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A cross section of the fruit of the black calabash tree (Crescentia cucurbitina), native to Florida.

Black Calabash Fruit

A cross section of the fruit of the black calabash tree (Crescentia cucurbitina), native to Florida.

"Eccremocarpus scaber. 1. cross section of its ovary; 2. longitudinal section of it; 3. seed." -Lindley, 1853

Glory Vine

"Eccremocarpus scaber. 1. cross section of its ovary; 2. longitudinal section of it; 3. seed." -Lindley,…

"Nelsonia campestris. 1. flowers; 2. pistil; 3. capsule; 4. cross section of a seed." -Lindley, 1853

Acanthus

"Nelsonia campestris. 1. flowers; 2. pistil; 3. capsule; 4. cross section of a seed." -Lindley, 1853

"2. corolla of Antirrhinum majus cut open; 3. its pistil; 4. its ripe fruit; 5. cross section of its ovary; 6. section of its seed." -Lindley, 1853

Snapdragon

"2. corolla of Antirrhinum majus cut open; 3. its pistil; 4. its ripe fruit; 5. cross section of its…

"Centranthus ruber. 1. a corolla; 2. section of ovary; 3. ripe fruit, with its pappus; 4. cross section of a seed." -Lindley, 1853

Red Valerian

"Centranthus ruber. 1. a corolla; 2. section of ovary; 3. ripe fruit, with its pappus; 4. cross section…

Two cross sections through the forebrain. A. Through the forebrain of the early human embryo. B. Through the forebrain and optic vesicles of Lepidosteus embryo of eight days.

Section Through Forebrain of Human and Lepidosteus Embryos

Two cross sections through the forebrain. A. Through the forebrain of the early human embryo. B. Through…

The monument of Richard Dale (1756-1826), a naval officer born in Norfolk County, VA.

Richard Dale's Monument

The monument of Richard Dale (1756-1826), a naval officer born in Norfolk County, VA.

"The viciously inclined considered that the parliamentary order to destroy all 'monuments of idolatry' gave them liberty and license for every kind of sacrilege; so that it became a common pastime to break the painted windows and deface any statuary which adorned and beautified [England's] churches. The old market crosses which had been a notable feature of English tows, reminding the passers by of the great act of Redemption, were all ruthlessly destroyed."

Destruction of Cheapside Cross

"The viciously inclined considered that the parliamentary order to destroy all 'monuments of idolatry'…

Whitehall is a road in Westminster in London, England. It is the main artery running north from Parliament Square, towards traditional Charing Cross, now at the southern end of Trafalgar Square and marked by the statue of Charles I, which is often regarded as the heart of London. Recognised as centre of HM Government, the road is lined with government departments/ministries; "Whitehall" is therefore also frequently used as a metonym for governmental administration, as well as being a geographic name for the surrounding district.

Whitehall in the Seventeenth Century

Whitehall is a road in Westminster in London, England. It is the main artery running north from Parliament…

The American flag used at the Battle of Bunker Hill was called the "New England flag." It is blue with a canton quartered with the cross of St. George and a tree in a quarter of the canton.

The New England Flag

The American flag used at the Battle of Bunker Hill was called the "New England flag." It is blue with…

"Punica granatum; 2. perpendicular section of the ovary; 3. cross section of it near the base; 4. near the base." -Lindley, 1853

Pomegranate

"Punica granatum; 2. perpendicular section of the ovary; 3. cross section of it near the base; 4. near…

Kelso Abbey is a Scottish abbey built in the 12th century by a community of Tironensian monks who had moved from the nearby Selkirk Abbey. The monks constructed the Abbey on land granted to them by King David I. The construction commenced in 1128, and when completed fifteen years later, in 1143, it was dedicated to The Blessed Virgin and Saint John. The importance of the Abbey at that time was shown when King James III of Scotland was crowned at the Abbey in 1460. However, the Abbey's proximity to the border with England led to it suffering damage from cross-border raids. It was first damaged in the Anglo-Scottish wars at the start of the 1300s, but was later repaired by the monks.

Ruins of Kelso Abbey

Kelso Abbey is a Scottish abbey built in the 12th century by a community of Tironensian monks who had…

"Ribes rubrum. 1. perpendicular section of a flower; 2. cross section of the ovary; 3. seed; 4. a perpendicular section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Redcurrant

"Ribes rubrum. 1. perpendicular section of a flower; 2. cross section of the ovary; 3. seed; 4. a perpendicular…

"Escallonia pulverulenta. 1. a flower; 2. a cross section of the ovary; 3. fruit; 4. seed; 5. its perpendicular section." -Lindley, 1853

Escallonia

"Escallonia pulverulenta. 1. a flower; 2. a cross section of the ovary; 3. fruit; 4. seed; 5. its perpendicular…

"Vaccinium amoenum. 1. a flower; 2. a perpendicular section of it without the corolla; 3. a cross section of an ovary; 4. an anther; 5. half a seed." -Lindley, 1853

Large-Cluster Blueberry

"Vaccinium amoenum. 1. a flower; 2. a perpendicular section of it without the corolla; 3. a cross section…

"Sambucus nigra; 1. a flower; 2. a young pistil; 3. a cross section of its ovary; 4. a perpendicular section of the fruit." -Lindley, 1853

Elder

"Sambucus nigra; 1. a flower; 2. a young pistil; 3. a cross section of its ovary; 4. a perpendicular…

"1. flower of Linnaea borealis; 2. the same cut open and showing the interior of the ovary; 3. a cross section of the ovary." -Lindley, 1853

Twinflower

"1. flower of Linnaea borealis; 2. the same cut open and showing the interior of the ovary; 3. a cross…

"1. Hedera Helix; 2. a flower of Dimorphanthus edulis; 3. perpendicular section of the ovary; 4. undivided ovary; 5. ripe fruit; 6. cross section of it; 7. section of seed of H. Helix." -Lindley, 1853

Ivy

"1. Hedera Helix; 2. a flower of Dimorphanthus edulis; 3. perpendicular section of the ovary; 4. undivided…

"Aristolochia galeata. 1. fruit of an Aristolochia; 2. cross section of it; 3. half its seed." -Lindley, 1853

Mottled Dutchman's Pipe

"Aristolochia galeata. 1. fruit of an Aristolochia; 2. cross section of it; 3. half its seed." -Lindley,…

"Haemodorum spicatum. 1. A flower spread open; 2. a cross section of the ovary; 3. an anther." -Lindley, 1853

Mardja

"Haemodorum spicatum. 1. A flower spread open; 2. a cross section of the ovary; 3. an anther." -Lindley,…

Thomas Gage (1719 - April 2, 1787) was a British general and commander in chief of the North American forces from 1763 to 1775 during the early days of the American Revolution.

Thomas Gage

Thomas Gage (1719 - April 2, 1787) was a British general and commander in chief of the North American…

The origins of the cathedral are related to the construction in 445 of stone church on the Druim Saileach (Sallow Ridge) hill by St. Patrick, around which a monastic community developed. The Church was and is the center of the Church of Ireland. The Church itself has been destroyed and rebuilt 17 times. It was substantially restored between 1834 and 1840 by Archbishop Lord John George Beresford and the architect Lewis Nockalls Cottingham.

Armagh Cathedral Choir

The origins of the cathedral are related to the construction in 445 of stone church on the Druim Saileach…

The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred to as Durham Cathedral, in the city of Durham, England, was founded in AD 1093 and remains a centre for Christian worship today. Durham Castle is a Norman castle in the city of Durham, England, which has been wholly occupied since 1840 by University College, Durham. The castle stands on top of a hill above the River Wear on Durham's peninsula, opposite Durham Cathedral.

Durham Cathedral and Castle

The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred…

Contour lines never cross on the ground but in rare cases as an overhanging cliff they may cross on the map.

Contour Lines

Contour lines never cross on the ground but in rare cases as an overhanging cliff they may cross on…

A contour about to cross a stream runs up one side and down the other, making a V where it crosses, the angle of the V pointing up stream. Contour lines representing spurs between stream lines are generally U shaped with the bottom or rounded part of the U pointing down hill.

Contour Lines

A contour about to cross a stream runs up one side and down the other, making a V where it crosses,…

Vertical interval is the difference in elevation between adjacent contours.

Vertical Interval

Vertical interval is the difference in elevation between adjacent contours.

Houdon's portrait sculpture of Washington was the result of a specific invitation by Benjamin Franklin to cross the Atlantic specifically to visit Mount Vernon, so that Washington could model for him. Washington sat for wet clay life models and a plaster life mask in 1785.

Houdon's Mask of Washington

Houdon's portrait sculpture of Washington was the result of a specific invitation by Benjamin Franklin…

Instead of a standard bouchon assembly being used this grenade is equipped with a Percussion Plug Assembly, Mark I, containing the striker, primer and standard two inch length Bickford fuse. The grenade is ignited by means of first, removing the percussion cover of cap, then knocking or striking the head of the striker sharply against a hard object or against the body.

Cross-Section of a Grenade

Instead of a standard bouchon assembly being used this grenade is equipped with a Percussion Plug Assembly,…

A ship capable of cross-oceanic travelling.

Ship

A ship capable of cross-oceanic travelling.

An illustration of a group of people kneeling in front a large cross.

Kneeling in Front of Cross

An illustration of a group of people kneeling in front a large cross.

This is the Lutheran Church in Barren Hill where Lafayette took post and occupied his headquarters.

Lutheran Church, Barren Hill, Lafayette's Headquarters

This is the Lutheran Church in Barren Hill where Lafayette took post and occupied his headquarters.

As June wore on, Grant pressed the siege with vigor. Johnston tried to help Pemberton, but could not. Grant proceeded to mine under some of the Confederate works to blow them up. One of these, known as Fort Hill Bastion, was in front of McPherson, ad on the afternoon of June 25 it was exploded with terrible effect, making a great breach, at which a fierce struggle ensued.

Blowing Up Fort Hill Bastion

As June wore on, Grant pressed the siege with vigor. Johnston tried to help Pemberton, but could not.…

St. John's Episcopal Church is the oldest church in Richmond, built in 1741 and giving its name to the Church Hill district. St. John's was formed from several earlier churches. It was the site of two important conventions in the period leading to the American Revolutionary War, and is most famous as the location where Patrick Henry gave his closing speech at the Second Virginia Convention with the famous quotation "Give me liberty or give me death."

St. John's Church

St. John's Episcopal Church is the oldest church in Richmond, built in 1741 and giving its name to the…

Warren's Monument was created in memory of Mason and fallen Bunker Hill hero Dr. Joseph Warren in 1794 by King Solomon's Lodge of Masons and was initially an 18 foot (5.5 m) wooden pillar topped with a gilt urn.

Warren's Monument

Warren's Monument was created in memory of Mason and fallen Bunker Hill hero Dr. Joseph Warren in 1794…

The residence of President James Monroe in Oak Hill, Virginia.

Monroe's Residence at Oak Hill, VA

The residence of President James Monroe in Oak Hill, Virginia.

View of Mount Desert Island from Blue Hill Bay.

Mount Desert Island from Blue Hill Bay

View of Mount Desert Island from Blue Hill Bay.

Cubeb (Piper cubeba), or tailed pepper, is a plant in genus Piper, cultivated for its fruit and essential oil. It is mostly grown in Java and Sumatra, hence sometimes called Java pepper. The fruits are gathered before they are ripe, and carefully dried. Commercial cubebs consist of the dried berries, similar in appearance to black pepper, but with stalks attached — the "tails" in "tailed pepper". The dried pericarp is wrinkled, its color ranges from grayish-brown to black. The seed is hard, white and oily. The odor of cubebs is described as agreeable and aromatic. The taste, pungent, acrid, slightly bitter and persistent. It has been described as tasting like allspice, or like a cross between allspice and black pepper.

Cubeb

Cubeb (Piper cubeba), or tailed pepper, is a plant in genus Piper, cultivated for its fruit and essential…

"Screw-punch. a, bed; b, yoke, on the inner sides of which are slides for the cross-head c; d, the punch proper; e, nut for the screw; f, weighted lever by which the screw is made to exert its power upon the punch d." -Whitney, 1911

Screw Punch

"Screw-punch. a, bed; b, yoke, on the inner sides of which are slides for the cross-head c; d, the punch…

While Washington was inspecting the terrain, seeing where it was best to station his troops, he ran into several light horseman and told him that the British were advancing. Washington rode back to camp to prepare his men. He quickly stationed a couple hundred Continentals and a couple of artillery pieces onto Chatterton Hill, to support the militia. The skirmishers, who had the job of slowing the British advance, retired soon after Washington reinforced Chatterton Hill.

Chatterton's Hill, From the Railway Station

While Washington was inspecting the terrain, seeing where it was best to station his troops, he ran…

On September 7, 1676, Waldron invited about 400 Indians to participate in a mock battle against the militia. It was a trick; instead, he took them prisoner. Thirteen years passed, and it was assumed that the incident had been forgotten. But then squaws began dropping ambiguous hints that something was astir. On June 27, 1689, two Indian women appeared at each of 5 garrison houses, asking permission to sleep by the fire. All but one house accepted. In the dark early hours of the next day, the women unfastened the doors, and in rushed Indian men who had concealed themselves about the town. Waldron resisted but was stunned with a hatchet, then placed on his table. After dining, the Indians cut him across the belly with knives, each saying "I cross out my account." Major Waldron was slain with his own sword.

Death of Major Richard Waldron

On September 7, 1676, Waldron invited about 400 Indians to participate in a mock battle against the…

The view of Quaker Hill northward from Butt's Hill.

View of Quaker Hill from Butt's Hill

The view of Quaker Hill northward from Butt's Hill.

The view of Quaker Hill from the fort on Butt's Hill.

Quaker Hill

The view of Quaker Hill from the fort on Butt's Hill.

A: King's Chamber; B: Queen's Chamber; C: Chamber Cut in Rock.

Section of Great Pyramid

A: King's Chamber; B: Queen's Chamber; C: Chamber Cut in Rock.

At the end of the lengthy series of entrance ways leading into the interior is the structure's main chamber, the King's Chamber. This chamber was originally 10 × 20 × 11.2 cubits, or about 5.25 m × 10.5 m × 6 m, comprising a double 10 × 10 cubit square, and a height equal to half the double square's diagonal.

Section of the King's Chamber

At the end of the lengthy series of entrance ways leading into the interior is the structure's main…

Beni Hasan (also written as Bani Hasan, or also Beni-Hassan) is a village in Middle Egypt about 25 km south of al Minya, on the east bank of the Nile, with remarkable catacombs that have been excavated. During the Middle Kingdom, it was the center of the cult of Pakhet.

Section and Half-Plan of a Tomb at Beni-Hassan

Beni Hasan (also written as Bani Hasan, or also Beni-Hassan) is a village in Middle Egypt about 25 km…

Northern Water Hemlock is a species of Cicuta, native to northern and central Europe, northern Asia and northwestern North America. It is a perennial herbaceous plant which grows up to 1–2 m tall. The stems are smooth, branching, swollen at the base, purple-striped, and hollow except for partitions at the junction of the leaves and stem. In cross section the stems have one flat side and the other sides are rounded. The leaves are alternate, tripinnate, only coarsely toothed, unlike the ferny, lacy leaves found in many other members of the family Apiaceae. The flowers are small, white and clustered in umbrella shaped inflorescences typical of the family. The many flowered umbellets have unequal pedicels that range from 5 to 11 cm long during fruiting. An oily, yellow liquid oozes from cuts to the stems and roots.

Northern Water Hemlock

Northern Water Hemlock is a species of Cicuta, native to northern and central Europe, northern Asia…

The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon is an impressive "tholos" tomb at Mycenae, Greece (on the Panagitsa Hill) constructed around 1250 BCE. The lintel stone above the doorway weighs 120 tons. The tomb was used for an unknown period of time.

Treasury of Atreus

The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon is an impressive "tholos" tomb at Mycenae, Greece (on the…

The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon is an impressive "tholos" tomb at Mycenae, Greece (on the Panagitsa Hill) constructed around 1250 BCE. The lintel stone above the doorway weighs 120 tons. The tomb was used for an unknown period of time.

Treasury of Atreus Doorway

The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon is an impressive "tholos" tomb at Mycenae, Greece (on the…

A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word groin refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults; cf. ribbed vault. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round.

Groin Vault

A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced…

An illustration depicting an astigmatism. An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different foci. If an optical system with astigmatism is used to form an image of a cross, the vertical and horizontal lines will be in sharp focus at two different distances.

Diagram Illustrating Astigmatism

An illustration depicting an astigmatism. An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that…

An illustration of a cross pendant worn by the king of Assyria.

Cross Pendant

An illustration of a cross pendant worn by the king of Assyria.

The transept is the area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform ("cross-shaped") building in Romanesque and Gothic Christian church architecture. The transept separates the nave from the sanctuary, whether apse, choir, chevet, presbytery or chancel. The transepts cross the nave at the crossing, which belongs equally to the main nave axis and to the transept.

One Bay of Transept, Winchester Cathedral

The transept is the area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform ("cross-shaped") building in Romanesque…

A crystal cross set in enameled gold created by a German craftsman in the 16th century.

Cross

A crystal cross set in enameled gold created by a German craftsman in the 16th century.

"The French-Normandy pendant cross and locket presents a characteristic example of peasant jewelry." - Britannica, 1910

Cross and Locket Pendant

"The French-Normandy pendant cross and locket presents a characteristic example of peasant jewelry."…

A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word groin refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults; cf. ribbed vault. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round. In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of material and labour. The thrust is concentrated along the groins or arrises (the four diagonal edges formed along the points where the barrel vaults intersect), so the vault need only be abutted at its four corners.

Groined Vault with Zig-Zag Ridge-Joints

A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced…

"Clove Hitch -- Pass the end a round a spar and cross it over b. Pass it round the spar and and put the end a through the second bight." -Britannica, 1910

Clove Hitch

"Clove Hitch -- Pass the end a round a spar and cross it over b. Pass it round the spar and and put…

"Double backwall hitch -- Pass the end a twice round the hook and under standing part b at the last cross." -Britannica, 1910

Double Blackwall Hitch

"Double backwall hitch -- Pass the end a twice round the hook and under standing part b at the last…

"Turk's Head -- With fine line (very dry) make a clove hitch round the rope; cross the bights twice, passing an end the reverse way (up or down) each time; then keeping the whole spread flat, let each end follow it own part round and round till it is too tight to received any more." -Britannica, 1910

Turk's Head

"Turk's Head -- With fine line (very dry) make a clove hitch round the rope; cross the bights twice,…

"Grummet-Stop -- Made by unlaying a piece of rope of the desired size about a foot more that three times the length required for the strop. Place the centre of the open round the block and thimble; mark with chalk where the parts cross; take one strand out of the rope; bring the two chalk marks together; and cross the strand in the lay on both sides, continuing round and round till the two ends meet the third time; they are then halved, and the upper halves half-knotted and passed over and under the next strands, exactly as one part of a long splice." -Britannica, 1910

Grummet-Strop

"Grummet-Stop -- Made by unlaying a piece of rope of the desired size about a foot more that three times…

"Quarterly, first and fourth argent, a chevron gules, second and third gules, a cross argent (that is, the field red and the cross silver or white)." -Whitney, 1911

Quarterly Shield

"Quarterly, first and fourth argent, a chevron gules, second and third gules, a cross argent (that is,…