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"Mr. Seymour's form approaches more nearly to the French method than any other practised in England, but the direct channel of the sap is not suppressed. It will be seen that the bearing shoots are all on the upper side of the mother branches, and that these bearing shoots are wholly reproduced once a year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Seymour's Fan

"Mr. Seymour's form approaches more nearly to the French method than any other practised in England,…

"Lady-bird beetles, or "lady bugs." These beetles are very destructive to plant lice." — Goff, 1904

Ladybug

"Lady-bird beetles, or "lady bugs." These beetles are very destructive to plant lice." — Goff,…

"Lady-bird beetles, or "lady bugs." These beetles are very destructive to plant lice." — Goff, 1904

Ladybug

"Lady-bird beetles, or "lady bugs." These beetles are very destructive to plant lice." — Goff,…

"Lady-bird beetles, or "lady bugs." These beetles are very destructive to plant lice." — Goff, 1904

Ladybug

"Lady-bird beetles, or "lady bugs." These beetles are very destructive to plant lice." — Goff,…

"Lady-bird beetles, or "lady bugs." These beetles are very destructive to plant lice." — Goff, 1904

Ladybug

"Lady-bird beetles, or "lady bugs." These beetles are very destructive to plant lice." — Goff,…

Stiff plants with large, thick leaves. It is said to have medicinal purposes for burned or damaged skin.

American Aloe

Stiff plants with large, thick leaves. It is said to have medicinal purposes for burned or damaged skin.

"Fucus vesiculosus: showing the receptacles of the fructification a, a, at the ends of the branching frond; b, b, b, large air-cells which help to float the plant." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Fucus Vesiculosus

"Fucus vesiculosus: showing the receptacles of the fructification a, a, at the ends of the branching…

"A drug of great antiquity, for we find Dioscorides make mention of aloe as a substance obtained from a plant, and possessing cathartic properties." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Aloe

"A drug of great antiquity, for we find Dioscorides make mention of aloe as a substance obtained from…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceae, having an involucre of three divided leaves, more or less remote from the flower, a petaloid calyx, searcely distinguishable from the corolla, and soft woolly achenia, which in some species have tails." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Anemone Coronaria

"A genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceae, having an involucre of three divided leaves,…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferae, by some botanists divided into two: A., and Archangelica. The species are mostly herbaceous and perennial, natives of the temperate and colder regions of the northern hemisphere. They have bipinnate or tripinnate leaves." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Angelica

"A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferae, by some botanists divided into two: A., and Archangelica.…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Papilionaceae, natives of the warm parts of America, of which, until recently, the only known species was the A. hypogaea, sometimes called the underground kidney-bean, and more frequently the ground-nut. It also receives the names of earth-nut, American earth-nut, and mandubi." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arachis

"A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Papilionaceae, natives of the warm parts…

"A plant of the natural order Umbelliefrae, a native of the elevated table-lands in the neighborhood of Santa Fe de Bogota and Caracas, and of regions of similar climate in other parts of Tropical America. It is much cultivated in its native country for its roots, which are used as an esculent. The root divides into a number of parts, which resemble cows' horns or large carrots. When boiled, they are firm and tender, with a flavor not so strong as that of a parsnip." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arracacha

"A plant of the natural order Umbelliefrae, a native of the elevated table-lands in the neighborhood…

"Artocarpaceae, a natural order of Dicotyledonous plants, of which the Bread-fruit is the type; very nearly allied to that of Moraceae, and, like it, by many botanists regarded as a sub-order of Urticaceae. The botanical distinction between Artocarpaceae and Moraceae lies chiefly in the straight embryo and large cotyledons of the former." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Bread-fruit

"Artocarpaceae, a natural order of Dicotyledonous plants, of which the Bread-fruit is the type; very…

"A plant of the natural order Aristolochiaceae, a native of Europe, growing in woods; rare, and perhaps not truly indigenous, in Britain. The whole plant has acrid properties; the roots and leaves are aromatic, purgative, and emetic. b, detached anther; c, style." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Asarabacca

"A plant of the natural order Aristolochiaceae, a native of Europe, growing in woods; rare, and perhaps…

"A genus of plans of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Papilionaceae. The pod is more or less perfectly 2-celled. The leaves are pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. the species are numerous, natives chiefly of the temperate and colder parts of the Old World, shrubby, and often spiny, or unarmed and herbaceous." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Astragalus

"A genus of plans of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Papilionaceae. The pod is more or less…

"A plant of the same genus with the Primrose, much cultivated in flower-gardens. The Auricula has long been a florist's flower. It was highly esteemed by the Romans, and has, at least since the beginning of the 18th century, received particular attention from the florists of England and Holland." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Auricula

"A plant of the same genus with the Primrose, much cultivated in flower-gardens. The Auricula has long…

"An erect, branching perennial, herbaceous plant of the natural order Labiatae, a native of the south of Europe, naturalised in a few places in England." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Balm

"An erect, branching perennial, herbaceous plant of the natural order Labiatae, a native of the south…

"A very beautiful American, bird, found in all parts of the United States, and as far north as 55 degrees N. lat., but migrating to tropical or subtropical regions in winter." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Oriole

"A very beautiful American, bird, found in all parts of the United States, and as far north as 55 degrees…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Labiatae. The species are all natives of the tropics, or of the warmer temperate parts of the world, and are generally characterized by a pleasant aromatic smell and taste." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Basil

"A genus of plants of the natural order Labiatae. The species are all natives of the tropics, or of…

"A perennial plant with long creeping stems, heart-shaped leaves on long stalks, and variously lobed, large purple flowers much resembling those of the best known species of Convolvulus, and very large oblong acuminated tubers." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Batatas

"A perennial plant with long creeping stems, heart-shaped leaves on long stalks, and variously lobed,…

"A fish of the family Cyprinidae, of the same genus with the roach, dace, bleak and minnow. The color is bluish-black on the upper parts, passing in to silvey white on the belly; the cheeks and gill-covers rich golden yellow. The chub rarely attains a weight exceeding 5 lbs. It is plentiful in many of the rivers of England, and occurs in some of those of the south-west of Scotland." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Chub

"A fish of the family Cyprinidae, of the same genus with the roach, dace, bleak and minnow. The color…

"A genus of exogenous plants, which gives its name to the natural order Cistaceae; an order allied to Cruciferae and Capparideae, and containing about 200 known species of shrubs and herbaceous plants, chiefly natives of the south of Europe and north of Africa." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Rock-Rose

"A genus of exogenous plants, which gives its name to the natural order Cistaceae; an order allied to…

"A medicine once in much repute against low fevers, and as a mild stimulant and diaphoretic, and still used in some countries, although not much in Britain, consists of the root-stocks (rhizomes) of different species of Dorstenia, a tropical American plant of the natural order Moraceae. The genus is remarkable for the plane receptacle in which the numerous small flowers are fixed; the male flowers in superficial depressions the female flowers in deep sockets." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Contrayerva

"A medicine once in much repute against low fevers, and as a mild stimulant and diaphoretic, and still…

"A valuable medicinal substance, consisting chiefly of a resin (Resin of Copaiva) and a volatile oil (Oil of Copaiva). It flows from incisions made in the stems of trees of the genus Copaifera, trees with pinnate leaves, of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Caesalpinisae, natives of the topical parts of America." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Copaiva Tree

"A valuable medicinal substance, consisting chiefly of a resin (Resin of Copaiva) and a volatile oil…

"A common native of pastures in England and many other parts of Europe, although rare in Scotland, a delicate and modest little flower, a universal favorite, both for its beauty and its fragrance. The flowers are small, in an umbel at the top of the scape, the limb of the corolla short and concave." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cowslip

"A common native of pastures in England and many other parts of Europe, although rare in Scotland, a…

"A name given to many plants, of which the foliage has a pungent, mustard-like taste, and is used as a salad. It is sometimes more strictly confused to the genus Lepidium, a genus of the natural order Cruciferae, having small white flowers, and oblong or rounded laterally compressed pouches (silicules), with the cells one-seeded, and the valves keeled or winged on the back." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cress

"A name given to many plants, of which the foliage has a pungent, mustard-like taste, and is used as…

"Bitter Cress (Cardamine amara)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Bitter Cress

"Bitter Cress (Cardamine amara)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Water Cress

"Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"Encrinus." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Encrinus

"Encrinus." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"A small procumbent shrub, of the natural order Empetraceae, a native of the northern parts of the world, abundant in the moors of Scotland and the north of England. The order consists of a few heath-like shrubs, which, however, are regarded as having a botanical affinity to Euphorbiaceae, with small unisexual flowers in the axils of the leaves, the fruit a small berry seated in the persistent calyx. b, fruit cut open; c, flower." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crowberry

"A small procumbent shrub, of the natural order Empetraceae, a native of the northern parts of the world,…

"Curtain, in Fortification, is the portion of rampart or wall between two bastions or two gates. In a regular siege, to batter down the curtain is one of the main operations depended on; and many of the external works constructed by the defenders are intended to frustrate, or at least embarrass, this operation. In the annexed cut, which shows a ground-plan of some of the elements of a regular fortification, FF' is the curtain; HAEF, a bastion. The component parts of the bastion are thus designated: AH and AE, two faces; EF and GH, two flanks; A, the salient; FG, the gorge; and H and E, the shoulders. mn is the rampart; mo, the parapet on the rampart; QPQ', the ditch; NO, the covery-way; RWR', the glacis; KLL', a ravelin." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Curtain

"Curtain, in Fortification, is the portion of rampart or wall between two bastions or two gates. In…

"Cyclamen: a, the whole plant; b, the fruit." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cyclamen

"Cyclamen: a, the whole plant; b, the fruit." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"A grass of the same genus with the valuable Ryegrass, an annual, common in the cornfields in England and many parts of Europe. It has no tufts of leaves from the rot, the glumes are as long as the spikelets, or longer, the spikelets contain 5-7 florets which are awned." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Darnel

"A grass of the same genus with the valuable Ryegrass, an annual, common in the cornfields in England…

"A genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common Date Palm, the Palm Tree of Scripture, a native of the northern half of Aftica, the south-west of Asia, and some parts of India, and which has also been brought into cultivation in the south of Europe, and might certainly be intruduced with advantage into the south of the United States, and many warm parts of America and Australia." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Date Palm

"A genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common Date Palm, the Palm Tree of Scripture,…

"The annexed cut represents the horns of the stag at different ages. During the first year, there is only a light protuberance; the second year is marked by the brow antler (1); the third year, by the bad antler (2); the fourth, by the tray antler (3); the fifth, by the crockets (4); the sixth, by the beam antler (5), the various parts of which are termed (A) crockets, (B) tray, (C) bay, (D) brow, (E) pearls, (F) the beam of the antler; seventh year (6)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Stag Horns

"The annexed cut represents the horns of the stag at different ages. During the first year, there is…

"Dentalium: B, the shell of Dentalium Entalis, broken longitudinally, showing the animal in a contracted state. C, the shell, showing the animal advancing out; a and b, the foot, the lobes of which are developed in the form of a corolla; c, a part of the collar of the mantle. E, the animal, magnified, extricated from the shell, with them antle slit along the dorsal and medial line, detached in part from its posterior insertion, and turned aside so as to show the parts enclosed; a, the extremity of the foot, which closes the aperture j, of the collar lm, of the mantle nop; bb, lobes of the fot; c, the foot itself, presenting a depression or a channel, running its whole length; d, the head; e, the cerebral ganglion; f, f, the two sides of the mouth; g, g, the membranes which support the branchiae; gg, ii, the branchiae; pp, qq, the retractor muscles; s, the muscle of insertion; t, the expanded posterior extremity, in which is situated the vent." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dentalium

"Dentalium: B, the shell of Dentalium Entalis, broken longitudinally, showing the animal in a contracted…

"A plant of the same genus with the Bramble, and very nearly allied to it, but having weaker and more prostrate roundish stems, which take root at the end, their prickles unequal and passing insensibly into hairs, the fruit consisting only of a few (1—5) grains, which, however, are much larger than those of the brambleberry." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dewberry

"A plant of the same genus with the Bramble, and very nearly allied to it, but having weaker and more…

A flowering great laurel plant.

Great Laurel

A flowering great laurel plant.

"A very curious and interesting genus of plants of the natural order Droseraceae, having a 5-partite calyx, 5 petals, 10-20 stamens, and one style, with 5 closely united stigmata. Only one species is known, Dionaea muscipula, sometimes called Venus's Fly-trap and the Carolina Catchfly Plant." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dionaea

"A very curious and interesting genus of plants of the natural order Droseraceae, having a 5-partite…

A perennial plant with many short red stems and green leaves. Commonly used in cooking.

Medicinal Rhubarb

A perennial plant with many short red stems and green leaves. Commonly used in cooking.

A small bird having grey and brown upper parts with small black and white spots. Pale grey under parts and a brown rump.

Rock Wren

A small bird having grey and brown upper parts with small black and white spots. Pale grey under parts…

A type of plant root.

Fibrous Root

A type of plant root.

A type of plant root.

Tap Root

A type of plant root.

A type of plant root.

Aerial Root

A type of plant root.

A type of plant root.

Tuberous Root

A type of plant root.

A type of plant root.

Root Hairs

A type of plant root.

A root feeding plant lice.

Root Louse

A root feeding plant lice.

A root feeding plant lice.

Root Louse

A root feeding plant lice.

"One end of the cup-adjusting hub, with inward bearings. The cones are formed of one piece with the spindles, and the adjusting cp C is screwed in the end of the hub shell, and locked in position by the screwed locking-ring R. The figure also illustrates a divided spindle for facilitating the removal of the tire for repair when required without disturbing the wheel, bearings, chain or gear-case. The chain side of the hub-spindle, not shown in the figure, is secured to the frame in the usual way; on the left side the spindle S projects very little beyond the adjusting cup. A distance washer W is placed between the end of the spindle S and the fork-end F. A detachable screw-pin, or the footstep, P, passes through the washer W, and is screwed into the end of the spindle S, the hexagod head of the detachable pin drawing all the parts securely together." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cup-adjusting Hub

"One end of the cup-adjusting hub, with inward bearings. The cones are formed of one piece with the…

"A genus of annual, subshrubby plants, order Solanaceae, with a wheel-shaped corolla, projecting and converging stamens, and a many-seeded berry. They are chiefly natives of the East and West Indies, China, Brazil, and Egypt, but have spread to various other tropical or subtropical countries, being cultivated for their fruit, which in some reaches the size of an orange, is fleshy and variously colored and contains a pungent principle, which is presented also and more largely in the seed." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Capsicum

"A genus of annual, subshrubby plants, order Solanaceae, with a wheel-shaped corolla, projecting and…

"A genus of order Piperaceae. The Piper nigrum, which furnishes the black pepper of commerse, is a native of the East Indies, where it is cultivated on an extensive scale. It is a climbing plant, which broad, ovate, acuminate leaves, and little globular berries, which, when ripe, are of a bright-red color. The pepper of Malacca, Java, and especially of Sumatra, is the most esteemed. Its culture has been introduced into various other tropical countries. White pepper is the best and soundest of the berries, gathered when fully ripe, and deprived of their external skin." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Black Pepper

"A genus of order Piperaceae. The Piper nigrum, which furnishes the black pepper of commerse, is a native…

"Anatomy of the Oyster. A. Hinge or anterior umbonal end of the left valve of an adult oyster, upon which the soft parts of the animal are represented as they lie in situ, but with the greater part of the mantle of the right side removed. a u. The auricle of the right side of the heart contracted. B. Posterior or ventral end of the left valve, which in life is usually directed upward more or less, and during the act of feeding and respiration is separated slightly from the margin of its fellow of the opposite side to admit the water for respiration, and which also contains the animal's food in suspension. b m. Body-mass, traversed superficially by the generative ducts g e. b j. The organ of Bojanus, or 'renal' organ, of the right side of the oyster. (The ducts which it sends into the manle are not shown, nor is its connection with the genito-urinary sinus s indicated.)" — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Oyster

"Anatomy of the Oyster. A. Hinge or anterior umbonal end of the left valve of an adult oyster, upon…

"Of the two forms of pitcher in this genus the larger and ordinary form, that of the adult plant, is somewhat twisted, and instead of a lid has a large inflated hood overarching the small mouth. A large bilobed nectariferous and brightly colored expansion hangs down from this, and attracts insects, particularly moths. As in Sarracenia, the plant seems merely to absorb the products of their putrefaction." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Darlingtonia

"Of the two forms of pitcher in this genus the larger and ordinary form, that of the adult plant, is…

"The root used in medicine under this name is obtained from Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Rich, a small shrubby plant of the natural order Cinchonaceae. It is a native of Brazil, growing in clumps or patches in moist shady forests from 8 degrees to 22 degrees S. lat., and is believed to extend to the Bolivian province of Chiquitos, and the calley of Catica in New Granada." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ipecacuanha Plant

"The root used in medicine under this name is obtained from Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Rich, a small…

"The plant known in America as the "Carolina jasmine" is not a true jasmine. other hardy species commonly cuultivated in gardens are the low or Italian yellow-flowered jasmine, J. humile, an erect shrub 3 or 4 feet high, with angular branches, alternate and most ternate leaves, blossoming from June to September; the common yellow jasmine, J. fruticans, a hardy deciduous shrub, 10 to 12 feet high, with weak, slender stems requiring support, and bearing yellow, odorless flowers from spring to autumn; and J. nudiflorum, with flowers before the leaves appear." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gelsemium

"The plant known in America as the "Carolina jasmine" is not a true jasmine. other hardy species commonly…

"A sandy stratum, a a, acting as a filter, occupies an inclined position between two other strata impervious to water, such as clay, the water being absorbed by the superficial parts of the strata, as at a a (which may be of very great extent), will penetrate through its whole depth, and, finding no egress below on account of the basin-like form of the stratum, or from its resting at the lower termination upon a compact rock, will accumulate." — Wells, 1857

Sandy Stratum

"A sandy stratum, a a, acting as a filter, occupies an inclined position between two other strata impervious…

"A griffin having the uppet part of the body of an eagle and the lower parts of a lion, with wings decorated with spirals, are among the more remarkable examples of perforated ornaments for attachment to the clothing." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Griffin Pendent

"A griffin having the uppet part of the body of an eagle and the lower parts of a lion, with wings decorated…

"An example of a form of reading lamp is seen here. The lamp is mounted on a standard on which it can be raised or lowered at will, and fixed by a thumb screw. The oil reservoir is in two parts, the upper ac being an inverted flask which fits into bb, from which the burner is directly fed through the tube d; h is an overflow cup for any oil that escapes at the burner, and it is pierced with air-holes for admitting the current of air to the center tube of the Argand burner. The lamp is filled with oil by withdrawing the flask ac, filling it, and inverting it into its place. The under reservoir bb fills from it to the burner level ee, on a line with the mouth of ac. so soon as that level falls below the mouth of ac, a bubble of air gets access to the upper reservoir, and oil again fills up bb to the level ec, and so on it goes as long as combustion continues and the supply of oil in ac endures." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Reading Lamp

"An example of a form of reading lamp is seen here. The lamp is mounted on a standard on which it can…

"A modern mechanic's lathe, has very different demands made upon it. For this the greatest possible steadiness in all the working parts is the main desideratum, and it is of great advantage to have the means of obtaining a slow speed, so as to be able to take the heaviest cuts which its strength and the power available to warrant." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Mechanic's Lathe

"A modern mechanic's lathe, has very different demands made upon it. For this the greatest possible…

"A slide-rest such as would be used with the lathe in the previous engraving, for which purpose simplicity of construction and steadiness in all its parts are the points chiefly aimed at." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Slide-Rest

"A slide-rest such as would be used with the lathe in the previous engraving, for which purpose simplicity…