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A chief of a Frankish tribe, wearing full battle armor. He stands looking to his right holding a long spear, Germanic spear, in his left hand and a short axe in his right. A decorated shield rest on his left hip and a cape rests on his shoulders. His hair is in long braids and his helmet is tall and pointed, resembling a crown. His sandals wrap around his leg up to his knee.

A Frankish Chief in Full Armor

A chief of a Frankish tribe, wearing full battle armor. He stands looking to his right holding a long…

Illustration of a Roman soldier, also called a legionary, carrying a shield, short sword, and a short javelin for throwing. He is wearing sandals, traditional armor, and a helmet.

A Roman Soldier, or Legionary, with a Short Javelin and Shield

Illustration of a Roman soldier, also called a legionary, carrying a shield, short sword, and a short…

Man waring Ocreae, or greaves. (From the Aeginetan Marbles)

Aeginetan Marbles

Man waring Ocreae, or greaves. (From the Aeginetan Marbles)

"At the command <em>aim</em> raise the piece with both hands and support the butt firmly against the hollow of the right shoulder." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Aim

"At the command aim raise the piece with both hands and support the butt firmly against the…

"Left eye closed, right eye looking through the notch of the rear sight so as to perceive the object aimed at it." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Aim

"Left eye closed, right eye looking through the notch of the rear sight so as to perceive the object…

"Each rear-rank man aims through the interval to the right of his file leader and leans slightly forward to advance the muzzle of his piece beyond the front rank." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Aim

"Each rear-rank man aims through the interval to the right of his file leader and leans slightly forward…

"In aiming kneeling, the left elbow rests on the left knee, point of elbow i nfront of kneecap." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Aim kneeling

"In aiming kneeling, the left elbow rests on the left knee, point of elbow i nfront of kneecap." —…

"In aiming, lying down, raise the piece with both hands; rest on both elbows and press the butt firmly against the right shoulder." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Aim lying down

"In aiming, lying down, raise the piece with both hands; rest on both elbows and press the butt firmly…

"In aiming sitting, the elbows are supported by the knees." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Aim sitting

"In aiming sitting, the elbows are supported by the knees." — Moss, 1914

The Siege of Alicant, Spain in 1709. Caption bellow illustration: "The mine at last blew up; the rock opened and shut; the whole mountain felt convulsion, the governor and field officers, with their company, ten guns, and two mortars, were buried in the Abyss."

The Siege of Alicant

The Siege of Alicant, Spain in 1709. Caption bellow illustration: "The mine at last blew up; the rock…

(1738-1789) Soldier who formed the Green Mountain Boys and controlled the Vermont area.

Ethan Allen

(1738-1789) Soldier who formed the Green Mountain Boys and controlled the Vermont area.

(1805-1871) Soldier during the Civil War who commanded the Federal Garrison at Fort Sumter the signaled the beginning of the Civil War.

Robert Anderson

(1805-1871) Soldier during the Civil War who commanded the Federal Garrison at Fort Sumter the signaled…

The Hortulus Animae is one of a series of woodcuts that was created by German Renaissance artist Hans Baldung Grun between 1510 and1511. It depicts a soldier courting a woman by giving her a flower. A woodcut is made by carving a wooden block to the desired design, and then rolling ink over the carved block to print the design on paper.

Hortulus Animae

The Hortulus Animae is one of a series of woodcuts that was created by German Renaissance artist Hans…

(1755-1816) Explorer and soldier who was a militia officer in the American revolution.

John Armstrong

(1755-1816) Explorer and soldier who was a militia officer in the American revolution.

(1741-1801) Soldier who betrayed his country to Britain during the Revolutionary war.

Benedict Arnold

(1741-1801) Soldier who betrayed his country to Britain during the Revolutionary war.

(1741-1801) Soldier who betrayed his country to Britain during the Revolutionary war.

Benedict Arnold

(1741-1801) Soldier who betrayed his country to Britain during the Revolutionary war.

Order to break rank and spread out as skirmishers on the battlefield.

As Skirmishers

Order to break rank and spread out as skirmishers on the battlefield.

Order to break rank and spread out as skirmishers on the battlefield.

As Skirmishers Right

Order to break rank and spread out as skirmishers on the battlefield.

"Raise both arms laterally until horizontal; swing both simultaneously upward until vertical and return to the horizontal; repeat several times." — Moss, 1914

As Skirmishers, Guide Center, March Signal

"Raise both arms laterally until horizontal; swing both simultaneously upward until vertical and return…

"Raise both arms laterally until horizontal; hold the arm on the side of the guide steadily in the horizontal position; swing the other upward until vertical and return it to the horizontal; repeat several times." — Moss, 1914

As Skirmishers, Guide Right (Left), March Signal

"Raise both arms laterally until horizontal; hold the arm on the side of the guide steadily in the horizontal…

"Raise both arms laterally until horizontal." — Moss, 1914

As Skirmishers, March Signal

"Raise both arms laterally until horizontal." — Moss, 1914

Order given to assemble the troops.

Assemble

Order given to assemble the troops.

"Raise the arm vertically to its full extent and describe horizontal circles." — Moss, 1914

Assemble, March

"Raise the arm vertically to its full extent and describe horizontal circles." — Moss, 1914

A depiction of two soldiers fighting for Assyria, using bow and arrows against their enemies.

Assyrian Soldiers Fighting

A depiction of two soldiers fighting for Assyria, using bow and arrows against their enemies.

"At the command <em>attention</em> resume the order saber and the position of the soldier." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Attention

"At the command attention resume the order saber and the position of the soldier." —…

Austrian soldier, 1901.

Austria: Soldier 1901

Austrian soldier, 1901.

A medal awarded to soldiers, in honor of William Bainbridge.

Bainbridge Medal

A medal awarded to soldiers, in honor of William Bainbridge.

"In the Brave Days of Old." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

Roman battle

"In the Brave Days of Old." —Bulfinch, 1897

A battlefield refers to the location of a battle. Generally, a battle is a conceptual component in the hierarchy of combat in warfare between two or more armed forces, wherein each group will seek to defeat the others within the scope of a military campaign, and are well defined in duration, area and force commitment.

Battlefield

A battlefield refers to the location of a battle. Generally, a battle is a conceptual component in the…

"At the second command sake the position of guard; at the same time throw the rifle smartly to the front, grasp the rifle with the left hand just below the lower band, fingers between the stock and gun sling, barrel turned slightly to the left, the right hand grasping the small of the stock about 6 inches in front of the right hip, elbows free from the body, bayonet point at the height of the chin." — Moss, 1914

Bayonet Guard

"At the second command sake the position of guard; at the same time throw the rifle smartly to the front,…

"The force of the thrust is delivered principally with the right arm, the left being used to direct the bayonet. The points at which the attack should be directed are, in order of their importance, stomach, chest, head, neck, and limbs." — Moss, 1914

Bayonet Thrust

"The force of the thrust is delivered principally with the right arm, the left being used to direct…

(1818-1893) General that served in the Mexican War.

General Beauregard

(1818-1893) General that served in the Mexican War.

Group of soldiers escorting a corpse on a wagon.

Duryea's Zouaves at Big Bethel Brining Off Grebel's Body

Group of soldiers escorting a corpse on a wagon.

A group of Greeks rowing a boat.

Greek Boat

A group of Greeks rowing a boat.

A bonnet is a type of headgear, bonnets today are mostly worn by babies, or Scottish soldiers. Babies use as a soft head covering. They are shaped similarly to the kind of bonnets women used to wear , they cover the hair and ears but not the forehead.

Combination Cap and Bonnet

A bonnet is a type of headgear, bonnets today are mostly worn by babies, or Scottish soldiers. Babies…

Bratton's wife being threatened with a reaping-hook.

Mrs. Bratton Defying Captain Huck

Bratton's wife being threatened with a reaping-hook.

An illustration of a British soldier yelling at a young boy playing a trumpet.

British Soldier and Boy

An illustration of a British soldier yelling at a young boy playing a trumpet.

(1823-1914) Simon Bolivar Buckner, Confederate Soldier

Simon B. Buckner

(1823-1914) Simon Bolivar Buckner, Confederate Soldier

(1818-1898) General that helped organize Union troops in the Civil War.

General Buell

(1818-1898) General that helped organize Union troops in the Civil War.

(1824-1881) Civil War soldier better known for the hair on the sides of his face, or Sideburns

General Burnside

(1824-1881) Civil War soldier better known for the hair on the sides of his face, or Sideburns

An American soldier, politician, and lawyer.

Benjamin Franklin Butler

An American soldier, politician, and lawyer.

"Straighten right arm and right leg vigorously and swing butt of rifle against point of attack, pivoting the rifle in the left hand at about the height of the left shoulder, allowing the bayonet to pass to the rear on the left side of the head. Guard is resumed without command." — Moss, 1914

Butt Strike

"Straighten right arm and right leg vigorously and swing butt of rifle against point of attack, pivoting…

"All histories of England commence with the invasion of Julius Caesar, the earliest event in that quarter of which we have any authentic account. The Island of Britain was an unknown region to the Romans, and nearly so to the rest of mankind, at the period when Caesar's conquests had reduced the greater part of Gaul to the Roman government. Britain, lying within sight of the northern shores of Gaul, attracted his notice, and he began to meditate schemes of conquest." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Caesar in England

"All histories of England commence with the invasion of Julius Caesar, the earliest event in that quarter…

"The Gonzaga Cameo. Ptolemy I. and Eurydice. Roman. In the St. Petersburg Museum." &mdash;D'Anvers, 1895

Gonzaga Cameo

"The Gonzaga Cameo. Ptolemy I. and Eurydice. Roman. In the St. Petersburg Museum." —D'Anvers,…

A military leader followed by his cavalry.

Cavalry

A military leader followed by his cavalry.

Order given to stop hostilities on the battlefield. Soldiers stop shooting their weapons when this signal is given.

Cease Firing

Order given to stop hostilities on the battlefield. Soldiers stop shooting their weapons when this signal…

This is the command used to instruct the unit to change direction.

Change Direction

This is the command used to instruct the unit to change direction.

"The hand on the side toward which the change of direction is to be made is carried across the body to the opposite shoulder, forearm horizontal; then swing in a horizontal plane, arm extended, pointing in the new direction." — Moss, 1914

Change Direction Signal

"The hand on the side toward which the change of direction is to be made is carried across the body…

(1789-1872) Soldier who explored the Euphrates and surveyed the isthmus of the Suez Canal.

Francis Rawdon Chesney

(1789-1872) Soldier who explored the Euphrates and surveyed the isthmus of the Suez Canal.

Group of Chinese people, Mandarin, Lady, Boy, Female Attendant, Soldier and Bird's-nest Seller.

China, (People)

Group of Chinese people, Mandarin, Lady, Boy, Female Attendant, Soldier and Bird's-nest Seller.

"The Chinese lower orders live much in tents. They are ordinarily of matting. These people are clever in their construction, and make them of great size, and with considerable comfort." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Chinese Tent

"The Chinese lower orders live much in tents. They are ordinarily of matting. These people are clever…

(1752-1818) Surveyor and soldier of the Revolutionary war. Led a militia group in Kentucky and after the war he participated in a military expedition against the Wabash Indians.

Major George Rogers Clark

(1752-1818) Surveyor and soldier of the Revolutionary war. Led a militia group in Kentucky and after…

(1738-1795) Soldier who fought in the Seven Years War

Sir Henry Clinton

(1738-1795) Soldier who fought in the Seven Years War

"Being at <em>club rifle</em>, order arms is resumed by command." — Moss, 1914

Club Rifle

"Being at club rifle, order arms is resumed by command." — Moss, 1914

"Being at <em>club rifle</em>, order arms is resumed by command." — Moss, 1914

Club Rifle

"Being at club rifle, order arms is resumed by command." — Moss, 1914

"The following cut represents a Roman clypeus, from the column of Trajan. The projection in the centre was called the <em>umbo</em>, or boss, and sometimes a spike or other prominent excrescence, was placed upon this." — Anthon, 1891

Roman Clypeus

"The following cut represents a Roman clypeus, from the column of Trajan. The projection in the centre…

"Determined to save his own country at the expense of his own life, Codrus disguised himself in a peasant's dress, entered the Peloponnesian camp, and provoked a quarrel with a soldier, by whom he was killed." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Codrus slain

"Determined to save his own country at the expense of his own life, Codrus disguised himself in a peasant's…

A Roman coin.

Roman coin

A Roman coin.

Colonial soldiers restraining a man.

Colonial Soldiers

Colonial soldiers restraining a man.

Command signal used to order troops to begin firing their weapons.

Commence Firing

Command signal used to order troops to begin firing their weapons.