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The Emperor of France from 1852 to 1870.

Napoleon III of France

The Emperor of France from 1852 to 1870.

"Not made on the spot but probably presenting approximately the king of equipage in which Napoleon traveled. He was accompanied by five other persons only."—Hazen, 1917

Napoleon Returning to France

"Not made on the spot but probably presenting approximately the king of equipage in which Napoleon traveled.…

A British flag officer who is well known for his victory in the Battle of Trafalgar.

Horatio Nelson

A British flag officer who is well known for his victory in the Battle of Trafalgar.

The arena of Nîmes is a Roman amphitheater located in city of Nimes, France. The amphitheater was built around 70 A.D. during the time of Emperor Caesar Augustus. The structure is designed in an enclosed ellipsis.

The Arena of Nîmes

The arena of Nîmes is a Roman amphitheater located in city of Nimes, France. The amphitheater was built…

The square house of Nîmes is also known as Maison Carree. It is an ancient Roman temple located in Nimes, Souther France. It was built by Roman statesman and general, Marcus Agrippa in dedication to his sons. The temple is made up of corinthian columns in the front entrance and attached columns all around the structure.

The Square House of Nîmes

The square house of Nîmes is also known as Maison Carree. It is an ancient Roman temple located in…

An illustration of a French nobleman.

French Nobleman

An illustration of a French nobleman.

"The present structure, begun in 1163 and completed about 1240, suffered severely during the French Revolution, when it was converted into a Temple of Reason. Extensive renovations and alterations were made during the nineteenth century. Two massive square towers, originally intended to support spires, crown the principle or western façade. Its three doors are surrounded by elaborate sculptures and surmounted by a row of figures representing twenty-eight kings of Israel and Judah. Above the central door is a rose window of stained glass and above this is a graceful gallery of painted arches supported on slender columns."

Notre Dame

"The present structure, begun in 1163 and completed about 1240, suffered severely during the French…

An illustration of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France. This building is also known as Notre Dame de Paris which is French for Our Lady of Paris. It is the church which contains the official chair of the Archbishop of Paris.

Notre Dame Cathedral

An illustration of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France. This building is also known as Notre Dame…

"It was in Central France, and mainly along the Loire, that the systematic development of vaulted church architecture began. Naves covered with barrel-vaults, sometimes of pointed section, appear in a number of large churches built during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, with apsidal and transeptal chapels and aisles carried around the apse, as in Notre-Dame du Port at Clermont-Ferrand. The thrust of these ponderous vaults was clumsily resisted by half-barrel vaults over the side aisles, transmitting the strain to massive side-walls."

Section of Notre-Dame du Port

"It was in Central France, and mainly along the Loire, that the systematic development of vaulted church…

An illustration of The Opera House in Paris, France. It is commonly known as the Paris Opera. This Opera house was built in the Neo-Baroque style by Charles Garnier and was known as one of the most advanced architectural works of its time.

Opera House

An illustration of The Opera House in Paris, France. It is commonly known as the Paris Opera. This Opera…

The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2,200-seat opera house on the Place de l'Opéra in Paris, France. A grand landmark designed by Charles Garnier in the Neo-Baroque style, it is regarded as one of the architectural masterpieces of its time."The newest and most important building is the new Opera House at Paris," this image "presents an external view.The competition which was announced for the plans for this building brought out at the time the most eminent, artistic, and architectural talent of France, and aroused a very general and lively interest in the result: inasmuch as an architectural chef-d'œuvre was to be produced, such as Paris did not possess before, and one in which the architecture of the present day was to make the utmost possible effect to build a theatre, which in every respect should be worthy of the metropolis of the world, and should thanks to the almost unlimited means at disposal, be the most perfect of its kind."

View of the Opera House in Paris

The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris…

The Early Gothic Ornament design is found in Notre Dame, Paris.

Early Gothic Ornament

The Early Gothic Ornament design is found in Notre Dame, Paris.

This panel design is found at the Louvre museum in Paris, France.

Panel

This panel design is found at the Louvre museum in Paris, France.

This trophy panel slab was designed on a quay front (dock) in Missileries, Paris, France.

Trophy Panel Slab

This trophy panel slab was designed on a quay front (dock) in Missileries, Paris, France.

The grill panel is a German 16th century design found on the pulpit steps in Thann, France

Grill Panel

The grill panel is a German 16th century design found on the pulpit steps in Thann, France

The grill panel is a German 16th century design found on the pulpit steps in Thann, France

Grill Panel

The grill panel is a German 16th century design found on the pulpit steps in Thann, France

This thinner trophy panel was designed on a quay front (dock) in Missileries, Paris, France.

Thinner Trophy Panel

This thinner trophy panel was designed on a quay front (dock) in Missileries, Paris, France.

The Panthéon (Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon, meaning "Every god") is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve, but after many changes now combines liturgical functions with its role as a famous burial place. It is an early example of Neoclassicism, with a façade modeled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a small dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's "Tempietto". Located in the 5th arrondissement on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, the Panthéon looks out over all of Paris. Its architect, Jacques-Germain Soufflot, had the intention of combining the lightness and brightness of the gothic cathedral with classical principles. Soufflot died before his work was achieved, and his plans were not entirely followed. The transparency he had planned for his masterpiece was not attained. Nevertheless, it is one of the most important architectural achievements of its time and the first great neoclassical monument."Toward the end of the reign of Louis XV. a reaction set in, which was caused partly by the excess and caprice displayed in the application of this style, and partly by the tide again setting in the direction of the antique. This evidence by the Colonnades de la Place de Concorde, and by the Church of Ste. Geneviève, which was begun by Soufflot in the year 1755, and subsequently received the name of Pantheon [shown here]. From thenceforth imitations of ancient buildings came into vogue, as they also did in other countries."

West Front of the Pantheon at Paris

The Panthéon (Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon, meaning "Every god") is a building in the Latin…

The modern French parapet is a design found on the Hotel Mirabeau in Paris, France.

Modern French Parapet

The modern French parapet is a design found on the Hotel Mirabeau in Paris, France.

Paris Exhibition in 1878.

Paris Exhibition

Paris Exhibition in 1878.

The Paris Opera House was built by architect Charles Garnier, who was chosen by Emperor Napoleon III. It was built in the late 19th century in a Neo-Baroque style.

Paris Opera House

The Paris Opera House was built by architect Charles Garnier, who was chosen by Emperor Napoleon III.…

The Musée du Louvre or officially the Grand Louvre — in English, the Louvre Museum or Great Louvre, or simply the Louvre — is the national museum of France, the most visited museum in the world, and a historic monument. It is a central landmark of Paris, located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the 1st arrondissement (neighborhood). Nearly 35,000 objects from the 6th century BC to the 19th century are exhibited over an area of 60,600 square meters (652,300 square feet)."Du Cerceau, who flourished during the reign of Henry IV., connected the block of buildings which belong to the Louvre, and had been constructed under Catherine dei Medici, by a gallery with the Tuileries. This architect abandoned the characteristic feature of the French Renaissance, which had prevailed hitherto, namely, of giving its peculiar columnar order to each storey, and assimilated his designs to those of the late Roman Renaissance, in which a striking effect was produced at the expense of truth by continuous columns and pilasters extending over several storeys and rows of windows.Although Du Cerceau was obligated to leave France in the year 1604, the impulse which he had given in the direction of the above-mentioned manner led to its being generally adopted. The new buildings were more correct, but less picturesque than those built during the earlier period of the French Renaissance, and a certain insipidity seems to characterize the various structures erected during the reigns of Henry IV., and especially Louis XIII. As is shown [here], a combination of free-stone and brick was restored to in such a way that the former was employed for the mouldings, and for the quoins and dressings of the doors and windows, whilst brick was used for the spaces between. In the case of the windows the free-stone introduced assumed the forms of quoins. If ornamentation had been previously excessive, it now retired into the background, and was only employed in moderation; and the method of its treatment began to be distinguished from that of the former period. The forms of the details above all began to lose in purity: rustications were inappropriately introduced in the walls and columns, and the roofs were made high and steep, which gave the rest of the building a heavy and squat appearance, whilst the numerous turret-shaped chimneys, which were necessitated by these high roofs, formed a peculiar feature in the construction."

Paris, Royal Palace Façade

The Musée du Louvre or officially the Grand Louvre — in English, the Louvre Museum or Great Louvre,…

"Erected 1861-1875. Covers nearly three acres and cost $7,000,000. A huge dome extends over the auditorium. The interior is magnificently decorated."—Webster, 1920

The Opera, Paris

"Erected 1861-1875. Covers nearly three acres and cost $7,000,000. A huge dome extends over the auditorium.…

Eiffel Tower in Paris, 1901

Eiffel Tower

Eiffel Tower in Paris, 1901

(1822-1895) French chemist and biologist

Louis Pasteur

(1822-1895) French chemist and biologist

This textile pattern is a 12th century design made of silk and gold. It is found in a tomb in the Abbey of St. Germain des pres in Paris, France.

Textile Pattern

This textile pattern is a 12th century design made of silk and gold. It is found in a tomb in the Abbey…

The Turgot Pavilion is part of the Louvre Palace which is located along the Seine river in Paris, France. The Turgot pavilion was built in the New Louvre section, the northern limb of the palace.

The Turgot Pavilion

The Turgot Pavilion is part of the Louvre Palace which is located along the Seine river in Paris, France.…

A caricature of Louis Philippe, the last king of France.

Caricature of Louis Philippe

A caricature of Louis Philippe, the last king of France.

King of France from 1830 to 1848. He was the last king to rule France.

Louis Philippe

King of France from 1830 to 1848. He was the last king to rule France.

"Pylloxera is a genus of insects allied to the Aphis and Coccus families. The Phylloxeridæ attach themselves to various plants, on the juice of which they feed, and which they often injure or destroy. P. vastatrix is the name given to an insect of this family, which, since 1865, has committed great devastation in the vineyards of France. Great numbers of this insect appear on the roots of the vine, where they produce galls, and their punctures are so numerous and incessant that the roots can no longer supply nutriment to the plant, which fades and dies. There is a form which lives on the leaves, also producing galls."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Phylloxera

"Pylloxera is a genus of insects allied to the Aphis and Coccus families. The Phylloxeridæ attach…

"Pylloxera is a genus of insects allied to the Aphis and Coccus families. The Phylloxeridæ attach themselves to various plants, on the juice of which they feed, and which they often injure or destroy. P. vastatrix is the name given to an insect of this family, which, since 1865, has committed great devastation in the vineyards of France. Great numbers of this insect appear on the roots of the vine, where they produce galls, and their punctures are so numerous and incessant that the roots can no longer supply nutriment to the plant, which fades and dies. There is a form which lives on the leaves, also producing galls."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Phylloxera

"Pylloxera is a genus of insects allied to the Aphis and Coccus families. The Phylloxeridæ attach…

"Pylloxera is a genus of insects allied to the Aphis and Coccus families. The Phylloxeridæ attach themselves to various plants, on the juice of which they feed, and which they often injure or destroy. P. vastatrix is the name given to an insect of this family, which, since 1865, has committed great devastation in the vineyards of France. Great numbers of this insect appear on the roots of the vine, where they produce galls, and their punctures are so numerous and incessant that the roots can no longer supply nutriment to the plant, which fades and dies. There is a form which lives on the leaves, also producing galls."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Phylloxera

"Pylloxera is a genus of insects allied to the Aphis and Coccus families. The Phylloxeridæ attach…

This modern Doric pilaster capital is found in the new Opera House in Paris, France. It has an egg-and-dart design on the top with a harp in the center.

Modern Doric Pilaster Capital

This modern Doric pilaster capital is found in the new Opera House in Paris, France. It has an egg-and-dart…

This wrought-iron pilaster capital is a 17th century design found in the castle of Athis-Mons, Paris, France.

Wrought-Iron Pilaster Capital

This wrought-iron pilaster capital is a 17th century design found in the castle of Athis-Mons, Paris,…

"F. Wall of sheet-piling at Havre, France, with earth embankment behind the piles." -Whitney, 1911

Sheet Piling

"F. Wall of sheet-piling at Havre, France, with earth embankment behind the piles." -Whitney, 1911

An illustration of the Place de la Bastille which is a square in Paris where the Bastille Prison once stood. It was built between 1370 and 1383.

Place de la Bastille

An illustration of the Place de la Bastille which is a square in Paris where the Bastille Prison once…

An illustration of the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France. It is the largest square in the French capital. It was named Place Louis XV after the king of the time.

Place de la Concorde

An illustration of the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France. It is the largest square in the French…

A French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on 5 separate occasions, as well as President of France from 1913 to 1920.

Raymond Poincaré

A French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on 5 separate occasions, as well as President…

An illustration of the Pont des Arts and the Louvre in Paris, France. The Pont des Arts is a bridge in Paris which stretches over the Seine River. The bridge goes between the Institute de France and the Louvre. The Louvre is one of the world's largest museums and is the most visited museum of the world.

Pont des Arts and the Louvre

An illustration of the Pont des Arts and the Louvre in Paris, France. The Pont des Arts is a bridge…

An illustration of the Porte Saint-Denis which is a Parisian monument located at one of the gates of the Wall of Charles V.

Porte St. Denis

An illustration of the Porte Saint-Denis which is a Parisian monument located at one of the gates of…

This coffee pot was made in Paris, France. It has a geometric like engraving of leaves and scrolls.

Coffee Pot

This coffee pot was made in Paris, France. It has a geometric like engraving of leaves and scrolls.

The lower part of column profiled shaft is a design found in the Palais du Commerce in Lyons, France.

Lower Part of Column Profiled Shaft

The lower part of column profiled shaft is a design found in the Palais du Commerce in Lyons, France.

"Architectural Refinement from Church of St. Quentin, France ... deviations from the geometrical accuracy of purely structural lines, which have been found widely distributed in architecture before the most modern era." -Whitney, 1911

Refinement

"Architectural Refinement from Church of St. Quentin, France ... deviations from the geometrical…

"Regency Style; motive from Hotel Soubise, Paris ... in the history of the fine arts in France, a name given to work which corresponds to the Regency (1715-23) of Philip of Orleans during the minority of Louis XV." -Whitney, 1911

Regency Style

"Regency Style; motive from Hotel Soubise, Paris ... in the history of the fine arts in France,…

Reliefs from the base of portal, Notre Dame, Paris

Relief

Reliefs from the base of portal, Notre Dame, Paris

This Lectern Relief is details shown from a cathedral in Limoges, France.

Lectern Relief

This Lectern Relief is details shown from a cathedral in Limoges, France.

This Lectern Relief is details shown from a cathedral in Limoges, France.

Lectern Relief

This Lectern Relief is details shown from a cathedral in Limoges, France.

This Lectern Relief is details shown from a cathedral in Limoges, France.

Lectern Relief

This Lectern Relief is details shown from a cathedral in Limoges, France.

A seal of the French Republic, 1792-1804.

Seal of the French Republic

A seal of the French Republic, 1792-1804.

The Cathedral of Rheims is also known as Notre-Dame de Rheims in French. It is a Roman Catholic Cathedral, located in Rheim, France. It was the site of where the Kings of France were once crowned. The Cathedral was completed during the end of the 13th century.

Cathedral of Rheims

The Cathedral of Rheims is also known as Notre-Dame de Rheims in French. It is a Roman Catholic Cathedral,…

Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (September 9, 1585 – December 4, 1642), was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop in 1607, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Jules Cardinal Mazarin.

Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (September 9, 1585 – December 4, 1642),…

Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Jules Cardinal Mazarin.

Cardinal Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December…

An influential figure in the Committee of Public Safety of France and was instrumental in the period of the Reign of Terror. He was executed in 1794.

Robespierre

An influential figure in the Committee of Public Safety of France and was instrumental in the period…

An influential figure of the French Revolution.

Robespierre

An influential figure of the French Revolution.

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius. The bridge spans two hilltops nearly a thousand feet apart. It carries an aqueduct with three tiers of massive stone arches at a height of 160 feet above the stream. This is the finest and best preserved aqueduct in existence."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Aqueduct

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius.…

A form of a short cloak much worn in the earlier part of the eighteenth century.

Roquelaure

A form of a short cloak much worn in the earlier part of the eighteenth century.

The early gothic boss rossette is made of three divisions. Designed in 1240, it is found in the royal palace of St. Chapelle Paris, France.

Early Gothic Boss Rosette

The early gothic boss rossette is made of three divisions. Designed in 1240, it is found in the royal…

A philosopher whose ideas influenced the French Revolution and the American Revolution.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A philosopher whose ideas influenced the French Revolution and the American Revolution.

This silk scarf was designed in france. It has a floral design that is done in both un-naturalistic and naturalistic styles.

Silk Scarf

This silk scarf was designed in france. It has a floral design that is done in both un-naturalistic…

Members of the Assembly gathered together on the night of August 4th, 1789, and drew up the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, which was a key document of the French Revolution.

The Session of August 4

Members of the Assembly gathered together on the night of August 4th, 1789, and drew up the Declaration…