Showing the average position of the abdominal viscera with their surface markings. Labels: A, sterno-ensiform point; A', sterno-ensiform line; B, mid-epigastric point; B', mid-epigastric or transpyloric line; C, umbilical point; C', umbilical line; D, mid-hypogastric point; D', mid-hypogastric line; E, outer border of the right and left rectus abdominis; F, Monro's point- on the right spino-umbilical line at the outer border of the rectus abdomninis.

Abdominal Region

Showing the average position of the abdominal viscera with their surface markings. Labels: A, sterno-ensiform…

"Ruby-eyed Limpet, from the Antilles. If the common Limpet is alarmed, no human force, pulling in a direct line, can remove it."

Patella Granatina (Linnaeus)

"Ruby-eyed Limpet, from the Antilles. If the common Limpet is alarmed, no human force, pulling in a…

Showing the position of the viscera in the condition of visceroptosis (Glenard's disease). Labels: A, sterno-ensiform line: it crosses above the fifth costal cartilage; B, mid-epigastric line; C, umbilical line; D, mid-hypogastric line; a, pericardium; b, stomach (greatly elongated and dilated); c, liver; c', the lingual or Riedel's process; d, duodenum; e, caecum; f, transverse colon; g, rectum; h, elongated gastro-hepatic omentum.

Position of the Viscera in the Condition of Visceroptosis

Showing the position of the viscera in the condition of visceroptosis (Glenard's disease). Labels: A,…

Diagram showing the line used by Nelaton to test upward displacement of the femur, and another which serves to indicate the position for trephining the sacro-iliac joint. Labels: A.S.S., anterior superior spine of ilium; P.S.S., posterior superior spine of ilium.

Displacement of the Femur

Diagram showing the line used by Nelaton to test upward displacement of the femur, and another which…

Diagram showing that the pubic spine (tubercle) and the tip of the great trochanter are on the same horizontal plane (McCurdy's line), and that the lower border of the neck of the femur and the inner border of the obturator foramen form a continuos arch (Shenton's) when the femur has its normal relationships.

Pubic Spine

Diagram showing that the pubic spine (tubercle) and the tip of the great trochanter are on the same…

"Dip, in geology, the name given to the angle of slope of inclined rock strata, as dip in the diagram...The horizontal direction at right angles to the line of dip is called the strike, shown by st in the diagram." -Foster, 1921

Dip

"Dip, in geology, the name given to the angle of slope of inclined rock strata, as dip in the diagram...The…

Diagram to show mechanism of fracture of the patella by muscular action. a, Line of action of quadriceps muscle; b, femur; c, tibia.

Mechanism of Fracture of the Patella by Muscular Action

Diagram to show mechanism of fracture of the patella by muscular action. a, Line of action of quadriceps…

Epiphyseal lines in the neighborhood of the knee joint and their relationship to the synovial membrane.

Epiphyseal lines in the Knee Joint

Epiphyseal lines in the neighborhood of the knee joint and their relationship to the synovial membrane.

Lifrac's operation consists in amputation through the tarsometatarsal line of joints. Labels: a, b, c, inner, middle and outer cuneiform bones; d, cuboid; e, f, the metatarsal bones; g, tibialis anticus; h, extensor proprius hallucis; i, extensor communis digitorum; j, extensor brevis digitorum; k, extensor tendons; l, dorsalis pedis artery.

Lisfranc's Amputation at the Tarsometatarsal Joint

Lifrac's operation consists in amputation through the tarsometatarsal line of joints. Labels: a, b,…

"Perspective- Place roofs and tree tops above the horizon line, and the tree trunks and main part of the houses, below." -Foster, 1921

Landscape Perspective

"Perspective- Place roofs and tree tops above the horizon line, and the tree trunks and main part of…

A football field labeled with yard lines and measurements.

Football Field

A football field labeled with yard lines and measurements.

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight letters, then slant line and curved letters. Each letter is shown in a square, so that the proportion of its width to height may be easily learned. In this style many of the letters just about fill the square. The arrows and figures give the order and direction of strokes, which must be learned for each letter, Vertical strokes are all made downward and horizontal strokes from left to right.

Single Stroke Vertical Capitals

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight…

Words lettered in lower case or "small" letters are easier to read than when made in capital letters. These letters are made with bodies two-thirds the height of the capitals, the ascenders (b, d, f, etc.) extending up to the cap line and the descenders (g, p, q, etc.) dropping the same distance below.

Single Stroke Vertical Lower Case Letters

Words lettered in lower case or "small" letters are easier to read than when made in capital letters.…

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight letters, then slant line and curved letters. Each letter is shown in a square, so that the proportion of its width to height may be easily learned. In this style many of the letters just about fill the square. The arrows and figures give the order and direction of strokes, which must be learned for each letter, Vertical strokes are all made downward and horizontal strokes from left to right.

Single Stroke Inclined Capitals

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight…

Words lettered in lower case or "small" letters are easier to read than when made in capital letters. These letters are made with bodies two-thirds the height of the capitals, the ascenders (b, d, f, etc.) extending up to the cap line and the descenders (g, p, q, etc.) dropping the same distance below.

Single Stroke Inclined Lower Case Letters

Words lettered in lower case or "small" letters are easier to read than when made in capital letters.…

Sagittal section of face, a little to the left of the middle line, showing the vomer and its relations.

Section of Face Showing Vomer

Sagittal section of face, a little to the left of the middle line, showing the vomer and its relations.

Diagram of articular synovial membranes. The cartilages are represented as drawn apart for the sake of clearness. The synovial membrane is shown by a broken line.

Synovial Membrane

Diagram of articular synovial membranes. The cartilages are represented as drawn apart for the sake…

Section of the head immediately below the orbits, at the level of Reid's base line exposing the maxillary sinus.

Cross Section of Head Exposing Maxillary Sinus

Section of the head immediately below the orbits, at the level of Reid's base line exposing the maxillary…

Section on a line with the deep palmar arch of the right hand.

Cross Section on a Line with the Palmar Arch of the Hand

Section on a line with the deep palmar arch of the right hand.

Line of pressure between hip and knee.

Line of Pressure Between Hip and Knee

Line of pressure between hip and knee.

Schematic diagram, showing epiphysis and diaphysis and line of ossification. Labels: Ep, epiphysis of endochondral bone; zpt, zone of proliferation; zc, zone of calcification; ca, cartilage.

Bone Ossification

Schematic diagram, showing epiphysis and diaphysis and line of ossification. Labels: Ep, epiphysis of…

Longitudinal section of head of left humerus.

Longitudinal Section of Head of Humerus

Longitudinal section of head of left humerus.

Longitudinal section of head and neck of femur.

Longitudinal Section of Head of Femur

Longitudinal section of head and neck of femur.

"A distinct species, which exists in a little lake of mineral waters in France, where visitors amuse themselves by fishing for them with a line baited with bits of red cloth, which it attacks."

Gyrinus Distinctus

"A distinct species, which exists in a little lake of mineral waters in France, where visitors amuse…

"Portions of the rotting pulp were placed on a microscopic slide, divided into hundredths and thousandths of an inch. Fig. 21, A B, represents such a scale, the larger division, A B, representing the one-hundredth of an inch, and the smaller subdivision the one-thousandth of an inch; 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, represent the cells of which the apples are mostly composed. The granular dottings represent apple starch. The branching cellular structure represents the mycelium of a fungus penetrating the cells. At 9, three small starch granuals are represented in a line, and are confined within the division of the one-thousandth of an inch." -Watts, 1874

Microscopic view of a fermented apple

"Portions of the rotting pulp were placed on a microscopic slide, divided into hundredths and thousandths…

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case, the new segments are arranged alternately on opposite sides of the central line.

Textularia Variabilis

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case,…

While not exceptionally high, the Niagara Falls are very wide. More than six million cubic feet (168,000 m³) of water falls over the crest line every minute in high flow,[1] and almost 4 million cubic feet (110,000 m³) on average.

Niagara Falls (American Side), from Goat Island

While not exceptionally high, the Niagara Falls are very wide. More than six million cubic feet (168,000…

It occupies a "unique position" as one of the holiest sites and as "the greatest of all churches of Christendom". In Catholic tradition, it is the burial site of its namesake Saint Peter, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and, according to tradition, was the first Bishop of Antioch, and later first Bishop of Rome and therefore first in the line of the papal succession.

St. Peter's and the Vatican, from the Tiber Banks

It occupies a "unique position" as one of the holiest sites and as "the greatest of all churches of…

An axillary node is a lymph node of the upper extremity. Shown is the scheme of the axillary nodes. The dotted line indicates the position of the clavicle.

Lymph Node of Upper Extremity

An axillary node is a lymph node of the upper extremity. Shown is the scheme of the axillary nodes.…

Inner surface of right temporal bone at birth. am squamozygomatic; b, petrosquamosal suture and foramen (just above the end of the lead line; c, subarcuate fossa; d, aquaedutcus vestibuli; e, aquaeductus cochlea; f, internal auditory meatus; g, upper end of carotid canal.

Temporal Bone at Birth

Inner surface of right temporal bone at birth. am squamozygomatic; b, petrosquamosal suture and foramen…

Shown is norma lateralis, which refers to the side of the skull. Labels: 1, mental foramen; 2, body of lower jaw; 3, superior maxillary; 4, ramus of lower jaw; 5, zygomatic arch; 6, styloid process; 7, external auditory meatus; 8, mastoid process; 9, asterion; 10, superior curved line of occipital bone; 11, external occipital protuberance; 12, lambdoid suture; 13, occipital bone; 14, lambda; 15, obelion placed between the two parietal foramina; 16, parietal bone; 17, lower temporal ridge; 18, upper temporal ridge; 19, squamous part of temporal bone; 20, bregma; 21, coronal suture; 22, stephanion; 23, frontal bone; 24, pterion; 25, temporal fossa; 26, great wing of sphenoid; 27, malar bone; 28, malar canal; 29, lachrymal bone; 30, nasal bone; 31, infraorbital canal; 32, anterior nasal aperture.

Side of the Skull

Shown is norma lateralis, which refers to the side of the skull. Labels: 1, mental foramen; 2, body…

Shown is norma basalis, which refers to the base of the cranium. Labels: 1, external occipital crest; 2, superior curved line of the occipital bone; 3, foramen magnum; 4, occipital condyle; 5, digastric groove; 6, mastoid process; 7, external auditory meatus; 8, styloid process; 9, glenoid fossa; 10, foramen spinosum; 11, sphenoidal spine; 12, foramen ovale; 13, external pterygoid plate; 14, hamular process of internal pterygoid plate; 15, nasal septum; 16, posterior nasal spine; 17, horizontal plate of palate bone; 18, palatal process of superior maxilla; 19, anterior palatine canal; 20, intermaxillary suture; 21, posterior palatine canal; 22, malar process of superior maxilla; 23, spheno-maxillary fissure; 24, zygomatic fossa; 25, zygomatic arch; 26, posterior openings of left nasal fossa; 27, pterygoid fossa; 28, scaphoid fossa; 29, foramen lacerum medium; 30, opening of osseous Eustachian canal; 31, carotid canal; 32, jugular fossa; 33, stylo-mastoid foramen; 34, jugular process of the occipital bone; 35, groove for occipital artery; 36, mastoid foramen; 37, posterior condylic foramen; 38, inferior curved line of occipital bone; 39, external occipital protuberance.

Base of the Skull

Shown is norma basalis, which refers to the base of the cranium. Labels: 1, external occipital crest;…

Shown is the base of the skull seen from above. Labels: 1, frontal bone; 2, slit for nasal nerve; 3, anterior ethmoidal foramen; 4, posterior ethmoidal foramen; 5, optic foramen; 6, foramen for internal carotid artery formed by anterior and middle clinoid processes; 7, lesser wing of sphenoid; 8, anterior clinoid process, in this case united on its inner side to the middle clinoid process; 9, posterior clinoid process; 10, foramen ovale; 11, groove for middle meningeal artery; 12, foramen spinosum; 13, Hiatus Fallopii; 14, line of petro-squamosal suture; 15, internal auditory meatus; 16, groove for superior petrosal sinus; 17, groove for sigmoid part of lateral sinus; 18, jugular foramen; 19, anterior condylic foramen; 20, groove for lateral sinus; 21, internal occipital protuberance; 22, ridge for attachment of falx cerebri; 23, fossa for the lodgment of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum; 24, ridge for attachment of the falx cerebelli; 25, fossa for the lodgment of the left cerebellar hemisphere; 26, foramen magnum; 27, groove for the sigmoid sinus turning into the jugular foramen; 28, groove for the inferior petrosal sinus running along the line of the suture between the petrous temporal and the basioccipital; 29, depression for the Gasserian ganglion; 30, middle cranial fossa for lodgment of temporal lobe of cerebrum; 31, foramen lacerum medium; 32, carotid groove; 33, dorsum sellae of sphenoid; 34, leads into foramen rotundum; 35, pituitary fossa; 36, olivary eminence of sphenoid; 37, anterior cranial fossa for lodgment of frontal lobes of cerebrum; 38, cribriform plate of ethmoid; 39, crista galli of ethmoid; 40, foramen caecum; 41, crest for attachment of falx cerebri.

Base of the Skull Seen From Above

Shown is the base of the skull seen from above. Labels: 1, frontal bone; 2, slit for nasal nerve; 3,…

An illustration of clothes hanging on a clothes line with shoe sand gloves resting beneath.

Hanging Clothes

An illustration of clothes hanging on a clothes line with shoe sand gloves resting beneath.

Richard II (6 January 1367 – ca. 14 February 1400) was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born in 1367, during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. Richard became second in line to the throne when his older brother Edward of Angoulême died, and heir apparent when his father died in 1376. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten.

Richard II

Richard II (6 January 1367 – ca. 14 February 1400) was King of England from 1377 until he was…

Richard II (6 January 1367 – ca. 14 February 1400) was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born in 1367, during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. Richard became second in line to the throne when his older brother Edward of Angoulême died, and heir apparent when his father died in 1376. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten.

Richard II of England

Richard II (6 January 1367 – ca. 14 February 1400) was King of England from 1377 until he was…

Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422) was one of the most significant English warrior kings of the 15th century. He was born at Monmouth, Wales, in the tower above the gatehouse of Monmouth Castle, and reigned as King of England from 1413 to 1422. Henry was the son of Henry of Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and sixteen-year-old Mary de Bohun, who was to die in childbirth at 26, before Bolingbroke became king. At the time of his birth during the reign of Richard II, Henry was fairly far removed from the throne, preceded by the king and another collateral line of heirs. The precise date and even year of his birth are therefore not definitely recorded; sources offer as the most likely either 9 August or 16 September, in 1386 or 1387. By the time Henry died, he had not only consolidated power as the King of England but had also effectively accomplished what generations of his ancestors had failed to achieve through decades of war: unification of the crowns of England and France in a single person. In 2002, he was ranked 72nd in the 100 Greatest Britons

Henry V of England

Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422) was one of the most significant English warrior kings…

Illustration showing a parabola as a curve formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane parallel to a straight line of the surface of the cone.

Parabola

Illustration showing a parabola as a curve formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with…

Illustration showing an ellipse formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane neither parallel nor perpendicular to a straight line of the surface of the cone nor the axis.

Ellipse

Illustration showing an ellipse formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane neither…

Illustration showing a cycloid curve. "The curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line and always in the same plane."

Cycloid

Illustration showing a cycloid curve. "The curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when…

Illustration showing cycloid curves. "The curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line and always in the same plane."

Cycloids

Illustration showing cycloid curves. "The curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the…

Illustration showing a cycloid curve. "The curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line and always in the same plane."

Cycloid

Illustration showing a cycloid curve. "The curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when…

An illustration of a row of houses.

Houses

An illustration of a row of houses.

An illustration of an iron derrick, a lifting device composed of one mast or pole which is hinged freely at the bottom. It is controlled by lines (usually four of them) powered by some means such as man-hauling or motors, so that the pole can move in all four directions. A line runs up it and over its top with a hook on the end, like with a crane. It is commonly used in docks and onboard ships. Some large derricks are mounted on dedicated vessels, and are often known as "floating derricks".

Derrick

An illustration of an iron derrick, a lifting device composed of one mast or pole which is hinged freely…

A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans felt that the English Reformation had not gone far enough, and that the Church of England was tolerant of practices which they associated with the Church of Rome. The word "Puritan" was originally an alternate term for "Cathar" and was a pejorative used to characterize them as extremists similar to the Cathari of France. The Puritans sometimes cooperated with presbyterians, who put forth a number of proposals for "further reformation" in order to keep the Church of England more closely in line with the Reformed Churches on the Continent.

Puritan Costumes

A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating…

Mordecai Gist (1743-1792) was a general who commanded the Maryland Line in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

Mordecai Gist

Mordecai Gist (1743-1792) was a general who commanded the Maryland Line in the Continental Army during…

An illustration of a woman hanging clothes on an clothes line located outdoors.

Hanging Laundry

An illustration of a woman hanging clothes on an clothes line located outdoors.

The skyline of the battle field with military important features labeled.

Military Landscape

The skyline of the battle field with military important features labeled.

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level. A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines.

Glacier Contours

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height)…

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level. A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines.

Glacier Form Lines

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height)…

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level. A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines.

Contour System

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height)…

The typical representation of shore lines and low-water lines with tidal flats of any kind on a topographical map.

Tidal Flats of any Kind

The typical representation of shore lines and low-water lines with tidal flats of any kind on a topographical…

An illustration of a horse-drawn street car. The first passenger services in the world were started by the Oystermouth Railway in Wales, using specially designed carriages on an existing tram line built for horse-drawn freight dandies. Fare-paying passengers were carried on a line between Oystermouth, Mumbles and Swansea docks from 1807. Other forms of public transit developed out of the early omnibus that first ran on public streets in the 1820s. These were local versions of the stagecoach lines, and picked up and dropped off passengers on a regular route, without the need to be pre-hired. Horsecars on tram lines were an improvement over the omnibus as the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on iron or steel rails, (usually grooved from 1852 on), allowed the animals to haul a greater load for a given effort than the omnibus. The horse-drawn streetcar combined the low cost, flexibility, and safety of animal power with the efficiency, smoothness, and all-weather capability of a rail right-of-way.

Street Car

An illustration of a horse-drawn street car. The first passenger services in the world were started…

The typical representation of shores and low-water lines with rocky ledges on a topographical map.

Rocky Ledges

The typical representation of shores and low-water lines with rocky ledges on a topographical map.

The typical representation of shores and low-water lines with sand on a topographical map.

Sand

The typical representation of shores and low-water lines with sand on a topographical map.

The typical representation of shores and low-water lines with gravel and rocks on a topographical map.

Gravel and Rocks

The typical representation of shores and low-water lines with gravel and rocks on a topographical map.

The typical representation of shores and low-water lines with mud on a topographical map.

Mud

The typical representation of shores and low-water lines with mud on a topographical map.

"Transportation in a large city, showing elevated road, surface line, and subway." -Gordy, 1916

City Transportation

"Transportation in a large city, showing elevated road, surface line, and subway." -Gordy, 1916

It has a large flat blade with a straight edge. At the back is a peen or hammer head, and in the middle is a socket for the handle or helve, the blade and helve being in one line.

Lather's Hatchet

It has a large flat blade with a straight edge. At the back is a peen or hammer head, and in the middle…

The trachea and bronchi. The thyroid body is indicated by a dotted line.

Trachea and Bronchi

The trachea and bronchi. The thyroid body is indicated by a dotted line.