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This illustration shows three different views of the Lawson Type C-1 Twin Liberty Motored Aerial Transport.

Lawson Type C-1 Twin Liberty Motored Aerial Transport

This illustration shows three different views of the Lawson Type C-1 Twin Liberty Motored Aerial Transport.

This illustration shows three different views of the Farman Type F-60 Tourist Aerobus. This plane held 20 passengers and had a 520 horsepower engine.

Farman Type F-60 Tourist Aerobus

This illustration shows three different views of the Farman Type F-60 Tourist Aerobus. This plane held…

This illustration shows an example of a bevel gear.

Bevel (gear)

This illustration shows an example of a bevel gear.

This illustration shows an example of a skew bevel gear.

Skew Bevel (gear)

This illustration shows an example of a skew bevel gear.

Screw-and-Worm gearing is a type of gearing in which the velocity ratio is independent of the radii of the pitch surfaces, the teeth of the wheels essentially being portions of screw surfaces. This kind of gearing is used in speed-reducing arrangements.

Screw-and-Worm Gearing

Screw-and-Worm gearing is a type of gearing in which the velocity ratio is independent of the radii…

This illustration shows a cross mill and the sieves used to crush and filter bones in glue manufacturing.

Cross Mill and Sieves (Glue)

This illustration shows a cross mill and the sieves used to crush and filter bones in glue manufacturing.

This illustration shows a wash box used for removing lime from materials used in glue manufacturing.

Wash Box for Removing Lime

This illustration shows a wash box used for removing lime from materials used in glue manufacturing.

This illustration shows a vacuum boiler in which liquid to become glue is boiled by steam, as well as a man testing the liquid in the manufacturing process.

Vacuum Boiler, Testing the Liquid (Glue)

This illustration shows a vacuum boiler in which liquid to become glue is boiled by steam, as well as…

This illustration shows a frame with cutting wires, and a machine capable of cutting 20,000 glue cakes per hour.

Cutting Machine (Glue Manufacturing)

This illustration shows a frame with cutting wires, and a machine capable of cutting 20,000 glue cakes…

This illustration shows two glue cakes after the glue manufacturing process. The top image is a french cake, 7.5x7.5 inches square. The bottom image is an ordinary cake, a rectangle, 9 in by 5.5 in.

Glue Cake (Manufacturing)

This illustration shows two glue cakes after the glue manufacturing process. The top image is a french…

This illustration shows a Blake Ore Breaker (stone crusher), used in a gold stamp mill. This crusher breaks the large, mined rocks containing the gold (ore) into small pieces, to then be reduced to the finest powder by stamps.

Blake Ore Breaker

This illustration shows a Blake Ore Breaker (stone crusher), used in a gold stamp mill. This crusher…

A Frue Vanner is a shaking, rubber belt used to concentrate gold ore 'pulp'.

Frue Vanner (Side View)

A Frue Vanner is a shaking, rubber belt used to concentrate gold ore 'pulp'.

A Frue Vanner is a shaking, rubber belt used to concentrate gold ore 'pulp'.

Frue Vanner (End View)

A Frue Vanner is a shaking, rubber belt used to concentrate gold ore 'pulp'.

This furnace is used to purify a gold concentrate. The gold concentrates, if non-pyritic, are treated in grinding pans in the bottom of which mercury is placed. The amalgam (mercury alloy), after squeezing out the excess mercury, is heated in the retort, to distil (separate) off the rest and leave the gold, which is then melted and cast into bars of gold bullion of varying fineness.

Retort Furnace for Gold Bullion

This furnace is used to purify a gold concentrate. The gold concentrates, if non-pyritic, are treated…

In the gold extraction process, finely crushed ores are leached in vats with a very diluted solution of Potassuim Cyanide (KCN), containing 0.05 to 0.3 percent KCN (or its equivalent, Sodium Cyanide, NaCN) which is allowed to remain for twelve to twenty-four hours to dissolve the gold.

Cyanide Leaching Tank (Gold Extraction)

In the gold extraction process, finely crushed ores are leached in vats with a very diluted solution…

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside of which is moistened with water and treated with chlorine gas to form a solution of Gold Chloride. This is then run off, and the gold precipitated , usually by means of Ferrous Sulphate or charcoal.

Chlorination Barrel

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside…

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside of which is moistened with water and treated with chlorine gas to form a solution of Gold Chloride. This is then run off, and the gold precipitated, usually by means of Ferrous Sulphate or charcoal.

Chlorination Barrel (End Section)

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside…

(1.) The guillotine is an instrument employed for the purpose of decapitation. It was officially introduced into France as the means of inflicting capital punishment in April, 1792. It was named after its reputed inventor, Dr. Joseph Ingace-Guillotin, who, contrary to popular belief, died a natural death, and not a victim of his own invention. The instrument consists of two upright posts held together at the top by a cross beam, the former being perpendicularly so grooved as to allow of the falling in a direct line a broad steel blade, whose edge is cut obliquely. The latter, sometimes weighted with lead, descends upon the neck of the criminal immediately after the cord which holds it up is released by the executioner. (2.) A guillotine is a machine, similar in name and in general construction to the above, employed by bookbinders. It is used for cutting paper and trimming the edges of books after the sheets have been sewn together.

Guillotine

(1.) The guillotine is an instrument employed for the purpose of decapitation. It was officially introduced…

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists of many pairs of fluted or corrugated rollers arranged in horizontal succession and driven with a reciprocating motion. The jute as it passes through may receive a sprinkling of oil ad water from automatic apparatus attached to the machine overhead, or it may be arranged in the layers and sprayed with oil after emerging from the softener, a process known as batching. In either case, the material is then allowed to lie a certain time in bulk, to permit of the fiber being thoroughly permeated with the oil.

Softening Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists…

After the carding process in the manufacturing of jute is completed, the jute is taken into the drawing frames, whose function is to draw out the sliver, by means of rollers, to a smaller size, and to straighten or comb the fiber, so as to make it spin into a strong and level thread. Four of the slivers from the finisher cards are put through he first drawing frame, and are discharged by it in one small sliver. Two of these slivers are hen put through a second and finer drawing frame, and further combed and drawn out into one end. The cans of slivers are then taken to the roving frames to continue the manufacturing process.

Drawing Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

After the carding process in the manufacturing of jute is completed, the jute is taken into the drawing…

In the last step of the manufacturing process of the jute plant, the material is taken on bobbins to spinning frames of the throstle type, and spun into yarn of various sizes, with a hard twist for warps and a softer twist for wefts. The warp yarns on bobbins are then passed on to the spooling and dressing machines, or are reeled in hanks and bundles for the purpose of being bleached or dyed in various colors for stripes in the fabric to be woven. The weft yarns are taken to the cop winding machines.

Spinning Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the last step of the manufacturing process of the jute plant, the material is taken on bobbins to…

The catapult, a machine used for throwing heavy darts.

Catapult

The catapult, a machine used for throwing heavy darts.

General arrangement of machinery. A, upcast shaft; b, winding gear; c, downcast shaft; d, porch; e, cage; f, wire rope; g, head-gear pulley; h, winding engine; k, "tipplers"; l, screens.

Machinery

General arrangement of machinery. A, upcast shaft; b, winding gear; c, downcast shaft; d, porch; e,…

A bale-breaking machine.

Bale-breaking Machine

A bale-breaking machine.

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 2, flat carding machine.

Manufacturing

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 2, flat carding machine.

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 5, opening machine.

Opening Machine

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 5, opening machine.

Cotton Manufacturing. Fig. 3B, roller carding machine.

Carding Machine

Cotton Manufacturing. Fig. 3B, roller carding machine.

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 5B, Roving machine with rack and pinion adjustment for raising and lowering bobbins to secure even winding.

Roving Machine

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 5B, Roving machine with rack and pinion adjustment for raising and lowering…

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 1C, differential motion gear for slubbing machine.

Motion Gear

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 1C, differential motion gear for slubbing machine.

Cotton Manufacturing. Fig. 2C, Ring spinning machine.

Spinning Machine

Cotton Manufacturing. Fig. 2C, Ring spinning machine.

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 5C, mule spinning machine.

Mule-spinning Machine

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 5C, mule spinning machine.

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 4C, Warder's bobbin winding machine, with cam motion for raising and lowering guides to secure even winding.

Winding Machine

Cotton manufacturing. Fig. 4C, Warder's bobbin winding machine, with cam motion for raising and lowering…

Cotton Manufacturing. Fig. 5C, beam warping machine.

Beam Warping Machine

Cotton Manufacturing. Fig. 5C, beam warping machine.

An example of a simple machine. In the figure, AC is the included plane, CB is the height of the plane, BA is its base, and BAC is the angle of inclination or elevation. The power necessary to sustain any weight on an included plane is to the weight as the height of the plane to its length, or as CB to CA.

Inclined Plane

An example of a simple machine. In the figure, AC is the included plane, CB is the height of the plane,…

A young girl smiles as she sews a dress for her doll. A kitten is playing with sewing notions on the floor.

Girl Sewing Doll Clothing

A young girl smiles as she sews a dress for her doll. A kitten is playing with sewing notions on the…

A mother or grandmother and young girl playing with dolls. They appear to be making or mending doll clothes. a small sewing basket sits on a table next to them.

Girl and Mother with Dolls

A mother or grandmother and young girl playing with dolls. They appear to be making or mending doll…

A transplanting machine. It sets and waters the plants as fast as the team pulls the machine along the rows. Two men on seats at the rear drop the plants at the required intervals.

Transplanting Machine

A transplanting machine. It sets and waters the plants as fast as the team pulls the machine along the…

A form of cane loader.

Cane Loader

A form of cane loader.

Center drilling and countersinking with a two spindle centering machine.

Spindle Centering

Center drilling and countersinking with a two spindle centering machine.

Oiling the spindle of a machine.

Oiling Spindle

Oiling the spindle of a machine.

Oiling the ways of a machine.

Oiling Ways

Oiling the ways of a machine.

Broaching six keyways in yoke for automobile universal joint using a broaching machine.

Broaching Machine

Broaching six keyways in yoke for automobile universal joint using a broaching machine.

Jig vice on a plain radial drilling machine.

Jig Vise

Jig vice on a plain radial drilling machine.

Universal grinding machine.

Universal Machine

Universal grinding machine.

Motor-driven vertical spindle surface grinding machine.

Grinding Machine

Motor-driven vertical spindle surface grinding machine.

Universal milling machine.

Milling Machine

Universal milling machine.

Vertical milling machine.

Milling Machine

Vertical milling machine.

A Brinell testing machine measures the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece.

Brinell Testing Machine

A Brinell testing machine measures the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration…

"a, is the frame; b, shaft-crank which rocks the hook-shaft; e, receiving its motion from the double crank on the upper shaft e in the arm g through the shaft-connection c; d, band-wheel turned by a band (not shown) from a wheel on treadle-shaft below the table; f, feed-cam; h, feed-bar; i, bobbin-case; j, rotating hook which is attached to e and oscillates with it; k, bobbin-holder; l, presser; m, presser-spring; n, needle-bar link; o, needle-bar; p, take-up lever; q, take-up cam; r, spool-holder...." —Whitney, 1889

Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine

"a, is the frame; b, shaft-crank which rocks the hook-shaft; e, receiving its motion from the double…

A detail of the Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine. "s, thread-leader; t, face-plate covering...; v, presser thumb-screw; w, thread-check; x, tension-nut by which tension is regulated; y, tension-pulley around which the thread is wound, and which is caused to turn less or more easily by the nut x; z, thread-guide and controller; z2, presser-foot." —Whitney, 1889

Detail of Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine

A detail of the Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine. "s, thread-leader; t, face-plate covering...; v,…

"a is the bobbin case; c, bobbin; b, thread wound on bobbin; d, projection from bobbin-case which keeps it from turning; e, thread leading out." —Whitney, 1889

Bobbin Detail of Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine

"a is the bobbin case; c, bobbin; b, thread wound on bobbin; d, projection from bobbin-case which keeps…

"a is the bobbin holder, partly opened to show hook b, and bobbin-case c; d, feed-points; e, presser-foot." — Whitney, 1889

Bobbin Detail of Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine

"a is the bobbin holder, partly opened to show hook b, and bobbin-case c; d, feed-points; e, presser-foot."…

A detailed illustration of one of the most collected sewing machines of all time. Today, many of these machines, over a century old, are still in use.

Willcox and Gibbs Sewing Machine

A detailed illustration of one of the most collected sewing machines of all time. Today, many of these…

"A machine for turning a roasting-spit by means of a fly-wheel or -wheels, set in motion by the current of ascending air in a chimney. a,a, the chimney, contracted in a circular form; b, strong bar placed over the fireplace, to support the jack; c, wheel with vanes radiating from its center, set in motion by the ascent of the heated air, and communicating by the pinion d and the crown-wheel e, with the pulley f, from which motion is transmitted to the spit by the chain passing over it." —Whitney, 1889

Smoke-Jack Used for Roasting Meat

"A machine for turning a roasting-spit by means of a fly-wheel or -wheels, set in motion by the current…

"An implement for clearing away snow from roads, railways, etc. a, caboose; b, cab; c, tender; d, show, plate, or scraper which cuts horizontally at a level with the tops of the rails; e, auger which cuts in to the snow-drift, and assists by its screw-like action to propel the machine (its centrifugal action projects the snow upward through the chute f, and laterally to a distance of 60 feet)." —Whitney, 1889

Centrifugal Snow Plow

"An implement for clearing away snow from roads, railways, etc. a, caboose; b, cab; c, tender; d, show,…

"A machine for spinning flax into threads by hand. It consists of a wheel, band, and spindle, and is driven by foot or by hand...a, bench; b, b1, standards; c, driving band-wheel with flat rim, turned by the peg k held in the right hand of the spinner; d, cord-band, crossed at e and driving the speed-pulley f; g, cord-band imparting motion to the spindle h; i, thread in process of spinning." —Whitney, 1889

Spinning Wheel for Wool

"A machine for spinning flax into threads by hand. It consists of a wheel, band, and spindle, and is…

"A machine for spinning flax into threads by hand. It consists of a wheel, band, and spindle, and is driven by foot or by hand...a, bench or stool; b, standards; c, driving band wheel grooved in its perimeter; d, treadle; e, rod which connects treadle with crank; f, cord-band which drives the flier-spindle; g, flier; h, distaff upon which the flax to be spun is placed, and which in use is held in the left hand of the operator." —Whitney, 1889

Spinning Wheel for Flax

"A machine for spinning flax into threads by hand. It consists of a wheel, band, and spindle, and is…