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Emperor of Rome from 96 to 98 A.D.

Nerva

Emperor of Rome from 96 to 98 A.D.

"Nike, or Victory." —Bulfinch, 1897

Nike

"Nike, or Victory." —Bulfinch, 1897

The Roman oblong panel has a freer palmette design.

Roman Oblong Panel

The Roman oblong panel has a freer palmette design.

This Roman oblong panel is at the underside of the architrave (moulded band) of the Temple of Vespasian in Rome, Italy.

Roman Oblong Panel

This Roman oblong panel is at the underside of the architrave (moulded band) of the Temple of Vespasian…

Augustulus is deposed from the crown by Odoacer, and was thus the last Western Roman Emperor.

Odoacer Compels Augustulus to Yield the Crown

Augustulus is deposed from the crown by Odoacer, and was thus the last Western Roman Emperor.

An illustration of an ancient Roman oil vase.

Roman Oil Vase

An illustration of an ancient Roman oil vase.

The Roman Ornament design is also called the "Medicean Pilaster".

Roman Ornament

The Roman Ornament design is also called the "Medicean Pilaster".

The Roman Ornament is a marble biga design that is from an imitation of an original in bronze.

Roman Ornament

The Roman Ornament is a marble biga design that is from an imitation of an original in bronze.

This Roman Ornament design comes from a "Florentine Pilaster". It is a richly decorated marble relief that comes from Uffizi, Florence.

Roman Ornament

This Roman Ornament design comes from a "Florentine Pilaster". It is a richly decorated marble relief…

"The Palantine from the Aventine." — Young, 1901

Palatine

"The Palantine from the Aventine." — Young, 1901

"The <em>palla</em>, as well as the <em>pallium</em> and <em>palliolum</em>, was always a rectangular piece of cloth, exactly, or, at least, nearly square. It was, indeed, used in the very form in which it was taken from the loom, being made entirely by the weaver. Among the Greeks and Romans the most common material for the <em>palla</em> was wool. It was often folded about the body simply with a view to defend it from cold, and without any regard to gracefulness of appearance, as in the following cut, taken from an ancient intaglio." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Palla

"The palla, as well as the pallium and palliolum, was always a rectangular…

The Palladium, an ancient statue.

The Palladium

The Palladium, an ancient statue.

"The finest monument of this time is the Pantheon of Rome, first built about B.C. 27, which is one of the grandest buildings of the ancient world. Whether it was erected as a Temple or as a Hall attached to the Thermae of Agrippa is a moot point. It is even now in a sufficient good state of preservation for us to be able to judge of what it was." —D'Anvers, 1895

Pantheon

"The finest monument of this time is the Pantheon of Rome, first built about B.C. 27, which is one of…

"Arms of Paul III. (Farnese)" &mdash; Young, 1901

Paul III

"Arms of Paul III. (Farnese)" — Young, 1901

A pendentive is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. The pendentives, which are triangular segments of a sphere, taper to points at the bottom and spread at the top to establish the continuous circular or elliptical base needed for the dome. In masonry the pendentives thus receive the weight of the dome, concentrating it at the four corners where it can be received by the piers beneath.

Diagram of Pendentives

A pendentive is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or…

An illustration of a coin with the face of Philip V of Macedonia. Philip V was King of Macedonia from 221 BC to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the emerging power of Rome.

Philip V of Macedonia Coin

An illustration of a coin with the face of Philip V of Macedonia. Philip V was King of Macedonia from…

"A more graceful mode of wearing the <em>palla</em> was to attach it by means of a brooch, and allow it to hang down from the shoulders, as in the following cut, representing the statue of Phocion in the Vatican." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Statue of Phocion

"A more graceful mode of wearing the palla was to attach it by means of a brooch, and allow…

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Front.

Coin of Piso

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Front.

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Back.

Coin of Piso

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Back.

(c. 62-114) Roman senator who wrote a famous collection of letters

Pliny Minor

(c. 62-114) Roman senator who wrote a famous collection of letters

"The Romans, an essentially practical nation, largely improved on the plough, adding to it the coulter and mould-board, and occasionally attaching wheels to the beam to prevent the share from going too deep into the earth." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Plough

"The Romans, an essentially practical nation, largely improved on the plough, adding to it the coulter…

A plough used for cultivating the soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.

A Roman Plough

A plough used for cultivating the soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.

An old Roman plow.

Roman plow

An old Roman plow.

"Plutarch, as the great interpreter of Greece and Rome, exerted on generations succeeding him in influence perhaps greater than any other classical writer." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Plutarch

"Plutarch, as the great interpreter of Greece and Rome, exerted on generations succeeding him in influence…

"Mercury was sent, accompanied by Spring, to demand Persephone of Pluto. The wily monarch consented, but, alas! the maiden had taken a pomegranate which Pluto offered her, and had sucked the sweet pulp from a few of the seeds. This was enough to prevent her complete release, by which she was to pass half the time with her mother, and the rest with her husband Pluto." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

Pluto, Persephone, and Mercury

"Mercury was sent, accompanied by Spring, to demand Persephone of Pluto. The wily monarch consented,…

"Section of the Baths of Pompeii." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Pompeii Baths

"Section of the Baths of Pompeii." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

A tall, thin lamp stand on a round, ornamented base with three claw feet. The top of the stand has a small, round surface on which sits a simple, Roman oil lamp. The lamp is lit and a flame is burning, giving off light.

Pompeiian Stand with Lighted Oil Lamp

A tall, thin lamp stand on a round, ornamented base with three claw feet. The top of the stand has a…

"Porta San Paolo" — Young, 1901

Porta San Paolo

"Porta San Paolo" — Young, 1901

"The next Emperor was Aurelius Probus, officer of the army of Germany. He was chosen by the legions, and recognized by the Senate, A certain Florianus, brother of Tacitus, had in the mean tie assumed the purple without recognition by either the civil or the military power; but presently finding himself abandoned, he made an end by suicide. Probus, who was a soldier and man of worth, was thus left in undisputed possession of the throne. His reign of six years was almost wholly occupied in war."—Ridpath, 1885

Probus

"The next Emperor was Aurelius Probus, officer of the army of Germany. He was chosen by the legions,…

Roman coin struck to commemorate the victory over Pyrrhus and his elephants.

Victory Coin over Pyrrhus

Roman coin struck to commemorate the victory over Pyrrhus and his elephants.

A Roman foot-race.

Race

A Roman foot-race.

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius. The bridge spans two hilltops nearly a thousand feet apart. It carries an aqueduct with three tiers of massive stone arches at a height of 160 feet above the stream. This is the finest and best preserved aqueduct in existence."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Roman Aqueduct

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius.…

A Roman banner depicting a Gryphon.

Roman Banner

A Roman banner depicting a Gryphon.

"Roman Bath, from a Painting on the Walls of the Thermae of Titus at Rome." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Bath

"Roman Bath, from a Painting on the Walls of the Thermae of Titus at Rome." — Chambers' Encyclopedia,…

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed laconicum directly over the furnace, and having the clypeus over it, will be observed in the corner of the chamber named concamerata sudatio. The vessels for water are inscribed, according to their temperature, with the same names as some of the chambers, frigidarium, tepisdarium, and calidarium." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Roman Baths

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed…

A Roman battle ship manned by many oarsmen.

Roman Battle Ship

A Roman battle ship manned by many oarsmen.

A example of a Roman books, which were made out of rolls of papyrus.

Roman Book Papyrus Roll

A example of a Roman books, which were made out of rolls of papyrus.

"Allocution; from an imperial Roman bronze coin in the British Museum."-Whitney, 1902

Roman Coin

"Allocution; from an imperial Roman bronze coin in the British Museum."-Whitney, 1902

"The so-called Republican, the earliest coinage, began at an early period of Roman history, and subsisted till about 80 B.C. Its standard metal was copper or bronze, an alloy of copper." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Roman Coin

"The so-called Republican, the earliest coinage, began at an early period of Roman history, and subsisted…

An illustration of a roman coin (denarius). The left side represents the laurel-crowned head of Titus. The right side depicts a female sitting underneath a palm tree with helmets behind her. The Roman currency system included the denarius after 211 BC, a small silver coin, and it was the most common coin produced for circulation but was slowly debased until its replacement by the antoninianus.

Roman Coins (Denarius)

An illustration of a roman coin (denarius). The left side represents the laurel-crowned head of Titus.…

Armor worn by the Roman soldiers; art armor.

Roman Cuirass (Art Armor)

Armor worn by the Roman soldiers; art armor.

Armor worn by the Roman soldiers as scale armor.

Roman Cuirass (Scale Armor)

Armor worn by the Roman soldiers as scale armor.

A Roman doodad.

Roman doodad

A Roman doodad.

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history. The Persians, in the time of Cyrus the Younger, bore an eagle on a spear as a standard. The Romans for some time used the eagle, the wolf, the boar, the horse, and the minotaur for standards, but afterwards abandoned the last four, and confined themselves to the first." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Eagle

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history.…

A tall stone structure.

Roman edifice

A tall stone structure.

"This ship lies besides the wharf at Ostia. In the afterpart of the vessel is a cabin with two windows. Notice the figure of Victory on the top of the single mast and the decoration of the mainsail with the wolf and twins. The ship is steered by a pair of huge paddles."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Roman Freight Ship

"This ship lies besides the wharf at Ostia. In the afterpart of the vessel is a cabin with two windows.…

An illustration of a Roman galley from the Roman empire.

Roman Galley

An illustration of a Roman galley from the Roman empire.

The spear point of the Roman javelin, or pila.

Roman Javelin

The spear point of the Roman javelin, or pila.

The attaching point for the spear point of the Roman javelin, or pila.

Roman Javelin

The attaching point for the spear point of the Roman javelin, or pila.

The Roman javelin, or pila.

Roman Javelin

The Roman javelin, or pila.

The Roman javelin, or pila.

Roman Javelin

The Roman javelin, or pila.

"From a monument of the imperial age. The soldier wears a metal helmet, a leather doublet with shoulder-pieces, a metal-plated belt, and a sword hanging from a strap thrown over the left shoulder. His left hand holds a large shield, his right, a heavy javelin."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Roman Legionary

"From a monument of the imperial age. The soldier wears a metal helmet, a leather doublet with shoulder-pieces,…

Roman mosaic pattern of interlocking circles.

Roman Mosaic Circle Pattern

Roman mosaic pattern of interlocking circles.

Roman Pack-wagons and carts carrying goods being drawn by horses.

Roman Pack-wagons

Roman Pack-wagons and carts carrying goods being drawn by horses.

Illustration of a Roman farmer driving his plow, called an <i>aratrum</i>. The man wears a typical brimmed hat and a tunic with no toga or outer gown. He is driving two oxen that are pulling the plow.

A Roman Farmer with a Plow

Illustration of a Roman farmer driving his plow, called an aratrum. The man wears a typical brimmed…

A scene from a Roman wall painting.

Roman School Scene

A scene from a Roman wall painting.

A Roman Siege Works, with A and B, a double wall; C, C, C, Vine&aelig;; D, an Agger; E, a movable tower; F, a ditch.

Roman Siege Works

A Roman Siege Works, with A and B, a double wall; C, C, C, Vineæ; D, an Agger; E, a movable tower;…

A projectile weapon used to throw a blunt projectile.

A Roman Slinger

A projectile weapon used to throw a blunt projectile.

An illustration of a Roman standard.

Roman Standard

An illustration of a Roman standard.

An illustration of a Roman standard.

Roman Standard

An illustration of a Roman standard.