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(525-456 B.C.) Ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Greek tragedies

Aeschylus

(525-456 B.C.) Ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Greek tragedies

(born c. 444 BCE) Greek philosopher and founder of the school of cynics.

Antisthenes

(born c. 444 BCE) Greek philosopher and founder of the school of cynics.

"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus stands almost alone in the history of the world as a philosopher and philanthopist clothed in royal purple. He was born A.D. 121, adopted by Antoninus Pius in 138, became consul in 140, and succeeded his adoptive father as emperor in 161." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus stands almost alone in the history of the world as a philosopher and philanthopist…

(384-322 BC) Greek philosopher, scientist, physician

Aristotle

(384-322 BC) Greek philosopher, scientist, physician

"Aristotle was born in 384 B.C., at Stagira, a seaport town of Chalcidice, whence he is frequeently called the Stagirite. At the age of 17, Aristotle, who had then lost both father and mother, repaired to Athens. Plato considered him his best scholar, and called him "the intellect of his school."" — Smith, 1882

Aristotle

"Aristotle was born in 384 B.C., at Stagira, a seaport town of Chalcidice, whence he is frequeently…

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.

Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on…

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.

Statue of Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on…

Francis Bacon, English philosopher, statesman, and essayist.

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, English philosopher, statesman, and essayist.

(1561-1626) English philosopher

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English philosopher

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. He is also known as a catalyst of the scientific revolution. His most celebrated works included his The New Atlantis. Bacon was knighted in 1603, created Baron Verulam in 1618, and created Viscount St Alban in 1621; without heirs, both peerages became extinct upon his death.

Lord Bacon

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher,…

(1848-1930) British statesman

Arthur James Balfour

(1848-1930) British statesman

(1647-1706) A famous French philosopher, skeptic, and writer.

Pierre Bayle

(1647-1706) A famous French philosopher, skeptic, and writer.

An Italian philosopher best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, which condemned torture and the death penality.

Beccaria

An Italian philosopher best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, which condemned torture…

(1738-1794) Marquis of Beccaria or Cesare, an Italian philosopher and politician best known for his treatise <em>On Crimes and Punishments</em>, which condemned torture and the death penalty and was a founding work in the field of criminology.

Marquis de Beccaria

(1738-1794) Marquis of Beccaria or Cesare, an Italian philosopher and politician best known for his…

(1748-1832) An English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) An English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer.

(1627-1691) An Irish natural philosopher noted for his physics and chemistry. Dr. Boyle was known for <em>The Sceptical Chymist</em>.

Robert Boyle

(1627-1691) An Irish natural philosopher noted for his physics and chemistry. Dr. Boyle was known for…

(1778-1868) Lord Henry Peter Brougham, the first Baron Brougham and Vaux, was a British writer, scientist, lawyer, Whig politician and abolitionist. Brougham was responsible for passing the Reform Act of 1832 and the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833.

Lord Henry Brougham

(1778-1868) Lord Henry Peter Brougham, the first Baron Brougham and Vaux, was a British writer, scientist,…

(1729-1797) An Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party.

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) An Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served…

Edmund Burke (12 January 1729 &ndash; 9 July 1797) was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher who, after relocating to Great Britain, served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. He is mainly remembered for his opposition to the French Revolution. It led to him becoming the leading figure within the conservative faction of the Whig party, which he dubbed the "Old Whigs", in opposition to the pro-French-Revolution "New Whigs" led by Charles James Fox. He is generally viewed as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism.

Edmund Burke

Edmund Burke (12 January 1729 – 9 July 1797) was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political…

(1692-1752) Butler was an English bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher. He is most famous for his "Fifteen Sermons on Human Nature."

Bishop Joseph Butler

(1692-1752) Butler was an English bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher. He is most famous…

Joseph Butler (May 18, 1692 O.S. – June 16, 1752) was an English bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher. He is known, among other things, for his critique of Thomas Hobbes's egoism and John Locke's theory of personal identity. During his life and after his death, Butler influenced many philosophers, including David Hume, Thomas Reid, and Adam Smith. He is most famous for his Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (1726) and Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed (1736).

Bishop Joseph Butler

Joseph Butler (May 18, 1692 O.S. – June 16, 1752) was an English bishop, theologian, apologist, and…

(1340-1400) English poet most famous for The Canterbury Tales.

Geoffrey Chaucer

(1340-1400) English poet most famous for The Canterbury Tales.

(106BC-43) Roman orator, statesman and man of letters

Cicero

(106BC-43) Roman orator, statesman and man of letters

(106 - 43 B.C.) Roman orator, statesman and man of letters

Marcus Tullius Cicero

(106 - 43 B.C.) Roman orator, statesman and man of letters

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) was a Roman philosopher, statesman, and lawyer.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) was a Roman philosopher, statesman, and lawyer.

(551 B.C.-478 B.C.) Confucius was a Chinese Philosopher and very involved in his community.

Confucius

(551 B.C.-478 B.C.) Confucius was a Chinese Philosopher and very involved in his community.

John William Draper (May 5, 1811, - January 4, 1882) was an American (English-born) scientist, philosopher, physician, chemist, historian, and photographer.

John William Draper

John William Draper (May 5, 1811, - January 4, 1882) was an American (English-born) scientist, philosopher,…

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 &ndash; April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, philosopher, poet,…

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters remain of Epicurus's 300 written works. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy derives from later followers and commentators.

Epicurus

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.…

(1791-1867) British scientist, chemist, physicist, and philosopher who greatly contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the magnet field, electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis.

Michael Faraday

(1791-1867) British scientist, chemist, physicist, and philosopher who greatly contributed to the fields…

(1842-1901) Historian and philosopher who lectured across America lecturing on scientific, philosophic, historical thoughts such as evolution.

John Fiske

(1842-1901) Historian and philosopher who lectured across America lecturing on scientific, philosophic,…

(1842-1901) American historian, lecturer, and philosopher who helped make ideas of great thinkers better understood.

John Fiske

(1842-1901) American historian, lecturer, and philosopher who helped make ideas of great thinkers better…

John Fiske (1842 - 1901), born Edmund Fisk Green, was an American philosopher and historian.

John Fiske

John Fiske (1842 - 1901), born Edmund Fisk Green, was an American philosopher and historian.

(1564-1642) Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who was one of the great creators of experimental science.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who was one of the great creators…

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642) was a Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy," the "father of modern physics," the "father of science," and "the Father of Modern Science." The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named the Galilean moons in his honor, and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642) was a Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician,…

(1564-1642) Galileo, or Galilei, was a celebrated physicist.

Galileo

(1564-1642) Galileo, or Galilei, was a celebrated physicist.

"(1749-1832), the greatest figure in German literature, a dramatist, lyric poet, novelist and philosopher." -Foster, 1921

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

"(1749-1832), the greatest figure in German literature, a dramatist, lyric poet, novelist and philosopher."…

"Greek Philosophy, which reached its highest excellence in Athens in the fourth century before Christ, had its origin two hundred years earlier i nthe ourlying settlements of the Hellenic race in Asia Minor, Thrace, Sicily, and Southern Italy, rather than in Greece proper. The founding of colonies and frequent changes of government in the older states led thoughtful men to study the constitution of man and of society." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Greek philosophers

"Greek Philosophy, which reached its highest excellence in Athens in the fourth century before Christ,…

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science. In physiology and physiological psychology, he is known for his mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color vision research, and on the sensation of tone, perception of sound, and empiricism. In physics, he is known for his theories on the conservation of energy, work in electrodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, and on a mechanical foundation of thermodynamics. As a philosopher, he is known for his philosophy of science, ideas on the relation between the laws of perception and the laws of nature, the science of aesthetics, and ideas on the civilizing power of science. A large German association of research institutions, the Helmholtz Association, is named after him.

Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician…

(1776-1841) German philosopher and founder of modern pedagogy.

Johann Herbart

(1776-1841) German philosopher and founder of modern pedagogy.

David Hume, English historian and philosopher.

David Hume

David Hume, English historian and philosopher.

(1724-1804) Prussian philosopher

Immanuel Kant

(1724-1804) Prussian philosopher

A German philosopher and scientist. Kant is generally considered one of the greatest and most influential thinkers of modern Europe and the last major philosopher of the Enlighenment.

Immanuel Kant

A German philosopher and scientist. Kant is generally considered one of the greatest and most influential…

(1838-1903) Irish historian and philosopher

William E. H. Lecky

(1838-1903) Irish historian and philosopher

English philosopher, concerned with natural rights and justifying the revolution.

John Locke

English philosopher, concerned with natural rights and justifying the revolution.

A 17th-century English philosopher. He developed the Lockean social contract, which included the ideas of a state of nature. He was also the first to fully develop the idea of tabula rasa.

John Locke

A 17th-century English philosopher. He developed the Lockean social contract, which included the ideas…

Albertus Magnus was also known as Albert of Cologne and Saint Albert the Great. Magnus was a great German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages.

Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus was also known as Albert of Cologne and Saint Albert the Great. Magnus was a great German…

Scottish-American educator and philosopher

James McCosh

Scottish-American educator and philosopher

James McCosh (April 1, 1811&ndash;November 16, 1894) was a prominent philosopher of the Scottish School of Common Sense.

James McCosh

James McCosh (April 1, 1811–November 16, 1894) was a prominent philosopher of the Scottish School…

Philosopher and mathematician, born at Woolsthorpe, England, Dec. 25, 1642; died March 20, 1727.

Sir Isaac Newton

Philosopher and mathematician, born at Woolsthorpe, England, Dec. 25, 1642; died March 20, 1727.

(525-456 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher

Plato

(525-456 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher

An illustration of Plato, a Classical Greek philosopher, who, together with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy. Plato was also a mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world. Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his thinking as by what he saw as his teacher's unjust death.

Plato

An illustration of Plato, a Classical Greek philosopher, who, together with his mentor, Socrates, and…

"Plato was born in Athens in 429 B.C., the year in which Pericles died. His first literary attempts were in poetry; but his attention was soon turned to philosophy, by the teaching of Socrates, whose lectures he began to frequent at about the age of twenty." &mdash; Smith, 1882

Bust of Plato

"Plato was born in Athens in 429 B.C., the year in which Pericles died. His first literary attempts…

Plato was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of natural philosophy, science, and Western philosophy. Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his thinking as by what he saw as his teacher's unjust death.

Bust of Plato

Plato was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder…

an English chemist, philosopher, dissenting clergyman, and educator. He is known for his investigations of carbon dioxide and the co-discovery of oxygen.

Joseph Priestley

an English chemist, philosopher, dissenting clergyman, and educator. He is known for his investigations…

"An English philosopher and divine, was born in 1733 near Leeds." -Marshall

Joseph Priestly

"An English philosopher and divine, was born in 1733 near Leeds." -Marshall

The celebrated Greek philosopher, was born in Samos, probably about 580-570 B.C. He was the son of Mnesarchus, and, perhaps, a disciple of Pherecydes.

Pythagoras

The celebrated Greek philosopher, was born in Samos, probably about 580-570 B.C. He was the son of Mnesarchus,…

A French historian and philosopher; born near Bourg, France, Feb. 17, 1803.

Edgar Quinet

A French historian and philosopher; born near Bourg, France, Feb. 17, 1803.

A philosopher whose ideas influenced the French Revolution and the American Revolution.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A philosopher whose ideas influenced the French Revolution and the American Revolution.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), an English poet, philosopher, and critic.

Samual Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), an English poet, philosopher, and critic.