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Iron Holder used in the Gallic War.

Gallic Iron Holder

Iron Holder used in the Gallic War.

Necklace worn in the Gallic war. Has amber and coral pendants.

Gallic Necklace

Necklace worn in the Gallic war. Has amber and coral pendants.

Necklace worn in the Gallic war. Has amber and coral pendants.

Gallic Necklace

Necklace worn in the Gallic war. Has amber and coral pendants.

A Gallic Sword Blade.

Gallic Sword-Blade

A Gallic Sword Blade.

Sword-hilt and girdle used in the Gallic War.

Gallic Sword-hilt and Girdle

Sword-hilt and girdle used in the Gallic War.

The gate at Herculaneum. Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town famous for being preserved along with Pompeii.

Gate at Herculaneum

The gate at Herculaneum. Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town famous for being preserved along with…

Gallic soldier blowing long trumpet known as carnyx.

Gaul with Trumpet

Gallic soldier blowing long trumpet known as carnyx.

A Roman copy of an ancient Greek sculpture. The copy is made of marble, while the lost original sculpture is thought to have been bronze.

The Dying Gaul

A Roman copy of an ancient Greek sculpture. The copy is made of marble, while the lost original sculpture…

Roman Gladiators fighting each other in front of an audience in an arena.

Gladiators

Roman Gladiators fighting each other in front of an audience in an arena.

This illustration shows various types of gladiators, each type with with his specific weapons attributed to him. Gladiators were swordsmen whose profession was to fight for the public amusement. Gladiators are said to have been borrowed by Rome from the Etruscans. They were first exhibited in Rome in 246 BC, primarily at funerals, but afterwards at festivals, particularly those celebrated by the aediles and other magistrates. More than ten thousand were shown at Trajan's triumph over the Dacians. They were either free-born citizens, usually of a low class, who fought for hire, or captives, slaves, or malefactors, and were kept in schools, where they were carefully trained. Chief varieties were Andabatae, who wore helmets with no openings for the eyes, so that their blindfold movements provoked the spectators' mirth; Mirmillones, who used Gallic weapons, sword and shield; Retiarii, who carried a net and a three-pronged lance -- the net to entangle their opponents; and Thraces, who, like the Thracians, used a short sword and a round buckler. When a gladiator was severely wounded and defeated, the people cried out 'Habet' (He has it), and he lowered his arms; then, if the spectators wished his life to be spared, they turned their thumbs down; but it they desired his death, they turned them up. These combats were often attended by great cruelty and callousness on the part of the spectators; sometimes they were fights à outrance, none being spared alive. Discharged gladiators were presented with a rudis, or wooden sword, and hence were called rudiarii. Gladiatorial combats were disliked by the Greeks, and practically never took place in Greek cities.

Gladiators

This illustration shows various types of gladiators, each type with with his specific weapons attributed…

Four Roman Gladiators with Armor.

Roman Gladiators

Four Roman Gladiators with Armor.

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.

Pompey the Great

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.

"Round, triangular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions."-Whitney, 1902

Greek Altar

"Round, triangular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions."-Whitney,…

The Roman Griffin has the body of a Lion and the head and wings of an Eagle. The Griffin is usually associated with Antiquity and fire, and appears on Candelabras and friezes.

Roman Griffin

The Roman Griffin has the body of a Lion and the head and wings of an Eagle. The Griffin is usually…

Also known as Castel Sant'Angelo. The temple of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

The Tomb of Hadrian

Also known as Castel Sant'Angelo. The temple of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

The Mask Head is yet another Roman design.

Angry Mask Head

The Mask Head is yet another Roman design.

The Mask Head is a Roman design.

Mask Head

The Mask Head is a Roman design.

This Ram head is found at a Roman altar.

Ram Head

This Ram head is found at a Roman altar.

Statue of Hermes (Mercury).

Hermes

Statue of Hermes (Mercury).

"The Greeks and Romans used hinges exactly like those now in common use. The following cut exhibits four Roman hinges of bronze, now preserved in the British Museum." — Anthon, 1891

Roman hinges

"The Greeks and Romans used hinges exactly like those now in common use. The following cut exhibits…

Military formation of the Romans, also agmen quadratum. Square formation with no troops in the middle.

Hollow Square

Military formation of the Romans, also agmen quadratum. Square formation with no troops in the middle.

How Horatius kept the bridge

Horatius

How Horatius kept the bridge

"[Caesar] mustered the soldiers in the Campius Martius, and requested a statement of their grievances. Their demands appeared to have a reference to a payment of their dues, the bestowal of promised presents, and a release from further duty. Caesar well knew that the best way to humiliate an insurrection is to grant what it clamors for. He accordingly made an address to his old legion, being careful to begin with "Citizens," instead of "Soldiers." This was gall and wormwood. To be addressed as citizens by their beloved commander! "I discharge you." said he. "You have had enough of fatigue and wounds. I release you from your oath. As to your presents, you shall be paid to the last sesterce." The old veterans could stand no more. They burst into tears, and began to beg for forgiveness. With a certain prudent hesitation, Caesar received them back to favor; but he took care that the leaders who had fomented the mutiny should be executed."—Ridpath, 1885

Citizens! I Discharge You.

"[Caesar] mustered the soldiers in the Campius Martius, and requested a statement of their grievances.…

Part of ancient Roman architecture, a basin in the atrium or entrance hall of a building, to receive rain

Impluvium

Part of ancient Roman architecture, a basin in the atrium or entrance hall of a building, to receive…

"Arms of Innocent VIII. (Cibo)" — Young, 1901

Innocent VIII

"Arms of Innocent VIII. (Cibo)" — Young, 1901

"Leaf of a diptych, Roman, probably about 4th century, South Kensington Museum collection." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ivory Carving

"Leaf of a diptych, Roman, probably about 4th century, South Kensington Museum collection." —…

Janus, the Roman god, seated.

Janus

Janus, the Roman god, seated.

"Flavius Josephus was a strange amalgamation of Jew, Greek, and Roman, admittedly not what he should have been, either as a teacher of Mosiac law, as a patriot, or as a public man; and yet he performed successfully what he could not have achieved had he been any one of these only." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Flavius Josephus

"Flavius Josephus was a strange amalgamation of Jew, Greek, and Roman, admittedly not what he should…

This claret jug has a Roman design. It is used to store liquids.

Claret Jug

This claret jug has a Roman design. It is used to store liquids.

"Thus the prince, both when present and when coming, was alike victorius: and these things he achieved just starting up from amidst his books; or rather, in marching against the adversary, he marched with his books, for he had always in his hands either books or arms, believing that war was wonderfully assisted by philosophy, and that a prince competent to give counsel threw more weight into the scale than a fighting one." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Julian

"Thus the prince, both when present and when coming, was alike victorius: and these things he achieved…

A depiction of Julian the Apostate, a noted philosopher and Roman Emperor, and his death.

Death of Julian the Apostate

A depiction of Julian the Apostate, a noted philosopher and Roman Emperor, and his death.

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

Bust of Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation…

"The door in front of a temple, as it reeached nearly to the ceiling allowed the worshippers to view from without the entire statue of the divinity, and to observe the rites performed before it. The whole light of the building, moreover, was commonly admitted through the same aperture. These circumstances are illustrated in the following cut, showing the front of a small temple of Jupiter taken from an ancient bas-relief." — Anthon, 1891

Temple of Jupiter

"The door in front of a temple, as it reeached nearly to the ceiling allowed the worshippers to view…

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Front.

Coin of L. Plancus

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Front.

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Back.

Coin of L. Plancus

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Back.

"The Benedictine system enjoined three virtues as essential; solitude, humility, and obedience." — Young, 1901

Cloister of the Lateran

"The Benedictine system enjoined three virtues as essential; solitude, humility, and obedience." —…

The Overlap of Leaf is a Roman candelabrum design.

Overlap of Leaf

The Overlap of Leaf is a Roman candelabrum design.

The Roman Capital Leaf has rounder and broader tips.

Roman Capital Leaf

The Roman Capital Leaf has rounder and broader tips.

Cabbage Lettuce is distinguished by its broad leaves and low spreading habit. It is an annual plant, and has long been cultivated as a salad plant. It was grown by the Greeks and Romans for this purpose.

Cabbage Lettuce

Cabbage Lettuce is distinguished by its broad leaves and low spreading habit. It is an annual plant,…

"The litter consists of an ordinary couch with four posts and a pair of posts. Curtains fastened to the rod above the canopy shielded the occupant from observation."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Litter

"The litter consists of an ordinary couch with four posts and a pair of posts. Curtains fastened to…

A Lituus, a horn used in Roman religious practice.

Lituus

A Lituus, a horn used in Roman religious practice.

The Roman lunette panel is a semicircle typically found on door-head.

Roman Lunette Panel

The Roman lunette panel is a semicircle typically found on door-head.

An illustration of a man and woman standing in typical Roman clothing. Clothing in ancient Rome generally consisted of the toga, the stola, brooches for these, and breeches. The toga, a distinctive garment of Ancient Rome, was a sash of perhaps twenty feet (6 meters) in length which was wrapped around the body and was generally worn over a tunic. The stola was the traditional garment of Roman women, corresponding to the toga that was worn by men. In ancient Rome, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to wear a toga; wearing the male garment was associated with prostitution. The stola was a long, pleated dress, worn over a tunic. A brooch (also known in ancient times as a fibula) is a decorative jewelry item designed to be attached to garments. It is usually made of metal, often silver or gold but sometimes bronze or some other material.

Man and Woman in Roman Clothing

An illustration of a man and woman standing in typical Roman clothing. Clothing in ancient Rome generally…

An illustration of Marcellus coins.

Marcellus Coins

An illustration of Marcellus coins.

"Marcus Aurelius receiving the submission of German captives. (From a Bas-relief in the Capitoline Museum, Rome.)" -Allen, 1890

Marcus Aurelius and German Captives

"Marcus Aurelius receiving the submission of German captives. (From a Bas-relief in the Capitoline Museum,…

"Equestrian state of Marcus Aurelius." — Young, 1901

Statue of Marcus Aurelius

"Equestrian state of Marcus Aurelius." — Young, 1901

Gaius Marius was a Roman general and politician elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his dramatic reforms of Roman armies, authorizing recruitment of landless citizens and reorganizing the structure of the legions into separate cohorts.

Bust of Marius

Gaius Marius was a Roman general and politician elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his…

Coin stamp to stamp coins with the image of Marius.

Coin Stamp of Marius

Coin stamp to stamp coins with the image of Marius.

Marcus Antonius, known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and General. He was an important supporter and the best friend of Gaius Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator, being Caesar's second cousin, once removed, by his mother Julia Antonia. After Caesar's assassination, Antony formed an official political alliance with Octavian (Augustus) and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, known to historians today as the Second Triumvirate.

Bust of Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius, known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and General. He was an important…

"Arms of Martin V." — Young, 1901

Arms of Martin V

"Arms of Martin V." — Young, 1901

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

Cloaca Maxima

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

"The Villa Medici, from the Terrace." — Young, 1901

Villa Medici

"The Villa Medici, from the Terrace." — Young, 1901

A statue of Minerva, with a serpent depicted at the goddesses' feet.

Minerva

A statue of Minerva, with a serpent depicted at the goddesses' feet.

"Minerva." —Bulfinch, 1897

Minerva

"Minerva." —Bulfinch, 1897

"The name of a Roman goddess, identified by the later Graecising Romans with the Greek Athene, whom she greatly resembled, though, like all old Latin divinities, there was nothing anthropomorphic in what was told concerning her." — Chambers, 1881

Minerva

"The name of a Roman goddess, identified by the later Graecising Romans with the Greek Athene, whom…

A type of fancy roman architecture.

Chevron Molding

A type of fancy roman architecture.

Illustration of a monk, displaying an open book. His hood is pointed and appears to be unattached from his habit. His habit includes a robe-like undergarment with a short tunic on top. Crosses appear in a vertical line down the center of the front of the tunic.

A Monk with a Pointed Hood and Crosses on His Habit

Illustration of a monk, displaying an open book. His hood is pointed and appears to be unattached from…

The Roman egg-and-dart moulding is an egg pattern with darts in between.

Roman Egg-and-Dart Moulding

The Roman egg-and-dart moulding is an egg pattern with darts in between.

Political advisor to Octavian, the first Emperor of Rome.

Mæcenas

Political advisor to Octavian, the first Emperor of Rome.

"Nerva, the successor of Domitian, and one of the most virtuous of the Roman emperors. He was born in Umbria in 32 A.D.; died 98 A.D. He was twice consul, and was elected emperor on the death of Domitian in 96. He adopted Trajan, who succeeded him." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Nerva

"Nerva, the successor of Domitian, and one of the most virtuous of the Roman emperors. He was born in…