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A water bird with a long curved bill.

Long Billed Curlew

A water bird with a long curved bill.

This diagram represents the vertical section through an arm and an interradis of a starfish. a, anus; amp., ampulla; c.b., circular blood vessel; c.w., circular water canal; co., caelom; co.e., caelomic epithelium; d.b., dermal branchae; e, position of the eyespot; ect., ectoderm; ent, entoderm; f, ambulacral foot; g, ambulacral foot; g, ambulacral groove; h, hepatic caeca or liver; i, insestine; i.c., intestinal caeca; mes, mesoderm; mo., mouth; m.p., madreporic body; n.r., nerve ring; os., ossicles in mesoderm; r.n., radial nerve band; r.b., radial blood vessel; r.p., reproductive pore; r.w., radial water canal; s.c., stone canal; sp., spines; z, lacunar spaces in the mesoderm.

Starfish

This diagram represents the vertical section through an arm and an interradis of a starfish. a, anus;…

This diagram shows a portion of the water-vascular system of the starfish. a, ampullae; f, ambulacral feet; m, madreporic body; p, polian vesicles; r.c., ring canal, with the upper portion removed at the right of the figure; r.t., radical water tubes; s, stone canal.

Starfish

This diagram shows a portion of the water-vascular system of the starfish. a, ampullae; f, ambulacral…

This diagram shows a fresh-water annelid. a, appendages; br., brain; d, dissepiments; i, intestine; m, mouth; nph, nephridium; oe, aesophagus; p, pavilion, line with ciliated entoderm; ph., pharynx; pr., processes from the anal segment; z, zone immediately in front of the anal segment where new segments are continually being formed; z', the zone of fission or budding. This takes place in the middle of a segment. The anterior half-segment of z' will produce a region like z for the anterior half of the worm.

Annelid

This diagram shows a fresh-water annelid. a, appendages; br., brain; d, dissepiments; i, intestine;…

A small fresh water fish of Europe. highly resembling the roach and chub.

Dace

A small fresh water fish of Europe. highly resembling the roach and chub.

An artesian well is a confined aquifer whose water is pressurized. Water will thus flow out of an artesian well without pumping.

Artesian Wells

An artesian well is a confined aquifer whose water is pressurized. Water will thus flow out of an artesian…

This illustration shows a cliff, having its lower layers near the level of low tide, extending out as a platform a hundred yards wide.

Erosion

This illustration shows a cliff, having its lower layers near the level of low tide, extending out as…

Oysters grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. Inside a usually highly calcified shell is a soft body.

Oyster

Oysters grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. Inside a usually highly calcified shell…

Oysters grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. Inside a usually highly calcified shell is a soft body.

Oyster

Oysters grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. Inside a usually highly calcified shell…

Oysters grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. Inside a usually highly calcified shell is a soft body.

Oyster

Oysters grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. Inside a usually highly calcified shell…

This illustration shows how putrefying animal matters from a leaky drain and an overflowing cess-pool soak diagonally into the well and contaminate the well-water, which is pumped up and used by the family without, perhaps, a thought of danger from this terrible sanitary defect.

Leaky Drain

This illustration shows how putrefying animal matters from a leaky drain and an overflowing cess-pool…

The muscles involved in swallowing food and water.

Swallowing

The muscles involved in swallowing food and water.

A plant whose leaves hold water.

Fuller's Teazel

A plant whose leaves hold water.

The Liberty Bell above the shore.

Liberty Bell

The Liberty Bell above the shore.

This representation of the vessels of the early Spanish navigators is a fac-simile of a cut in Medina's <em>Arte de navegar</em>, Vallodolid, 1545, which was re-engraved in the Venice edition of 1555. In the variety of changes in methods of measurement it is not easy to find the equivalent in tonnage of the present day for the ships of Columbus' time. Those constituting his little fleet seem to have been liht and swift vessels of the class called caravels. One had a deck amidships, with high forecastle and two were without this deck, though high, and covered at the ends. Captaing G. V. Fox has given what he supposes were the dimensions of the larger one,- a heavier craft and duller sailer than the others. He calculates for a hundred tons, -makes her sixty-three feet over all, fifty-one feet keel, twenty feet beam, and ten and a half feet draft of water. She carried the kind of gun termed lombards, and a crew of fifty men.

Spanish Vessels

This representation of the vessels of the early Spanish navigators is a fac-simile of a cut in Medina's…

A contrivance to prevent the escape of foul air from drains, while allowing the passage of water into them.

Drain Trap

A contrivance to prevent the escape of foul air from drains, while allowing the passage of water into…

A contrivance to prevent the escape of foul air from drains, while allowing the passage of water into them.

Drain Trap

A contrivance to prevent the escape of foul air from drains, while allowing the passage of water into…

A contrivance to prevent the escape of foul air from drains, while allowing the passage of water into them.

Drain Trap

A contrivance to prevent the escape of foul air from drains, while allowing the passage of water into…

The Falls of St. Anthony.

Water Falls

The Falls of St. Anthony.

Buffalo Harbor, from the Breakwater.

Buffalo Harbor

Buffalo Harbor, from the Breakwater.

"An acute infectious disease, due to the implantation of the comma bacillus of Koch, characterized by vomiting, purging, rice-water evacuations and suppression of urine." &mdash; Richardson, 1906

Cholera Germ

"An acute infectious disease, due to the implantation of the comma bacillus of Koch, characterized by…

Dry docks are two kinds, the stationary dock and the floating dock. They are used in order to get at that part of the ships which is under water, in order to mend them.

Dry Dock

Dry docks are two kinds, the stationary dock and the floating dock. They are used in order to get at…

"b is a glass tube in water and c is a glass tube in mercury. The surface of the water in the tube b is concave, while the surface of the mercury in the tube c is convex." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Capillary Attraction

"b is a glass tube in water and c is a glass tube in mercury. The surface of the water in the tube b…

"It consists of a brass dish A and two glass globes B and C. The dish communicates with the lower part of the globe C by means of a long tube D, and another tube E connects the two globes. A third tube passes through the dish A to the lower part of the globe B. This last tube being taken out, the globe B is partially filled with water, the tube is then replaced, and water is poured into the dish. The water flows through tube D into the lower globe, and expels the air, which is forced into the upper globe. The air thus compressed acts on the water and makes it jet out as represented in the figure." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Hero's Fountain

"It consists of a brass dish A and two glass globes B and C. The dish communicates with the lower part…

Dredging, the excavating or scooping out of soil, mud, sand or rock under water by a machine called a dredge. Dredging is used in deepening and widening the beds of rivers, canals, harbors. The forms of modern dredges are very numerous, different conditions requiring different forms.

Dredge

Dredging, the excavating or scooping out of soil, mud, sand or rock under water by a machine called…

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls belong embraces also the terns, and these two kinds of birds are closely related." &mdash; Beach, 1909

Great Black Backed Gull

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls…

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls belong embraces also the terns, and these two kinds of birds are closely related." &mdash; Beach, 1909

Black-headed Gull

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls…

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls belong embraces also the terns, and these two kinds of birds are closely related." &mdash; Beach, 1909

Killiwake Gull

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls…

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls belong embraces also the terns, and these two kinds of birds are closely related." &mdash; Beach, 1909

Small Black-Backed Gull

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls…

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls belong embraces also the terns, and these two kinds of birds are closely related." &mdash; Beach, 1909

Herring Gull

"A long-winged water-bird with webbed feet, inhabiting all parts of the world. The group to which gulls…

"A plant of the same genus with the Cucumber, much cultivated for its fruit, which is sweet, with a delicious though peculiar flavor and smell." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Melons

"A plant of the same genus with the Cucumber, much cultivated for its fruit, which is sweet, with a…

"Probably the precursor of the Oar, and still is substitute among barbarous nations, is a wooden implement, consisting of a wide flat blade with a short handle, by means of which the operator spoons the water towards him." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Paddle

"Probably the precursor of the Oar, and still is substitute among barbarous nations, is a wooden implement,…

"Probably the precursor of the Oar, and still is substitute among barbarous nations, is a wooden implement, consisting of a wide flat blade with a short handle, by means of which the operator spoons the water towards him." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Double Paddle

"Probably the precursor of the Oar, and still is substitute among barbarous nations, is a wooden implement,…

"The usual form of paddle-wheel, that is called the radial, in which the floats are fixed. It will be seen that a certain loss of power is involved, as the full force of the engine on the water is only experienced when the float is vertical, and as on entering and leaving the water the power is mainly devoted to respectively lifting and drawing down the vessel." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Ordinary Paddle-wheel

"The usual form of paddle-wheel, that is called the radial, in which the floats are fixed. It will be…

"Elijah Galloway patented, in 1829, the Feathered Paddle-wheel, in which the floats are mounted on axes, and are connected by rods with a common center, which is made to revolve eccentrically to the axis of the paddle-wheel. By this method, the floats are kept, while immersed, at right angles to the surface of the water. So long as the water is smooth, and the immersion constant, the gain is great." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Feathered Paddle-wheel

"Elijah Galloway patented, in 1829, the Feathered Paddle-wheel, in which the floats are mounted on axes,…

"A primitive mill for grinding corn, the stone of which was turned by the hand before the invention of windmills or water-mills. It is a contrivance of great antiquity, and so well adapted for the wants of a primitive people, that we find it perpetuated to the present day in remote districts of Ireland, and some parts of the Western Islands of Scotland." — Chambers, 1881

Quern

"A primitive mill for grinding corn, the stone of which was turned by the hand before the invention…

"The Danglish apparatus consists of the following parts: 1st, a generator A, in which carbonic acid is evolved from chalk by sulphuric or hydrochloric acid; 2nd, a gas-holder, in which the carbonic acid is stored for use after being purified in passing through water; 3rd, an air pump, for pumping carbonic acid from the gas-holder, and forcing it into the water vessel and mixer; 4th, another air-pump, for withdrawing atmospheric air from the mixer before the aerated water is admitted; 5th, a water vessel B, a strong cylinder of copper capable of withstanding a pressure of 100 lbs on the square inch, and of sufficient size to contain water for a full charge of the mixer; attached to this water vessel there are a gauge-glass C, and a pressure gauge D, for indicating the pressure of gas as it is pumped in; 6th, the mixer E, a globular vessel of cast-iron, capable of bearing high pressure, through the center of which an axle runs, fitted with iron kneating arms extending to the circumference of the vessel." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Danglish Apparatus

"The Danglish apparatus consists of the following parts: 1st, a generator A, in which carbonic acid…

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed laconicum directly over the furnace, and having the clypeus over it, will be observed in the corner of the chamber named concamerata sudatio. The vessels for water are inscribed, according to their temperature, with the same names as some of the chambers, frigidarium, tepisdarium, and calidarium." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Roman Baths

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed…

A snake found in salt water.

Sea Snake

A snake found in salt water.

"The bridge of the Rialto at Venice was begun in 1588, Antonio da Ponte being the architect. The span of the arch is 91 feet, the height above the water level 24 feet 6 inches, and the width of the footway 72 feet." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Rialto Bridge

"The bridge of the Rialto at Venice was begun in 1588, Antonio da Ponte being the architect. The span…

An instrument for collecting and measuring the quantity of water that falls in rain, snow, etc.

Pluviometer

An instrument for collecting and measuring the quantity of water that falls in rain, snow, etc.

A dolphin diving under water.

Dolphin

A dolphin diving under water.

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large forewings. One of these, Pyralis vitis, is very destructive to vines, and another, Pyralis farinalis, feeds upon meal and flour. The Galleridae, a family of Pyralidine moths, deposit their eggs in the hives of bees, where the caterpillars, enclosed in silken cases, devour the wax; but the Hydrocampidae, which also belong to this section, are probably the most wonderful of all Lepidopterous insects, their larva being aquatic, living and feeding in the water, and many of them beathing by gills similar to those of caddisworms." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica; 1893

Pyralidina

"The Pyralidina are a group of small moths readily distinguished by their long slender bodies and large…

One of the curbs or heads of the cisterns which are filled with water from the neighboring mainland.

Pozzo

One of the curbs or heads of the cisterns which are filled with water from the neighboring mainland.

"This coffee apparatus consists of a glass globe a, an infusing jar b, of glass or porcelain and a bent tube c of block tin or German silver fitted by a cork stopper into the neck of the globe and passing to the bottom of the jar, where it ends in a finely perforated disc. The apparatus also requires a spirit lamp d or other means of communicating a certain amount of heat to the globe. The coffee is infused with boiling water in the jar, and a small quantity of boiling water is also placed in the globe. The tube is then fitted in, and the spirit lamp is lighted under the globe. The steam generated expels the air from the globe, and it bubbles up through the jar. When the bubbles of air cease to appear almost the whole of the air will have been ejected, and on withdrawing the lamp the steam in the globe condenses, creating a vacuum, to fill up which the infused coffee rushes up through the metal tube, being at the same time filtered by the accumulated coffee grounds around the perforated disc." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Napier's Coffee Apparatus

"This coffee apparatus consists of a glass globe a, an infusing jar b, of glass or porcelain and a bent…

Water beetles carry air bubbles under their abdomens, which provides an air supply. Water beetle larvae dwell at the bottom of ponds.

Water Beetle Larva

Water beetles carry air bubbles under their abdomens, which provides an air supply. Water beetle larvae…

A machine used for converting paper rags, esparto, and other materials into pulp with water.

Pulp Engine

A machine used for converting paper rags, esparto, and other materials into pulp with water.

"The diving dress envelops the whole body of the diver, the upper portion a being the "helmet," the intermediate portion b the "breast-plate," and the lower portion c the "dress." The hose by which the air is supplied is shown at d, and e is the "life" or "signal" line, which is attached to the diver's waist, and by which he makes signals and is hauled to the surface. The water-proof material of which the dress is made is very generally sheet india-rubber covered on both sides with tanned twill to protect the india-rubber from injury." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Diving Dress

"The diving dress envelops the whole body of the diver, the upper portion a being the "helmet," the…

"Close to the place where the dredge is emptied there ought to be a tub about 2 feet in diameter and 20 inches deep, provided with a set of sieves so arranged that the lowest sieve fits freel within the bottom of the tub, and the three remaining sieves fit freely within one another. Each sieve has a pair of iron handles through which the hand can pass easily, and the handles of the largest sieve are made long, so that the whole nest can be lifted without stooping or putting the arms into the water." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Set of Sieves

"Close to the place where the dredge is emptied there ought to be a tub about 2 feet in diameter and…

"It consists of a series of upright pipes connected in pairs at the top by semicircular pipes e, e, and terminating at the bottom in a trough X Y containing water, and divided by means of partitions in such a way that, as the gas enters the trough from one pipe, it passes up the next pipe and down into the next partition, and so on to the end of the condenser." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Condenser

"It consists of a series of upright pipes connected in pairs at the top by semicircular pipes e, e,…

"Hearson's machine is cylindrical in form, and is surmounted by two turrets. Internally the cylinder is divided into two compartments by a transverse portion, one being occupied by a rotary blower, an apparatus similar in construction to the drum of a water-meter, and the other by an elevator or dipper wheel, the function of which is to raise gasolin into the blower chamber, where the gasoline must be maintained at a constant level." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Auto-Pneumatic Apparatus

"Hearson's machine is cylindrical in form, and is surmounted by two turrets. Internally the cylinder…

"A species of antelope, abounding on the dry yet fertile plains of South Africa, where it feeds on the bulbs of water-root and other kinds of succulent vegetation, by means of which the antelopes of those regions are able to subsist without water for months together. It is a large and powerful animal, measuring abot 5 feet in length and over 3 feet in height at the shoulders. Its horns, situated on the same plane with its forehead, exceed 2 feet in length, are almost straight, and are obscurely ringed throughout their lower half." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gemsbok

"A species of antelope, abounding on the dry yet fertile plains of South Africa, where it feeds on the…

A water bug that is able to stand on the surfce tension of the water.

Needle Bug

A water bug that is able to stand on the surfce tension of the water.

"The Gold Medal Boiler is perhaps one of the best of these modified saddles, and like the others has a dome or arch a, and back water-way b; the heated products of combustion striking against this back are sent up the central flue c, and then diverted into the side flues d, d, before passing into the chimney shaft e." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gold Medal Boiler

"The Gold Medal Boiler is perhaps one of the best of these modified saddles, and like the others has…

"The Gold Medal Boiler is perhaps one of the best of these modified saddles, and like the others has a dome or arch a, and back water-way b; the heated products of combustion striking against this back are sent up the central flue c, and then diverted into the side flues d, d, before passing into the chimney shaft e." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gold Medal Boiler

"The Gold Medal Boiler is perhaps one of the best of these modified saddles, and like the others has…

"The Gold Medal Boiler is perhaps one of the best of these modified saddles, and like the others has a dome or arch a, and back water-way b; the heated products of combustion striking against this back are sent up the central flue c, and then diverted into the side flues d, d, before passing into the chimney shaft e." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gold Medal Boiler

"The Gold Medal Boiler is perhaps one of the best of these modified saddles, and like the others has…