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This is a diagram showing the rocks of the successive periods of time. They are shown in order from the Archaean, in Northern New York, southwestward to the Coal-formation of Pennsylvania, showing that they succee one another on the map simply because they come to the surface in succession

Archaean Time

This is a diagram showing the rocks of the successive periods of time. They are shown in order from…

This is an illustration of the smaller animals from the time when Dinosaurs ruled the planet.

Ancient Animals

This is an illustration of the smaller animals from the time when Dinosaurs ruled the planet.

The founding Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's 19th dynasty. The dates for his short reign are unclear, but 1306-1304 BC, or 1292-1290 BC are frequently cited.

Ramses

The founding Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's 19th dynasty. The dates for his short reign are unclear, but…

They have the bill comparatively dilated, with a wide and partly naked interramal space, oblique sulci on the edge of the upper mandible, a smal weak unguis and long short nasal tubes.

Cape Pigeon

They have the bill comparatively dilated, with a wide and partly naked interramal space, oblique sulci…

The external lateral ligament is a short, thin, and narrow fasciculus, attached, above, to the outer surface of the zygoma and to the tubercle at the outer extremity of the condyle of the mandible.

Temporomandibular

The external lateral ligament is a short, thin, and narrow fasciculus, attached, above, to the outer…

The external lateral ligament is a short, thin, and narrow fasciculus, attached, above, to the outer surface of the zygoma and to the tubercle at the outer extremity of the condyle of the mandible.

Temporomandibular

The external lateral ligament is a short, thin, and narrow fasciculus, attached, above, to the outer…

Tombs of the Mamluks at Cairo. The Mamluks were slave soldiers who served the Muslim caliphs and the Ottoman Empire. Over time they became a powerful military caste, and on more than one occasion they seized power for themselves.

Mamluk Tomb

Tombs of the Mamluks at Cairo. The Mamluks were slave soldiers who served the Muslim caliphs and the…

The Australian dog of wolf like appearance and extremely fierce. The ears are short and erect, the tail is rather bushy, and the hir is of a reddish&mdashdun color. it is very destructive to flocks.

Dingo

The Australian dog of wolf like appearance and extremely fierce. The ears are short and erect, the tail…

A diagram of ground or short circuit.

Short Circuit

A diagram of ground or short circuit.

Wiring diagram showing method of using lamp-testing set for locating short-circuits.

Lamp Testing

Wiring diagram showing method of using lamp-testing set for locating short-circuits.

Diagram for locating short-circuits between motor and generator armature coils.

Short-Circuits

Diagram for locating short-circuits between motor and generator armature coils.

Diagram for testing open- or short-circuited generator armature coil with ammeter.

Armature Coil

Diagram for testing open- or short-circuited generator armature coil with ammeter.

Diagram of set-up when coils are short-circuited.

Short-Circuited

Diagram of set-up when coils are short-circuited.

Diagram for testing short-circuits between windings.

Circuit Test

Diagram for testing short-circuits between windings.

Voltmeter test diagram for short-circuit between coils.

Voltmeter

Voltmeter test diagram for short-circuit between coils.

"The Marchioness of Kildare."

Emily Fitzgerald

"The Marchioness of Kildare."

An adult woman with short hair wearing a hat.

Woman in Hat

An adult woman with short hair wearing a hat.

Columbus arriving at Granada in time to see the final surrender of the Moors to the Spanish Army.

Moors Surrender

Columbus arriving at Granada in time to see the final surrender of the Moors to the Spanish Army.

A well-known writer, who is credited with writing poetry and short stories. Sister of Phebe Cary.

Alice Cary

A well-known writer, who is credited with writing poetry and short stories. Sister of Phebe Cary.

A well-known writer, who is credited with writing poetry and short stories. Sister of Alice Cary.

Phebe Cary

A well-known writer, who is credited with writing poetry and short stories. Sister of Alice Cary.

This representation of the vessels of the early Spanish navigators is a fac-simile of a cut in Medina's <em>Arte de navegar</em>, Vallodolid, 1545, which was re-engraved in the Venice edition of 1555. In the variety of changes in methods of measurement it is not easy to find the equivalent in tonnage of the present day for the ships of Columbus' time. Those constituting his little fleet seem to have been liht and swift vessels of the class called caravels. One had a deck amidships, with high forecastle and two were without this deck, though high, and covered at the ends. Captaing G. V. Fox has given what he supposes were the dimensions of the larger one,- a heavier craft and duller sailer than the others. He calculates for a hundred tons, -makes her sixty-three feet over all, fifty-one feet keel, twenty feet beam, and ten and a half feet draft of water. She carried the kind of gun termed lombards, and a crew of fifty men.

Spanish Vessels

This representation of the vessels of the early Spanish navigators is a fac-simile of a cut in Medina's…

A ship of Columbus' time.

1400's Ship

A ship of Columbus' time.

An instrument which could more readily adapt itself to the swaying of the observer's body in a sea-way, soon displaced in good measure the astrolabe on shipboard. It in several ways modified forms for a long time served mariners as a convenient help in ascertaining the altitude of the celestial bodies. Precisely when it was first introduced is not certain; but the earliest description of it which has been found is that of Werner in 1514.

Jackstaff

An instrument which could more readily adapt itself to the swaying of the observer's body in a sea-way,…

View of the town of Cartagena during the time of Columbus.

Cartagena

View of the town of Cartagena during the time of Columbus.

An Australian marsupial. The males are short lived.

Phascogale

An Australian marsupial. The males are short lived.

A cannon from the time of Cortez. "It will be observed that the pieces have no trunnions, and are supported in a kind of trough. They were breech-loaders by means of chambers, three of which, with handles, are seen (in the cut) lying on the ground, and one is in place, in the gun on the right. In the Naval Museum at Annapolis there are guns captured to be the ones used by Cortes. A search of the records of the Ordnance Department at Washington, instituted for me by Commodore Sicard, at the suggestion of Prof. Charles E. Munroe of the Naval Academy, has not, however, revealed any documentary evidence; but a paper in the <em>Army and Navy Journal</em>, Nov. 22, 1884, shows such guns to have been captured by Lieutenant Wyse in the 'Darien.' The guns at Annapolis are provided with like chambers, as seen in photographs kindly sent to me. Similar chambers are now, or were recently, used in firing salutes on the Queen's birthday in St. James' Park." &mdash; Winsor, 1886.

Cannon

A cannon from the time of Cortez. "It will be observed that the pieces have no trunnions, and are supported…

Natives on rafts in Peru, at the time of conquest.

Natives

Natives on rafts in Peru, at the time of conquest.

They are shrubby yellowish green parasites, generally with abundant short jointed branches, flat opposite thickishleaves, and mersed flowers in several or many rows.

American Mistletoe

They are shrubby yellowish green parasites, generally with abundant short jointed branches, flat opposite…

A shrub characterized by the turbinate form of the perianth above its short tube, with three lanceolate erect sepals and three thinner petals slightly spreading at the apex.

New Zealand Flax

A shrub characterized by the turbinate form of the perianth above its short tube, with three lanceolate…

A money of account and a copper coin. Equal to three foourths of the United States cent at the time.

Half Pice

A money of account and a copper coin. Equal to three foourths of the United States cent at the time.

A money of account and a copper coin. Equal to three foourths of the United States cent at the time.

Half Pice

A money of account and a copper coin. Equal to three foourths of the United States cent at the time.

Indians in their beds during the time of Magellan's discovery.

Indian Beds

Indians in their beds during the time of Magellan's discovery.

"The most illustrious of Babylonian kings, was the son of Nabopolassar, the general of the Babylonian garrison at the time the Assyrian empire fell to pieces after the death of Assur-bani-pal. The Babylonians then thre off the hated yoke of Assyria, and Nebopolassar was proclaimed king of Babylonia, in 625 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar succeeded him in 604, reigning 43 years, and was one of the greatest sovereigns who ever rules the ancient empire." &mdash; Beach, 1900

Nebuchadnezzar

"The most illustrious of Babylonian kings, was the son of Nabopolassar, the general of the Babylonian…

"The barometer is simply a pressure gauge that registers the pressure of the air. In this case the cup and tube at the bottom are protected by a brass or iron casing. At the top of the tube is a graduated scale. Attached to the casing is an accurate thermometer for determining the temperature of the outside air at the time the barometric observation is taken." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Barometer

"The barometer is simply a pressure gauge that registers the pressure of the air. In this case the cup…

"Curves other than arcs of circles are drawn with the pencil or ruling pen by means of curved or irregular-shaped rulers, called irregular curves. A series of points is first determined through which the curved line is to pass. The line is then drawn through these points by using such parts of the irregular curve as will pass through several of the points at once, the curve being shifted from time to time as required." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Irregular Curves

"Curves other than arcs of circles are drawn with the pencil or ruling pen by means of curved or irregular-shaped…

"A genus of saurian reptiles, constituting a distinct family, of very peculiar form and structure, and on various accounts highly interesting. The body is much compressed; the dorsal line sharp, in some of the species rising into an elevated crest; the back of the head is also elevated into a sort of cone. The neck is very short, and does not admit of the head being turned, for which, however, compensation is found in the remarkable powers of motion possessed by the large prominent eyes, which move independently of one another, and are covered with a membrane pierced only with a small hole for the pupil to look through." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Chameleon

"A genus of saurian reptiles, constituting a distinct family, of very peculiar form and structure, and…

"A genus of insects, the type of a very numerous family, which forms the order Parasita or Auoplura. The body is flattened, almost transparent; the segments both of the thorax and abdomen very distinct; the mouth is small and tubular, enclosing a sucker; there are no wings; the legs are short, and are terminated by a claw adapted for taking hold of hairs or feathers. The eyes are simple, one or two on each side of the head. All the species are small, and live parasitically, on human beings, terrestrial mammalia, and birds." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Magnified Louse

"A genus of insects, the type of a very numerous family, which forms the order Parasita or Auoplura.…

"Probably the precursor of the Oar, and still is substitute among barbarous nations, is a wooden implement, consisting of a wide flat blade with a short handle, by means of which the operator spoons the water towards him." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Paddle

"Probably the precursor of the Oar, and still is substitute among barbarous nations, is a wooden implement,…

"Probably the precursor of the Oar, and still is substitute among barbarous nations, is a wooden implement, consisting of a wide flat blade with a short handle, by means of which the operator spoons the water towards him." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Double Paddle

"Probably the precursor of the Oar, and still is substitute among barbarous nations, is a wooden implement,…

"In 1854, Mr. Fowler exhibited his patent steam-draining apparatus at the Lincoln meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of England; and from this time may be dated the practical history of cultivation of the land byy steam; for the idea that such an apparatus could be wrought advantageously in other field-operations entered the mind of a practical farmer, Mr. Smith of Woolston, near Bletchley; and under the direction of Mr. Fowler, he got construced an apparatus with modifications." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Fowler's Steam-engine

"In 1854, Mr. Fowler exhibited his patent steam-draining apparatus at the Lincoln meeting of the Royal…

"The Chinapatam Sugar-mill consists of a mortar made by cutting down some hard-wood tree to within 2 or 3 feet of the ground, and hollowing the top of the portion left standing in the ground into the form of a mortar, A. A small hole is then bored obliquely through from the bottom of the cavity to the outside, and a pipe, f, conveys the juice into a jar, g. B is a cylindrical piece of wood, sharpened at each end, to act as a pestle, which is kept in its place with sufficient pressure by the lever C and the ropes at E. Two men are required: one at I has a basket supplied with small lengths of freshly-cut cane, which he places, two or three at a time, in the mortar, and when necessary, removes the crushed ones; the other man sits on the other end of the train, balancing it, and at the same time drives oxen which are attached to the end of the beam D, and keep the movable parts of the mill constantly turning round." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Chinapatam Sugar-mill

"The Chinapatam Sugar-mill consists of a mortar made by cutting down some hard-wood tree to within 2…

Uncastrated male cattle that is raised for beef.

Short-Horned Bull

Uncastrated male cattle that is raised for beef.

Female cattle that is raised for milk and beef.

Short-Horned Cow

Female cattle that is raised for milk and beef.

"A, is the cathead; B, the fish davit; C, and E, bollards; D, the bill-board. The anchor is held in place by two chains, a and b, termed the cat-stopper and shank vainter respectively, each of which is fitted with a long link at one end. A bolt b, about 5 or 6 inches long, is fixed on the side of the cathead, on a hinge at its lower end; it is held in the upright position by another bolt c, which passes through the cathead, and is worked by a lever d; d is provided with a hole at the end for a lanyard, so that two or three men can pull it. This whole arrangement is termed a slip-stopper. A somewhat similar combination of bolts and levers is fitted close tot he bill-board D, e being a short bolt secured at its lower end with a hinge to the ship's side; and f a hooked lever which holds it in its upright position; f has a socket at its inboard end, to which a shifting arm, provided with a lanyard like the lever d, is fitted." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Bower Anchor

"A, is the cathead; B, the fish davit; C, and E, bollards; D, the bill-board. The anchor is held in…

A large bird with rounded short wings, long round tail, and large strong feet.

Chewink

A large bird with rounded short wings, long round tail, and large strong feet.

A short and wide sea shell.

Shell

A short and wide sea shell.

A vase or jar with a rounded form and short neck, with or without a cover.

Potiche

A vase or jar with a rounded form and short neck, with or without a cover.

"The click barrel-ratchet R is set upon another larger ratchet-wheel, with its teeth pointing the opposite way, and its click rT is set in the clock-frame. That ratchet is connected with the great wheel by a spring ss' pressing against the two pins s in the ratchet and s' in the wheel. When you wind up the weight, the click Tr prevents the ratchet from turning back or to the right; and as the spring ss' is kept by the weight in a state of tension equivalent to the weight itself it will drive the wheel to the left for a short distance, when its end s is held fast, with the same force as if that end was pulled forward by the weight; and as the great wheel has to move very little during the short time the clock is winding, the spring will keep the clock going long enough." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Harrison's Going-Ratchet

"The click barrel-ratchet R is set upon another larger ratchet-wheel, with its teeth pointing the opposite…

"E represents the scape-wheel turning in a minute, and e its pinion, which is driven by the wheel D having a pinion d driven by the wheel C, which we may suppose to turn in an hour. The arbors of the scape-wheel and hour-wheel are distinct, their pivots-meeting in a bush fixed somewhere between the wheels. The pivots of the wheel, D are set in the frame AP, which rides on the arbors of the hour-wheel and scape-wheel, or on another short arbor between them. The hour-wheel also drives another wheel G, which again drives the pinion f on the arbor which carries the two arms f A, f B; and on the same arbor is set a fly with a ratchet, like a common striking fly, and the numbers of the teeth are so arranged that the fly will turn once for each turn of the scapewheel. The ends of the remontoire arms f A, f B are capable of alternately passing the notches cut half through the arbor of the scape-wheel, as those notches successively come into the proper position at the end of every half minute; as soon as that happens the-hour-wheel raises the movable wheel D and its frame through a small angle; but nevertheless, that wheel keeps pressing on the scape-wheel as if it were not moving, the point of contact of the wheel C and the pinion d being the fulcrum or center of motion of the level A d P." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Gravity Train Remontoire

"E represents the scape-wheel turning in a minute, and e its pinion, which is driven by the wheel D…

A rodent that live sunderground on prairies. They are about a foot long, very stout, squat, paunchy form with low ears and ver short tail.

Prairie Dogs

A rodent that live sunderground on prairies. They are about a foot long, very stout, squat, paunchy…

"This coffee apparatus consists of a glass globe a, an infusing jar b, of glass or porcelain and a bent tube c of block tin or German silver fitted by a cork stopper into the neck of the globe and passing to the bottom of the jar, where it ends in a finely perforated disc. The apparatus also requires a spirit lamp d or other means of communicating a certain amount of heat to the globe. The coffee is infused with boiling water in the jar, and a small quantity of boiling water is also placed in the globe. The tube is then fitted in, and the spirit lamp is lighted under the globe. The steam generated expels the air from the globe, and it bubbles up through the jar. When the bubbles of air cease to appear almost the whole of the air will have been ejected, and on withdrawing the lamp the steam in the globe condenses, creating a vacuum, to fill up which the infused coffee rushes up through the metal tube, being at the same time filtered by the accumulated coffee grounds around the perforated disc." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Napier's Coffee Apparatus

"This coffee apparatus consists of a glass globe a, an infusing jar b, of glass or porcelain and a bent…

"These congregate together under stones, and when disturbed discharge a caustic fluid of an extremely penetrating odor, and so volatile that no sooner does it come in contact with the atmosphere than it passes into a vapour, accompanied by a considerable explosion, during which they seek to escape. When placed on the tongue this guid causes a sharp pain and leaves a yellow spot somewhat similar to that produced by a drop of nitric acid. The Bombardiers are said to be capable of giving off as many as 18 of such discharges at a time." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893.

Bombardier Beetle

"These congregate together under stones, and when disturbed discharge a caustic fluid of an extremely…

"Springing Beetles, Elateridae, are narrower and more elongate than the former, and their legs are so short that when they fall on their backs they are as unable to right themselves as a capsized turtle, but by bending the head and thorax backwards, and making use of the prolongation already described, they are enabled to spring to a height fully ten times their own length, and this operation they repeat until they fall on their feet. The noise which accompanies the springing process has earned for them the name of Click Beetles." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Click Beetle

"Springing Beetles, Elateridae, are narrower and more elongate than the former, and their legs are so…

"Serjeant-at-law (time of Henry VI.)" &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Judge

"Serjeant-at-law (time of Henry VI.)" — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain amount of twist imparted to it, and is wound on a bobbin. In this process the end or sliver from the last head of the drawing frame is drawn out by means of three pairs of rollers, and this is twisted as it emerges from the front line of rollers by the action of vertical spindles and flyers, which at the same time wind the ends upon bobbins in successive layers." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Slubbing Frame

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain…

"The arched crown in its earliest form was introduced by Henry V.; and, with the arches crosses, which from the time of Henry VI always have been crosses patees, appeared to supersede the earlier foliage upon the circlet." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Crown

"The arched crown in its earliest form was introduced by Henry V.; and, with the arches crosses, which…

"The form of the arches shown appear for the first time upon the great seal of Edward VI." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Crown

"The form of the arches shown appear for the first time upon the great seal of Edward VI." — Encyclopedia…

"The rays are sometimes very short, or altogether wanting, the body having the form of a pentagonal disk." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Astrogonium Phrygianum

"The rays are sometimes very short, or altogether wanting, the body having the form of a pentagonal…

"The coil is of flat, rectangular shape, with a narrow central opening just large enough to allow one of the magnets of the astatic system to swing freely. The other magnet swings over a graduated circle placed on the top of the coil, and serves also as an index. Sometimes a mirror and scale are substituted for the index and graduated circle. The sole on which the coil stands is movable on a fixed piece which can be levelled by means of three screws." &mdash Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Astatic Multiplier

"The coil is of flat, rectangular shape, with a narrow central opening just large enough to allow one…

F, fixed coil; D, movable coil; S, spiral spring; T, Torsion head; MM, Mercury cups; I, Index needle.

Siemens Electrodynamometer

F, fixed coil; D, movable coil; S, spiral spring; T, Torsion head; MM, Mercury cups; I, Index needle.