where up to fifty families would live, built by the Native American tribe, the Iroquois.

Iroquois Long House

A "long house" where up to fifty families would live, built by the Native American tribe, the Iroquois.