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Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." High Vowels have the third finger accented

Round Front Wide High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Round Front Wide Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Round Front Wide Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

"And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they rose early at the dawning of the day, and compassed the city after the same manner seven times: only on the day they compassed the city seven times. And it came to pass at the seventh time, when the priests blew the trumpets, Joshua said unto the people, Shout; for Jehovah hath given you the city. And the city shall be devoted, even it and all that is therein, to Jehovah: only Rahab the harlot shall live, she and all that are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers that we sent. But as for you, only keep yourselves from the devoted thing, lest when ye have devoted it, ye take of the devoted thing; so would ye make the camp of Israel accursed, and trouble it. But all the silver, and gold, and vessels of brass and iron, are holy unto Jehovah: they shall come into the treasury of Jehovah. So the people shouted, and the priests blew the trumpets; and it came to pass, when the people heard the sound of the trumpet, that the people shouted with a great shout, and the wall fell down flat, so that the people went up into the city, every man straight before him, and they took the city." Joshua 6:15-20 ASV <p>Illustration of the walls of Jericho falling as the Israelites surround the city. The ark of the covenant and priests blowing trumpets are seen on the left side of the picture.

Falling of the Walls of Jericho

"And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they rose early at the dawning of the day, and compassed…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the pointer finger accented.

Normal Aperture Mixed Primary Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

John Brown (1800 &ndash; 1859) was an American abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection to end slavery. He played an integral part in making Kansas a free state. However, he was unsuccessful in the raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.

John Brown

John Brown (1800 – 1859) was an American abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection…

The Robinson House belonged to a free African American during the First Battle of Bull Run. The house was captured and the battle was fought near the famous house.

Robinson's House in Battle of Bull Run

The Robinson House belonged to a free African American during the First Battle of Bull Run. The house…

The Liberal Republican Party's Cincinnati Convention does not live up to its "Great Expectations" during the Election of 1872.

Cincinnati Convention's Great Expectations

The Liberal Republican Party's Cincinnati Convention does not live up to its "Great Expectations" during…

Russia's "live and let live" motto.

Russia's Live and Let Live Motto

Russia's "live and let live" motto.

Paradoxides was a genus of relatively large trilobites, extinct marine arthropods, that form the class Trilobita found throughout the world during the Mid Cambrian period (540 million years ago). It was a moderately large trilobite with a semicircular head, free cheeks each ending with a long, narrow, recurved spine, and relatively large eyes. Its elongated trunk was composed of 20 segments and again was adorned with longish, recurved lateral spines. Its pygidium(caudal shield) was comparatively small and had one or two pairs of long spines on the posterior margin.

Paradoxides Harlani

Paradoxides was a genus of relatively large trilobites, extinct marine arthropods, that form the class…

The Bell Animalcule (Vorticella) (fig 10) in certain respects resembles the Slipper Animalcule. It is generally attached by a slender stalk, and where many are growing together they appear like a delicate growth of mold upon the water weed. In figure 10 we see Vorticlla, an attached ciliate infusorian, highly magnified. (a) fully extented individual, (c.v.) pulsating vaculoe; (g) gullet; (n) nucleus. (b) contracted specimen, (c) small free-swimming individual, which unites with a statinary individual (one partly united is shown in specimen b).

Vorticella

The Bell Animalcule (Vorticella) (fig 10) in certain respects resembles the Slipper Animalcule. It is…

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds, and certain insects. is is a parasite living at the expense of the host in whose whose body it lives in. This is a Gregarinid (Actinocephalus oligacanthus) from the intestine of an insect.

Protozoan

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds,…

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds, and certain insects. It is a parasite living at the expense of the host in whose whose body it lives in. This is a spore forming by a Gregarinid (Cocidium oviforme) from the liver of a guinea-pig.

Protozoan

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds,…

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds, and certain insects. It is a parasite living at the expense of the host in whose whose body it lives in. This is a spore forming by a Gregarinid (Cocidium oviforme) from the liver of a guinea-pig.

Protozoan

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds,…

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds, and certain insects. It is a parasite living at the expense of the host in whose whose body it lives in. A stage in the conjugation and spore forming of Gregarina polymopha.

Protozoan

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds,…

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds, and certain insects. It is a parasite living at the expense of the host in whose whose body it lives in. A stage in the conjugation and spore forming of Gregarina polymopha.

Protozoan

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds,…

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds, and certain insects. It is a parasite living at the expense of the host in whose whose body it lives in. A stage in the conjugation and spore forming of Gregarina polymopha.

Protozoan

Gregarina, a protozoan, various species which live in the alimentary canal of crayfishes, centipeds,…

Hydroids, related to the jellyfish, have three basic life-cycle stages: a tiny free-swimming planula larva, which settles and grows into a sessile attached, usually colonial hydroid stage, which in turn liberates medusae. An enlarged portion of a hydroid colony (Hydractinia) showing the nutritive polyp (a), the defensive polyp (b), and the reproductive polyp.

Hydroid Jellyfish

Hydroids, related to the jellyfish, have three basic life-cycle stages: a tiny free-swimming planula…

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds, or along the seacoast while a variety of other species are parasitic. The free forms are usually small, barely reaching a length greater than five or seven cetimeters (2 to 3 inches). Some of the parasitic species attain the great length of six to thirteen meters (20 to 40 feet). This is a fresh water flatworm.

Flatworm

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds,…

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds, or along the seacoast while a variety of other species are parasitic. The free forms are usually small, barely reaching a length greater than five or seven cetimeters (2 to 3 inches). Some of the parasitic species attain the great length of six to thirteen meters (20 to 40 feet). This is a marine flatworm.

Flatworm

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds,…

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds, or along the seacoast while a variety of other species are parasitic. The free forms are usually small, barely reaching a length greater than five or seven cetimeters (2 to 3 inches). Some of the parasitic species attain the great length of six to thirteen meters (20 to 40 feet). This is a fresh water flatworm. This is an anatomy of freshwater flatworm (Planaria), showing the excretory system, with flame-cell. The alimentary canal is stippled.

Flatworm

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds,…

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds, or along the seacoast while a variety of other species are parasitic. The free forms are usually small, barely reaching a length greater than five or seven cetimeters (2 to 3 inches). Some of the parasitic species attain the great length of six to thirteen meters (20 to 40 feet). This shows the nervous system of the flatworm.

Flatworm

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds,…

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds, or along the seacoast while a variety of other species are parasitic. The free forms are usually small, barely reaching a length greater than five or seven cetimeters (2 to 3 inches). Some of the parasitic species attain the great length of six to thirteen meters (20 to 40 feet). This is the flame-cell of the flatworm showing the flagellum (f), the nucleus (n), space among the organs of the body, (v) waste material.

Flatworm

Flatworms are flattened, leaf-like forms living in damp places on land, in freshwater streams of ponds,…

Many mollusks live upon seaweeds, and the greater number of terrestrial forms are fond of garden vegetables. The food needs to be masticated and the mouth is usually provided with horny jaws, and an additional matricatory apparaus which consists of a kind of tongue with eight to forty thousand minute teeth in our land forms, while in certain marine snails they are beyond computation. With the licking motion of the tongue this rasp tears the food into shreds before it is swallowed. Shown here is a small portion of the radula or tongue-rasp of a snail.

Snail

Many mollusks live upon seaweeds, and the greater number of terrestrial forms are fond of garden vegetables.…

A barnacle is a type of arthropod belonging to infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacean, and is hence distantly related to crabs and lobsters. Barnacles are exclusively marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters, typically in erosive settings. They are sessile suspension feeders, and have two nektonic larval stages. Barnacles are encrusters, attaching themselves permanently to a hard substrate. Shown is a barnacle larva.

Barnacles

A barnacle is a type of arthropod belonging to infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacean, and…

A barnacle is a type of arthropod belonging to infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacean, and is hence distantly related to crabs and lobsters. Barnacles are exclusively marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters, typically in erosive settings. They are sessile suspension feeders, and have two nektonic larval stages. Barnacles are encrusters, attaching themselves permanently to a hard substrate. Shown is a developed adult barnacle.

Barnacles

A barnacle is a type of arthropod belonging to infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacean, and…

Cockroaches or roaches are insects of the order Blattaria. This name derives from the Latin word for "cockroach", blatta. Cockroaches live in a wide range of environments around the world. Pest species of cockroaches adapt readily to a variety of environments, but prefer warm conditions found within buildings. Many tropical species prefer even warmer environments and do not fare well in the average household. Roaches are not able to survive in moist areas such as bathrooms and are not able to exit such areas. This diagram shows a dissection of a cockroach with particular note of the allmentary canal (al).

Cockroach

Cockroaches or roaches are insects of the order Blattaria. This name derives from the Latin word for…

Carpenter bees are large, hairy bees distributed worldwide. Their name comes from the fact that nearly all species build their nests in burrows in dead wood, bamboo, or structural timbers. In several species, the females live in tunnels alongside their own daughters or sisters, creating a sort of social group. They use wood bits to form partitions between the cells in the nest. A few species bore holes in wood dwellings. Since the tunnels are near the surface, structural damage is generally minor or nonexistent.

Carpenter Bee

Carpenter bees are large, hairy bees distributed worldwide. Their name comes from the fact that nearly…

Marcus Antonius, known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and General. He was an important supporter and the best friend of Gaius Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator, being Caesar's second cousin, once removed, by his mother Julia Antonia. After Caesar's assassination, Antony formed an official political alliance with Octavian (Augustus) and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, known to historians today as the Second Triumvirate.

Bust of Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius, known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and General. He was an important…

Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with his father, Marcus Aurelius, from 177 until 180). The name given here was his official name at his accession to sole rule; see Changes of name for earlier and later forms. His accession as emperor was the first time a son had succeeded his father since Titus succeeded Vespasian in 79. Commodus was the first emperor "born to the purple"; i.e., born during his father's reign.

Bust of Commodus

Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled…

"Globigerina bulloides. GLOBIGERINIDAE. A family of chiefly pelagic foraminiferous rhizopods, with the perforate test free and calcareous, its several chambers inflated or globose and arranged in a turbinate spiral, the aperture simple or multiple and conspicuous, opening into an umbilical depression, and no supplementary skeleton or canal system." -Whitney, 1911

Globigerina

"Globigerina bulloides. GLOBIGERINIDAE. A family of chiefly pelagic foraminiferous rhizopods, with the…

"Globigerina bulloides. GLOBIGERINIDAE. A family of chiefly pelagic foraminiferous rhizopods, with the perforate test free and calcareous, its several chambers inflated or globose and arranged in a turbinate spiral, the aperture simple or multiple and conspicuous, opening into an umbilical depression, and no supplementary skeleton or canal system." -Whitney, 1911

Globigerina

"Globigerina bulloides. GLOBIGERINIDAE. A family of chiefly pelagic foraminiferous rhizopods, with the…

Gobiesox reticulatus is a species of Clingfish, a bottom dwelling fish that live in shallow waters.

Clingfish

Gobiesox reticulatus is a species of Clingfish, a bottom dwelling fish that live in shallow waters.

"Gregarina, free pseudo-navicellae. GREGARINIDAE. A family or other major group of endoplastic protozoans, having spheroidal, ovoid, or elongated bodies, sometimes with a segmental constriction, and occasionally one end of the body beaked with an epimerite bearing curved horny spines." -Whitney, 1911

Gregarina

"Gregarina, free pseudo-navicellae. GREGARINIDAE. A family or other major group of endoplastic protozoans,…

"Gregarina, their free amoebiform contents. GREGARINIDAE. A family or other major group of endoplastic protozoans, having spheroidal, ovoid, or elongated bodies, sometimes with a segmental constriction, and occasionally one end of the body beaked with an epimerite bearing curved horny spines." -Whitney, 1911

Amoebiform Gregarina

"Gregarina, their free amoebiform contents. GREGARINIDAE. A family or other major group of endoplastic…

"Gyroscope. Gyroscopic top, an instrument consisting of a heavy fly-wheel revolving about an axis one point of which is fixed, but which is otherwise free to move in any way." -Whitney, 1911

Gyroscope

"Gyroscope. Gyroscopic top, an instrument consisting of a heavy fly-wheel revolving about an axis one…

The light park phaeton is an early 19th century carriage that is drawn by one or two horses. It is constructed to be light and simple, free from carvings and ornamental iron-work.

Light Park Phaeton

The light park phaeton is an early 19th century carriage that is drawn by one or two horses. It is constructed…

The harmonium is a free standing keyboard instrument, similar to a reed organ or a pipe organ.

Harmonium

The harmonium is a free standing keyboard instrument, similar to a reed organ or a pipe organ.

Color flag of Canada. Two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red and white.

Flag of Canada, 2009

Color flag of Canada. Two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between…

Black and white outline flag of Canada. Two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red and white

Flag of Canada, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Canada. Two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with…

Color flag of Cape Verde. Five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars, each representing one of the islands, is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side. <p>Historically, the name "Cape Verde" has been used in English for the archipelago and, since independence in 1975, for the country. In 2013, the Cape Verdean government determined that the Portuguese designation "Cabo Verde" would henceforth be used for official purposes, such as at the United Nations, even in English contexts.

Flag of Cape Verde, 2009

Color flag of Cape Verde. Five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half…

Black and white outline flag of Cape Verde. Five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars, each representing one of the islands, is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side. <p>Historically, the name "Cape Verde" has been used in English for the archipelago and, since independence in 1975, for the country. In 2013, the Cape Verdean government determined that the Portuguese designation "Cabo Verde" would henceforth be used for official purposes, such as at the United Nations, even in English contexts.

Flag of Cape Verde, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Cape Verde. Five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue…

Color flag of France. Three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution; the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands; the official flag for all French dependent areas.

Flag of France, 2009

Color flag of France. Three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the…

Black and white outline flag of France. Three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution; the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands; the official flag for all French dependent areas

Flag of France, 2009

Black and white outline flag of France. Three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and…

Color flag of Wallis and Futuna. Unofficial, local flag has a red field with four white isosceles triangles in the middle, representing the three native kings of the islands and the French administrator; the apexes of the triangles are oriented inward and at right angles to each other; the flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the upper hoist quadrant; the flag of France is the only official flag.

Flag of Wallis and Futuna, 2009

Color flag of Wallis and Futuna. Unofficial, local flag has a red field with four white isosceles triangles…

Black and white outline flag of Wallis and Futuna. Unofficial, local flag has a red field with four white isosceles triangles in the middle, representing the three native kings of the islands and the French administrator; the apexes of the triangles are oriented inward and at right angles to each other; the flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the upper hoist quadrant; the flag of France is the only official flag

Flag of Wallis and Futuna, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Wallis and Futuna. Unofficial, local flag has a red field with four…

"Ornamental plants, cultivated chiefly for their handsome flowers. The Abelias are small or medium-sized bushy shrubs with deciduous or persistent foliage and rather small in numerous flowers varying from white to pink or purple; after the flowers have fallen, the persistent usually purplish sepals are attractive. A. grandiflora, Rehd. Fig. 58. Lvs. ovate, rounded or attenuate at the base, acute, 3/4-1&1/2 in. long, serrate, shining above, nearly glabrous, half-evergreen: fls. in terminal, loose panicles, white flushed pink, campanulate, 3/4in. long; stamens not exserted. Of garden origin. Gt. 41:1366. Gn. 76, p.528. J.H. III. 8:77- One of hte hardiest and most free-flowering abelias; it flowers continuously from June to November." L.H. Bailey, 1917

Glossy Abelia

"Ornamental plants, cultivated chiefly for their handsome flowers. The Abelias are small or medium-sized…

In Norse mythology, Nornagesta was fated by the three Norns: Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld. Urd and Verdandi gave him a rich, heroic life. Skuld said he would live no longer than a burning candle. Nornagesta kept the candle safe and hidden and lived to be 300 years old. King Olaf found the candle, burned it, and Nornagesta died.

Olaf and Nornagesta

In Norse mythology, Nornagesta was fated by the three Norns: Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld. Urd and Verdandi…

Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively, from the family Scombridae. They occur in all tropical and temperate seas. Most live offshore in the oceanic environment but a few, like the Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus), enter bays and can be caught near bridges and piers. Common features of mackerels are a slim, cylindrical shape (as opposed to the tunas which are deeper bodied) and numerous finlets on the dorsal and ventral sides behind the dorsal and anal fins.

Mackerel

Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively,…

"Fig 56 - Axial skeleton, minus the skull, of an owl, Asio wilsonianus, life size; from nature by Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, USA. at, atlas; ax,axis; cv, cervical vertebrae; c, c', cervical ribs, or free pleurapophyses; dv, dorsal vertebrae, excepting the last one, which joins the sacrum; R, two of the six true ribs (pleurapophyses), whereof sr is sacral; u, one of the five uncinate processes or epipleura; cr, two of the six sternal ribs(haemapophyses), whereof the sixth floats; p, pelvic or sacral region of the spine, comprehending one dorsal, and several lumbar, sacral proper, and urosacral vertebrae; I ilium; Is, ischium; P pubis; a, acetabulum; in, ischio-iliac foremen; o, obturator foramen; clv, caudal or coccygeal vertebrae, whereof py is the pygostyle; s, scapula; ohs, os humero-scapulare; cl, clavicle; C, coracoid; S, sternum." Elliot Coues, 1884

Axial Skeleton

"Fig 56 - Axial skeleton, minus the skull, of an owl, Asio wilsonianus, life size; from nature by Dr.…

"Fig. 53 shows the lobate foot of a coot. In the lobate foot, a paddle results not from connecting webs, but from a series of lobes or flaps along the sides of the individual toes; as in the coots, grebes, phalaropes, and sun-birds. Lobation is usually associated with semipalmation, as is well seen in the grebes (Podicipedidae). In the snipe-like pharalopes (Phalaropodidae), lobation is present as a modification of a foot otherwise quite cursorial. The most emphatic cases of lobation are those in which each joint of the toes has its own flap, with a free convex border; the membranes as whole therefore present a scolloped outline." Elliot Coues, 1884

Coot Foot

"Fig. 53 shows the lobate foot of a coot. In the lobate foot, a paddle results not from connecting webs,…

"Fig. 53 bis - shows the lobate foot of a phalarope. In the lobate foot, a paddle results not from connecting webs, but from a series of lobes or flaps along the sides of the individual toes; as in the coots, grebes, phalaropes, and sun-birds. Lobation is usually associated with semipalmation, as is well seen in the grebes (Podicipedidae). In the snipe-like pharalopes (Phalaropodidae), lobation is present as a modification of a foot otherwise quite cursorial. The most emphatic cases of lobation are those in which each joint of the toes has its own flap, with a free convex border; the membranes as whole therefore present a scolloped outline." Elliot Coues, 1884

Phalarope Foot

"Fig. 53 bis - shows the lobate foot of a phalarope. In the lobate foot, a paddle results not from connecting…

The Common Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) is a species of aquatic salamander found throughout the northeastern United States, and parts of Canada. Mudpuppies prefer shallow water with many places to hide, but have been found at depths of up to 90 feet. The mating season is late autumn, however eggs are not laid until late spring when 50 to 100 eggs are deposited in a nest cavity under a rock or other object. It takes 1 to 2 months for the eggs to hatch and 4 to 6 years for the young to reach maturity. Mudpuppies may live for up to 20 years.

Common Mudpuppy

The Common Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) is a species of aquatic salamander found throughout the northeastern…

"A certain originality and freedom of intervention is perceptible in the buildings of the early period of the Venetian Renaissance style; the old style is happily blended with the new, which during the first stage is still imbued with Romanesque conceptions." The Vendramin were a rich merchant family of Venice, Italy. What is now the most prominent "Palazzo Vendramin" in Venice, the splendid Ca' Vendramin Calergi by Mauro Codussi on the Grand Canal, was in fact only inherited by the family in 1739, and is now the casino, also famous as the place where Richard Wagner died in 1883. Some rooms are kept as a museum commemorating Wagner's stay. The 16th century Ca' Vendramin di Santa Fosca in the Cannaregio quarter, now also a hotel, is where Gabriele Vendramin's collection was housed. Yet another is the 16th or possibly 17th century "Palazzo Vendramin dei Carmini", in Dorsoduro, most of which is now occupied by part of the University of Venice.

Vendramin Palace at Venice

"A certain originality and freedom of intervention is perceptible in the buildings of the early period…

"The creations of Alberti form a class apart in Florentine palace architecture, for they do not display the peculiarities of the Florentine style, but rather accommodating the forms of the antique to more modern requirements, they pointed out the road which was followed by the Roman Renaissance style, especially at the commencement of the sixteenth century. As will be seen from (this image,) these buildings are, to a certain extent, free from medi&egrave;val sympathies, and approach more closely to the classical models."

Rucellai Palace

"The creations of Alberti form a class apart in Florentine palace architecture, for they do not display…

"Surnia funerea. American Hawk Owl. Day Owl. Bill and eyes yellow; claws brownish-black. Upper parts bistre-brown, darkest and almost blackish on the head, where profusely spotted with small round white mark, to which succeeds a nuchal interval less spotted or free from spots, then an area of larger and lengthened spots; scapulars profusely spotted with white in large pattern, forming a scapular bar as in Scops; back and wing-coverts more or less spotted with white also; primaries and secondaries with with white spots in pairs on opposite edges of the feathers. Tail broken-barred with white or pale gray, usually narrowly and distinctly, on one or both webs, and tipped with the same; but there is great individual variation in this respect, as may also be said of the amount and character of the spotting of the upper parts. Under parts from the breast backward, including the crissum, closely and regularly cross-barred with rich reddish-brown, or even reddish-brown, or even reddish-black, upon a white ground, the alternating bars of color usually of about equal widths - if anything, the white the broadest.

Hawk Owl

"Surnia funerea. American Hawk Owl. Day Owl. Bill and eyes yellow; claws brownish-black. Upper parts…

"Owing to the rarity and expensiveness of free-stone in Upper Italy, an architectural style in brick was developed side-by-side with that which has just been touched upon. This material had already been employed in the foregoing period for churches, and it now came into frequent use in the construction of the palaces. Bologna is especially rich in palaces of this description, which, with an admixture of earlier forms, belong for the most part to the Early Renissance, with semicircles for the heads of the opening, as was necessitated by the character of the material. The easy multiplication of the ornamental parts in burnt clay, generally led to an undue increase of the decorative element. Inasmuch as the main streets of Bologna have arcades running along them of which the individual palaces only embrace a portion, these buildings do not present the appearance of being totally detached, but seem rather parts of the entire front of the street, and show much similarity in the architecture of their fa&ccedil;ades with that of the arcades themselves."

Façade of a Palace at Bologna

"Owing to the rarity and expensiveness of free-stone in Upper Italy, an architectural style in brick…

"Fig 55. - Actual section of the body in the thoracic region of a bird. N, neural canal; H, haemal canal; c, centrum of a dorsal vertebra; hy, hypapophysis; d, diapophysis; z, zygapophysis; ns, neural spine; r, pleurapophysis, or vertebral part of a free rib, bearing u, uncinate process or epipleura; cr, haemapophyses; or sternal part of the same; st, section of the sternum or breast-bone (haemal spine). Designed by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, USA. This figure shows such a section, made across the thoracic or chest-region of the trunk. Here the upper ring (neural) is contracted, only surrounding the slender spinal cord, while the lower ring is expanded to enclose the heart and lungs." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Axial Skeleton

"Fig 55. - Actual section of the body in the thoracic region of a bird. N, neural canal; H, haemal canal;…

"Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Duck Hawk. Great-footed Hawk. A medium-sized falcon, about as large as the foregoing, but known at a glance from any bird of N. Am. by the slaty-plumbeous or dark bluish-ash of the upper parts, the black "moustache," and other marks, taken with its particular size and shape. Wings stiff, long, thin, pointed by the 2d quill, supported nearly to its tip by 1st and 3d; 1st quill alone abruptly emarginate on inner web, this about 2 inches from its tip; none cut on outer webs. Tomium of upper mandible strongly toothed, of under mandible deeply notched. Tarsus feathered but a little way down in front, otherwise entirely reticulate; toes very long, giving great grasp to the talons. Adult: Above rich dark bluish-ash or slate-color, very variable, sometimes quite slaty-blackish, again much lighter bluish-slate; the tint pretty uniform, whatever it may be, over all the upper parts, but all the feathers with somewhat paler edges, and the larger ones for the most part obscurely barred with lighter and darker hues. Under parts at large varying from nearly pure white to a peculiar muddy buff color of different degrees of intensity; the throat and breast usually free from markings (or only with a few sharp shaft pencillings), and this white or light color mounting on the auriculars, so that it partly isolates a blackish moustache from the blackish of the side of the head; the under parts, except as said, and including the under wing- and tail-coverts closely and regularly barred, or less closely and more irregularly spotted, with blackish; the bars best pronounced on the flanks, tibiae, and crissum, other parts tending to spotting, which may extend forward to invade the breast (this is the rule in European birds, the exception, though not a rare one, in American birds). Tail and its upper coverts regularly and closely barred with blackish and ashy-gray, the interspacing best marked on the inner webs, and all the feathers narrowly tipped with white or whitish." Elliot Coues, 1884

Peregrine Falcon Small

"Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Duck Hawk. Great-footed Hawk. A medium-sized falcon, about as large…

"Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Duck Hawk. Great-footed Hawk. A medium-sized falcon, about as large as the foregoing, but known at a glance from any bird of N. Am. by the slaty-plumbeous or dark bluish-ash of the upper parts, the black "moustache," and other marks, taken with its particular size and shape. Wings stiff, long, thin, pointed by the 2d quill, supported nearly to its tip by 1st and 3d; 1st quill alone abruptly emarginate on inner web, this about 2 inches from its tip; none cut on outer webs. Tomium of upper mandible strongly toothed, of under mandible deeply notched. Tarsus feathered but a little way down in front, otherwise entirely reticulate; toes very long, giving great grasp to the talons. Adult: Above rich dark bluish-ash or slate-color, very variable, sometimes quite slaty-blackish, again much lighter bluish-slate; the tint pretty uniform, whatever it may be, over all the upper parts, but all the feathers with somewhat paler edges, and the larger ones for the most part obscurely barred with lighter and darker hues. Under parts at large varying from nearly pure white to a peculiar muddy buff color of different degrees of intensity; the throat and breast usually free from markings (or only with a few sharp shaft pencillings), and this white or light color mounting on the auriculars, so that it partly isolates a blackish moustache from the blackish of the side of the head; the under parts, except as said, and including the under wing- and tail-coverts closely and regularly barred, or less closely and more irregularly spotted, with blackish; the bars best pronounced on the flanks, tibiae, and crissum, other parts tending to spotting, which may extend forward to invade the breast (this is the rule in European birds, the exception, though not a rare one, in American birds). Tail and its upper coverts regularly and closely barred with blackish and ashy-gray, the interspacing best marked on the inner webs, and all the feathers narrowly tipped with white or whitish." Elliot Coues, 1884

Two Peregrine Falcons

"Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Duck Hawk. Great-footed Hawk. A medium-sized falcon, about as large…