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Leaves - simple, opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes very finely sharply toothed. Outline - rounded in the lower half, three-lobed above with the hollows between the lobes sharp. Apex - of the lobes, slim and pointed. Base - more or less heart-shape. Bark - smooth, green, and peculiarly marked lengthwise with dark stripes. Flowers - large, yellowish-green. May, June. Fruit - with spreading pale-green wings, in long clusters. Found - in Canada, through the Northern Atlantic States, westward to Northeastern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia. General Information - A small and slender tree or shrub, usually ten to twenty-five feet high. Acer, from a Latin word meaning sharp, because of the ancient use of the wood for spearheads and other weapons.

Genus Acer, L. (Maple)

Leaves - simple, opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes very finely sharply toothed. Outline - rounded…

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes very sparingly and coarsely sharp-toothed or the lower pair entire. Outline - rounded, with three to five lobes, usually five, with the hollows between the lobes and between the coarse teeth rounded. Apex - of the lobes, pointed. Base - heart-shaped or nearly squared. Leaf - dark green above; slightly lighter beneath; smooth or somewhat downy on the ribs; closely resembling that of the introduced "Norway Maple" by lacking the latter's milky-juiced leaf-stem. Bark - light gray, usually smoothish when young, becoming rough and scaly. Flowers - yellow-green and very abundant. April, May. Fruit - greenish-yellow, smooth, drooping, on thread-like and hairy stems one to two inches long, with wings about one inch long, broad and slightly spreading. September. Found - from Southern Canada through the Northern States, southward along the Alleghany Mountains, and westward to Minnesota, Eastern Nebraska, and Eastern Texas. Its finest development is in the region of the Great Lakes. It grows in rich woods; often it forms "groves," sometimes extensive forests.

Genus Acer, L. (Maple)

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes very sparingly and coarsely sharp-toothed or the…

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes very sparingly and coarsely sharp-toothed or the lower pair entire. Outline - rounded, with three to five lobes, usually five, with the hollows between the lobes and between the coarse teeth rounded. Apex - of the lobes, pointed. Base - heart-shaped or nearly squared. Leaf - dark green above; slightly lighter beneath; smooth or somewhat downy on the ribs; when heart-shaped, sometimes with overlapping lobes. Seed-wings - set wide apart, but only slightly diverging. Bark - blackish. Flowers - yellow-green and very abundant. April, May. Fruit - greenish-yellow, smooth, drooping, on thread-like and hairy stems one to two inches long, with wings about one inch long, broad and slightly spreading. September. Found - chiefly along streams and in river bottoms, from Western Vermont to Missouri and Northern Alabama. General Information - A tree fifty to eight feet high or more; of very great value in many directions, - as a shade tree, for fuel, for interior finish and the making of furniture, for its ashes, which give large quantities of potash; especially for its sap, which yields the "maple sugar" of commerce. The yield of sugar by an average tree in one season from five to ten pounds.

Genus Acer, L. (Maple)

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes very sparingly and coarsely sharp-toothed or the…

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge deeply lobed, with the lobes unequally notched and toothed. Outline - rounded, with five lobes (the lowest pair much the smallest), and with the hollows between the lobes pointed and usually extending half way to the base of the leaf. Apex - of lobes, pointed. Base - heart-shaped or nearly squared. Leaf - silvery white beneath; downy when young, becoming smooth. Flowers - yellowish-green; woolly when young, becoming nearly smooth; on stems about one inch long, with very large, wide-spreading wings (two to three inches long), one of which is often undeveloped. July, August. Found - widely distributed, but most common west of the Alleghany Mountains and southward. General Information - A tree thirty to fifty feet high, with soft, white wood of comparatively slight value.

Genus Acer, L. (Maple)

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge deeply lobed, with the lobes unequally notched and toothed. Outline…

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes irregularly sharp-toothed and notched. Outline - roundish, with three to five lobes (the lowest pair, if present, the smallest); and with the hollows between the lobes pointed and usually extending less than half-way to the base of the leaf. Apex - of the lobes, pointed. Base - heart-shaped (or sometimes rounded.) Leaf/Stem - long and round. Leaf - (very variable in size and in the toothing and shape of its lobes); whitish beneath. Bark - smoothish; gray, becoming dark and rough with age. Flowers - rich crimson, on short stems in drooping clusters. March, April. Fruit - bright red, smooth, with stems two to three inches long. The wings are about one inch long. At first they approach each other, but afterward are somewhat spreading. September. Found - widely distributed in swamps and along streams especially in all wet forests eastward from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, and from Southern Canada to Florida and Texas. General Information - A tree thirty to sixty feet high, with wood of considerable value, especially when it shows a "curly grain." It is one of the very earliest trees to blossom in the spring, and to show its autumn coloring in the fall.

Genus Acer, L. (Maple)

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes irregularly sharp-toothed and notched. Outline…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered, but with the odd leaflet often dwarfed or broken off; leaflets, twenty-one to forty-one); alternate; edge of the leaflets entire, with one or two coarse, blunt teeth at each side of their base. Outline - of leaflet, long egg-shape or lance-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base, squared, or heart-shaped. Leaf/Stem - smooth, round, swollen at base. Leaflet/Stems - smooth and short. Leaf - one and a half to six feet long. Leaflets variable, usually about six inches by two and a quarter, rather smooth and thin. Bark - of the trunk, smooth and brown; the new shoots marked with whitish dots. Flowers - in long bunches at the ends of the branches; greenish, and of very disagreeable odor. June, July. Seeds - flat, at the centre of greenish and sometimes pink-tinged wings, in large, loose clusters. October. Found - common in cultivation, and to some extent naturalized. General Information - A large, showy tree (sixty to seventy feet high) of remarkable vigorous and rapid growth. It is a native of China. A Jesuit missionary sent its seeds in 1751 to England. In 1784 it was brought from Europe to the United States, and started near Philadelphia. Also about 1804 it was brought to Rhode Island from South America. But the source of most of the trees now found abundantly in the region of New York is Flushing, Long Island, where it was introduced in 1820. It has been a great favorite, and would deserve to be so still were it not for the peculiar and disagreeable odor of its flowers. Ailanthus, from a Greek word meaning "tree of heaven." Ailanthus - This spelling of the name should rule because so given by its author, although, etymologically, Ailantus would be correct, the native Amboyna name being "Aylanto."

Genus Ailanthus, Desf.

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered, but with the odd leaflet often dwarfed or broken off; leaflets, twenty-one…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, eleven to twenty-five); alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or egg-shape. Apex, rounded. Base - rounded. Stem - of leaf, smooth, and covering the leaf-bud of the next year. Leaflets - very smooth, thin, often slightly tipped with the end of the mid-rib. Bark - of trunk, dark, rough, and very deeply ridged. The smaller branches and young trunks are armed with strong, triangular prickles, but these disappear when the parts are three to four inches thick. Flowers - showy and abundant; in long, loose clusters drooping from the sides of the branchlets; white; and very fragrant. May, June. Fruit - a smooth and rather blunt pod, two to three inches long, one and a half inches wide, four- to six-seeded. Seeds, dark brown. September. Found - Native in the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania (Monroe County - Porter) to Georgia; but now very generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. General Information - A tree usually forty to fifty feet high, sometimes ninety feet, and of rapid growth. Its wood is exceedingly hard and strong, and remarkable durable when in contact with the ground. It is used largely for posts, in ship-building, and in turnery, and it is preferred to all other native wood for tree nails. It is one of the most valuable trees of this or of any country. But is cultivation as a timber tree, which at one time was very general, has nearly ceased in the United State on account of the constant damage done by the grub of the Painted Clytus (Clytus pictus). This troublesome borer not only injures the new growth, but also pierces and detaches large branches, leaving the tree ragged and stunted.

Genus Robinia, L. (Locust)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, eleven to twenty-five); alternate; edge entire. Outline…

Leaves - unequally twice-compound (odd-feathered; leaflets very numerous - seven to thirteen on the different branches of the main leaf-stem; alternate; edge of leaflets entire. Outline - leaflets, egg-shape or oval. Apex - sharply taper-pointed. Base, slightly heart-shaped or rounded. Leaf-stem - in the autumn takes a violet tinge. Leaf - one and one half to three feet long, about one half as wide. Leaflets, one to two and one half inches long, of a dull green. Bark - of trunk, rough and scaly, separating in small and hard crosswise and backward-curled strips. Branchlets stout and not thorny. Flowers - in white spikes along the branches. May-July. Fruit - in large curved pods (Six to ten inches long, by two inches broad), pulpy within, of a reddish-brown color, flattened and hard. Each pod contains several hard, gray seeds one half of an inch or more in diameter. September, October. Found - in Franklin County, Pennsylvania (Porter), Western New York, westward and southward to Middle Tennessee. Not common. General information - A tree sixty to eighty feet high, or more, with a rather small and regular head. The fewness and the abruptness of its large branches give to it in the winder a dead and stumpy look, whence one of its common names. Its bruised and sweetened leaves are used at the South for poisoning flies. Its seeds were formerly used as a substitute for coffee.

Genus Gymnocladus, Lam. (Coffee Tree)

Leaves - unequally twice-compound (odd-feathered; leaflets very numerous - seven to thirteen on the…

Leaves - compound; )even-feathered, leaflets, ten to twenty-two or more, usually about fourteen), sometimes twice compound; alternate; edge of leaflets entire as seen above, but as seen below often remotely and slightly toothed. Outline of leaflet - long oval or long egg-shape. Base - and narrowed. Apex - rounded. Leaf/Stem - and very short. Leaflet/Stem - downy. Leaflets - three fourths to one and a half inches long; about one third as wide. Often several of them (one to three) are partly or wholly divided into smaller leaflets. Surfaces smooth and shining. Bark - of trunk, gray, and much less rough than that of the common Locust (which has a somewhat similar leaf); branchlets brown and often warty. The branches and the trunk, excepting in very young and quite old trees, are usually thickly covered with spines, two to four inches long, which are curved at the base, often two- to three-branches, and of a reddish-brown color. Flowers - small and greenish. Fruit - a long, flat pod (nine to eighteen inches long) reddish; somewhat twisted, and filled between the seeds with a pulp which at first is sweet (whence the name "Honey" Locust) but which soon becomes sour. The seeds are flat, hard, and brown. Found - native in Pennsylvania, westward and southward, but also somewhat naturalized and widely introduced northward. General Information - A tree sometimes seventy feet high, with wide-spreading and graceful branches, and light and delicate foliage. It is often used as a hedge plant. A variety entirely bare of thorns (var. inermis) is sometimes found; also a variety (var. brachycarpos) with shorter fruit and thorns.

Genus Gleditschia, L. (Honey Locust)

Leaves - compound; )even-feathered, leaflets, ten to twenty-two or more, usually about fourteen), sometimes…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets eleven to thirty-one); alternate; edge of leaflets evenly and sharply toothed. Outline - of leaflet, narrow egg-shape. Apex - long, taper-pointed. Base, rounded or slightly heart-shaped. Leaflet/Stem - lacking. Leaf/Stem - densely velvety-hairy. Leaflet - usually two to four inches long and about one fourth as wide; the under surface whitish and more or less downy. Leaf - one or two feet or more in length. Branchlets - and stalks, especially towards their ends, covered with a very dense velvet-like down, often crimson-tinged. The just is milky and acid. Flowers - greenish-yellow, in upright, pyramid-shaped bunches at the ends of the branches. June. Berries - rounded, somewhat flattened, bright crimson velvety, crowded. Stone - smooth. Juice, acid. September, October. Found - from New Brunswick and the valley of the St. Lawrence through the Northern States, and southward along the Alleghany Mountains to Central Alabama. General Information - A small tree, ten to thirty feet high (or often a shrub), with straggling and evenly spreading branches that are leaved mostly toward their ends, giving an umbrella-like look to the tree. The wood is very soft and brittle; yellow within; the sap-wood white. The young shoots with the pith removed, are used in the spring as "sap quills" in drawing the sap from the sugar maples. The downy and irregular branchlets are suggestive of the horns of a stag, whence the name. An infusion of the berries is sometimes used as a gargle for sore-throat. This species is not poisonous. A variety with deeply gashed leaves (var. laciniata) is reported from Hanover, N. H.

Genus Rhus, L. (Sumach)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets eleven to thirty-one); alternate; edge of leaflets evenly…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, nine to fifteen); alternate (often alternate in threes); edge of leaflets finely and sharply toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long and narrow egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base - rounded and slightly pointed. Leaflet/Stem - lacking, or very short. Leaf - eight to twelve inches long. Leaflet - two to three and one half inches long; surfaces smooth. Bark - of the trunk, reddish-brown and rather smooth. Flowers - small and white, in large, flat clusters, over the surface of the tree - fifty to one hundred or more flowers in a cluster. May, June. Fruit - very ornamental, about the size of peas, scarlet, in large, flat clusters, ripening in autumn and remaining into the winter. Found - from Labrador and Newfoundland through the Northern States and southward along the Alleghany Mountains. Its finest growth is on the northern shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. General Information - A slender, somewhat pyramid-shaped, tree, ten to thirty feet high, much and justly prized as one of the best of the native trees for ornamental planting. Its bark and the unripe fruit are very astringent, and are sometimes used medicinally. A slightly different species (P. sambucilolia) is sometimes found in cold swamps and on the borders of streams along the Northern frontier. The Mountain Ash or "Rowan Tree" has for a long time been renowned as a safeguard against witches and all evil spirits. A mere twig of it suffices. "Rowen-tree and red thread Put the witches to their speed." "The spells were vain, the hag returned To the queen in sorrowful mood, Crying that witches have no power Where there is row'n-tree wood."

Genus Pyrus, L. (Mountain Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, nine to fifteen); alternate (often alternate in threes);…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, three, sometimes five, rarely seven); opposite; edge of leaflet remotely and unequally coarse-toothed. Outline - of leaflets, egg-shape or oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - variable and often uneven. Leaflets - slightly rough; the ribs very marked. Bark - of young trunks, smoothish and yellowish-green; twigs, light green. Flowers - small and greenish, in delicate, drooping clusters from the sides of the branches. Fruit - large, yellowish-green, smooth, in long, loose, late-hanging clusters. Found - North, South, and West. One of the most widely distributed of the North American trees, with its finest growth in the region of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers. General Information - A tree twenty to thirty feet high, with spreading branches. Its wood is light and of slight value.

Genus Negundo, Moench

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, three, sometimes five, rarely seven); opposite; edge of…

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, usually five, sometimes seven); opposite; edge toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long oval, long egg-shape, or long reverse egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed. Leaflet - four to nine inches long, one to three inches wide, usually minutely downy beneath. Flowers, pale yellow. April, May. Fruit - two to two and one half inches in diameter, rounded. Husk - not prickly, but uneven. Nut - one or two in a husk, large and brown. Found - from Alleghany County, Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to Northern Georgia and Alabama, and westward. General Information - A tree thirty to seventy feet high. Its wood is light and hard to split. With the other species of the same genus it is preferred, above any other American wood, for the making of artificial limbs.

Genus Aesculus, L. (Buckeye, Horse Chestnut)

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, usually five, sometimes seven); opposite; edge toothed. Outline…

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, five); opposite; edge toothed. Outline - of leaflet, oval or long oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed. Leaflets - three to seven inches long; one and a half to three inches wide. Bark - with a disagreeable odor. Flowers - small, yellowish-white. June. Fruit - about three fourths of an inch in diameter. Husk - prickly when young. Nut - smooth. Found - along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains - Pennsylvania to Northern Alabama and westward. General Information - A small, ill-scented tree (eighteen to thirty-five feet high). Its wood is light and hard to split. With the other species of the same genus it is preferred, above any other American wood, for the making of artificial limbs.

Genus Aesculus, L. (Buckeye, Horse Chestnut)

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, five); opposite; edge toothed. Outline - of leaflet, oval…

Purple flowering plant belonging to the lily family.

Hyacinth

Purple flowering plant belonging to the lily family.

A North American flowering plant also called the Indian Turnip.

Jack-in-the-pulpit

A North American flowering plant also called the Indian Turnip.

A girl reading a book. The image is framed with flowers.

Girl Reading

A girl reading a book. The image is framed with flowers.

A group of daisy-like flowers.

Flowers

A group of daisy-like flowers.

Two small children in a field picking daisies.

Picking Daisies

Two small children in a field picking daisies.

An older girl in a beautiful garden.

Girl

An older girl in a beautiful garden.

Little girls playing in a garden.

Garden Fairies

Little girls playing in a garden.

The flowers and leaves of a chestnut tree.

Chestnut Leaves

The flowers and leaves of a chestnut tree.

The flowers and fruits of a chestnut tree.

Chestnut Fruit

The flowers and fruits of a chestnut tree.

"Buds, leaves, flowers, and fruit of American Elm." -University Society, 1920

Elm Leaves

"Buds, leaves, flowers, and fruit of American Elm." -University Society, 1920

A little girl sitting among flowers. The circle is bordered with hand games and images of playing.

Girl

A little girl sitting among flowers. The circle is bordered with hand games and images of playing.

A kitten near flowers watching a worm crawl.

Cat Watching Worm

A kitten near flowers watching a worm crawl.

A kitten near flowers watching a butterfly.

Cat Watching Butterfly

A kitten near flowers watching a butterfly.

A boy outside with a watering pot.

Boy Watering Flowers

A boy outside with a watering pot.

Lubeck Stamp (1/2 schilling) from 1859

Lubeck, 1/2 Schilling Stamp, 1859

Lubeck Stamp (1/2 schilling) from 1859

Little fairies and a fairy princess in flowers.

Fairies

Little fairies and a fairy princess in flowers.

"Wild plant of the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia): a, b, calyxes of flowers, the chief source of the oil." -Department of Agriculture, 1899

Lavender

"Wild plant of the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia): a, b, calyxes of flowers, the chief source…

"Cassie or opoponax (Acacia farnesiana): a, head of opened flowers; b, head of unopened flowers." -Department of Agriculture, 1899

Opoponax

"Cassie or opoponax (Acacia farnesiana): a, head of opened flowers; b, head of unopened flowers." -Department…

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae): left, Deptford pink (Dianthus Armeria); right, maiden pink (Dianthus deltoides).

Deptford Pink and Maiden Pink

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae): left, Deptford pink (Dianthus Armeria); right, maiden pink (Dianthus…

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae): left, the bladder campion (Silene latifolia); right, starry campion (Silene stellata).

Bladder Campion and Starry Campion

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae): left, the bladder campion (Silene latifolia); right, starry campion…

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae): the corn cockle or Agrostemma Githago.

Corn Cockle

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae): the corn cockle or Agrostemma Githago.

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), the field chickweed or Cerastium arvense.

Field Chickweed

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), the field chickweed or Cerastium arvense.

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), the ragged robin or Lychnis Flos-cuculi.

Ragged Robin

Of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), the ragged robin or Lychnis Flos-cuculi.

Of the sorrel family (Oxalidaceae), the wood sorrel or Oxalis Acetosella.

Wood Sorrel

Of the sorrel family (Oxalidaceae), the wood sorrel or Oxalis Acetosella.

Of the St. John's Wort family (Hypericaceae), the common St. John's wort: left, Hypericum ellipticum; right, Hypericum perforatum.

Common St. John's Wort

Of the St. John's Wort family (Hypericaceae), the common St. John's wort: left, Hypericum ellipticum;…

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the blue violet or Viola papilionacea.

Blue Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the blue violet or Viola papilionacea.

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the arrow-leaved violet or Viola sagittata.

Arrow-Leaved Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the arrow-leaved violet or Viola sagittata.

Of the violet family (Violaceae): left, sweet white violet (Viola blanda); right, lance-leaved violet (Viola lanceolata).

Sweet White Violet and Lance-Leaved Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae): left, sweet white violet (Viola blanda); right, lance-leaved violet…

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the downy yellow violet or Viola pubescens.

Downy Yellow Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the downy yellow violet or Viola pubescens.

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the round-leaved violet or Viola rotundifolia.

Round-Leaved Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the round-leaved violet or Viola rotundifolia.

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the Canada violet or Violaa canadensis.

Canada Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the Canada violet or Violaa canadensis.

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the pale violet or Viola striata.

Pale Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the pale violet or Viola striata.

A vase of flowers.

Flower Vase

A vase of flowers.

The common boneset or Eupatorium perfoliatum was used for medicinal purposes.

Common Boneset

The common boneset or Eupatorium perfoliatum was used for medicinal purposes.

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens and pistils in two different flowers of the same plant, Monoecia.

Linnaeus' Monoecia

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens and pistils in two different flowers of the same plant,…

The sexual system of a plant, here having both hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same plant, Polygamia.

Linnaeus' Polygamia

The sexual system of a plant, here having both hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same plant,…

A flower spike.

Flower Spike

A flower spike.

"Corymb.--A bunch of flowers where the foot-stalks proceed from different parts of the principal axis, but all attain the same height." -Newman, 1850

Corymb

"Corymb.--A bunch of flowers where the foot-stalks proceed from different parts of the principal axis,…

"Racemes.--When flowers are arranged round a filiform simple axis, each particular flower being stalked, they are said to be in racemes." -Newman, 1850

Raceme

"Racemes.--When flowers are arranged round a filiform simple axis, each particular flower being stalked,…

"Panicle.--A bunch of flowers, composed of numerous branches of different lengths, each bearing a flower." -Newman, 1850

Panicle

"Panicle.--A bunch of flowers, composed of numerous branches of different lengths, each bearing a flower."…

"Umbels.--The round tuft of flowers produced by the carrot, &c." -Newman, 1850

Umbel

"Umbels.--The round tuft of flowers produced by the carrot, &c." -Newman, 1850

"Fascicles.--When leaves or flowers grow more than two together they are said to be fasciculated, or in fascicles." -Newman, 1850

Fascicles

"Fascicles.--When leaves or flowers grow more than two together they are said to be fasciculated, or…

A decorative frame of flowers and vines.

Floral Frame

A decorative frame of flowers and vines.

A girl giving a collie some food from her basket in the garden.

Girl and Collie

A girl giving a collie some food from her basket in the garden.

A girl having a picnic outside in the garden.

Girl in Garden

A girl having a picnic outside in the garden.

A decorative divider with flowers wrapped together.

Flower Divider

A decorative divider with flowers wrapped together.