ClipArt ETC
"Battle of Chancellorsville, Sunday, May 3rd, 1863. General Hooker repulsing the attack of the enemy. Early on May 3rd, Stuart renewed the attack upon Hooker's force, with the battle cry, 'Charge and remember Jackson!' and the advance was made with such impetuosity that in a short time he was in possession of the crest from which the Eleventh Corps had been driven the preceding day. No time was lost in crowning that eminence with all the heavy artillery obtainable, and as soon as this could be made to play upon the Federal lines a charge was successively ordered upon the position held by Generals Berry and French, both of whom were supported by the divisions of Williams and Whipple. After a severe struggle the Confederates succeeded in capturing the high ground where the Federals had posted some more heavy artillery, and in turning the latter upon the Federals, who soon had to fall back to their second and third lines of intrenchments. The Confederates followed close upon them, and made charge after charge in order to capture the new positions, but unayailingly and when re-enforcements arrived from Meade's corps they were forced to abadon the attack."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Chancellorsville

"Battle of Chancellorsville, Sunday, May 3rd, 1863. General Hooker repulsing the attack of the enemy.…

"Battle of Chancellorsville, Sunday, May 3rd, 1863. General Hooker repulsing the attack of the enemy. Early on May 3rd, Stuart renewed the attack upon Hooker's force, with the battle cry, 'Charge and remember Jackson!' and the advance was made with such impetuosity that in a short time he was in possession of the crest from which the Eleventh Corps had been driven the preceding day. No time was lost in crowning that eminence with all the heavy artillery obtainable, and as soon as this could be made to play upon the Federal lines a charge was successively ordered upon the position held by Generals Berry and French, both of whom were supported by the divisions of Williams and Whipple. After a severe struggle the Confederates succeeded in capturing the high ground where the Federals had posted some more heavy artillery, and in turning the latter upon the Federals, who soon had to fall back to their second and third lines of intrenchments. The Confederates followed close upon them, and made charge after charge in order to capture the new positions, but unayailingly and when re-enforcements arrived from Meade's corps they were forced to abadon the attack."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Chancellorsville

"Battle of Chancellorsville, Sunday, May 3rd, 1863. General Hooker repulsing the attack of the enemy.…

"Battle of Champion Hills, May 16th, 1863- the formidable position of General Pemberton carried by Generals Hovey, Logan and Crocker, of Grant's army. On the morning of the 16th of May, General A. P. Hovey's division, occupying the right of McClernand's corps, encountered the Confederate pickets, but no engagement took place until about eleven o'clock, when the Indiana troops, led by General McGinnis, made a deliberate attack upon the rapidly increasing force which Pemberton had brought together at Champion Hills. Two batteries which had been planted along a high ridge were doing considerable damage, and it was finally determined to assault them. They were both taken by the Eleventh and Forty-sixth Indiana and the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, after a fierce hand-to-hand fight; but the arrival of fresh Confederate troops and the want of re-enforcements prevented their being held for any length of time. The Federals withdrew, and remained under cover of their artillery till joined by part of Quimby's late dvision, commanded by General Marcellus M. Crocker. Another advance was then ordered, and while Pemberton's right was thus engaged Logan's division attacked his left, and succeeded in flanking and in forcing it back in such manner as to completely isolate for awhile the whole of General Loring's brigade, which occupied the extreme Confederate right. The attack was so fierce that Stevenson's line became completely demoralized, yielded in turn, and by four o'clock the Confederates were in full retreat toward the Big Black River. Just then the other division of McClernand's corps came upon the scene, and a pursuit was ordered by Generals Carr and Osterhaus. This lasted until dark, and resulted in the capture of many prisoners and arms of all descriptions. The total loss in killed and wounded on both sides approximated to 4,000."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Champion Hills

"Battle of Champion Hills, May 16th, 1863- the formidable position of General Pemberton carried by Generals…

"Battle of Champion Hills, May 16th, 1863- the formidable position of General Pemberton carried by Generals Hovey, Logan and Crocker, of Grant's army. On the morning of the 16th of May, General A. P. Hovey's division, occupying the right of McClernand's corps, encountered the Confederate pickets, but no engagement took place until about eleven o'clock, when the Indiana troops, led by General McGinnis, made a deliberate attack upon the rapidly increasing force which Pemberton had brought together at Champion Hills. Two batteries which had been planted along a high ridge were doing considerable damage, and it was finally determined to assault them. They were both taken by the Eleventh and Forty-sixth Indiana and the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, after a fierce hand-to-hand fight; but the arrival of fresh Confederate troops and the want of re-enforcements prevented their being held for any length of time. The Federals withdrew, and remained under cover of their artillery till joined by part of Quimby's late dvision, commanded by General Marcellus M. Crocker. Another advance was then ordered, and while Pemberton's right was thus engaged Logan's division attacked his left, and succeeded in flanking and in forcing it back in such manner as to completely isolate for awhile the whole of General Loring's brigade, which occupied the extreme Confederate right. The attack was so fierce that Stevenson's line became completely demoralized, yielded in turn, and by four o'clock the Confederates were in full retreat toward the Big Black River. Just then the other division of McClernand's corps came upon the scene, and a pursuit was ordered by Generals Carr and Osterhaus. This lasted until dark, and resulted in the capture of many prisoners and arms of all descriptions. The total loss in killed and wounded on both sides approximated to 4,000."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Champion Hills

"Battle of Champion Hills, May 16th, 1863- the formidable position of General Pemberton carried by Generals…

"Battle of Champion Hills, May 16th, 1863- the formidable position of General Pemberton carried by Generals Hovey, Logan and Crocker, of Grant's army. On the morning of the 16th of May, General A. P. Hovey's division, occupying the right of McClernand's corps, encountered the Confederate pickets, but no engagement took place until about eleven o'clock, when the Indiana troops, led by General McGinnis, made a deliberate attack upon the rapidly increasing force which Pemberton had brought together at Champion Hills. Two batteries which had been planted along a high ridge were doing considerable damage, and it was finally determined to assault them. They were both taken by the Eleventh and Forty-sixth Indiana and the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, after a fierce hand-to-hand fight; but the arrival of fresh Confederate troops and the want of re-enforcements prevented their being held for any length of time. The Federals withdrew, and remained under cover of their artillery till joined by part of Quimby's late dvision, commanded by General Marcellus M. Crocker. Another advance was then ordered, and while Pemberton's right was thus engaged Logan's division attacked his left, and succeeded in flanking and in forcing it back in such manner as to completely isolate for awhile the whole of General Loring's brigade, which occupied the extreme Confederate right. The attack was so fierce that Stevenson's line became completely demoralized, yielded in turn, and by four o'clock the Confederates were in full retreat toward the Big Black River. Just then the other division of McClernand's corps came upon the scene, and a pursuit was ordered by Generals Carr and Osterhaus. This lasted until dark, and resulted in the capture of many prisoners and arms of all descriptions. The total loss in killed and wounded on both sides approximated to 4,000."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Champion Hills

"Battle of Champion Hills, May 16th, 1863- the formidable position of General Pemberton carried by Generals…

"Major General Burnside assuming command of the Army of the Potomac- issuing orders to his staff. 'Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, November 10th, 1862. In accordance with General Orders, No. 182, issued by the President of the United States, I hereby assume command of the Army of the Potomac. Patriotism, and the exercise of my every energy in the direction of this army, aided by the full and hearty co-operation of its officers and men, will I hope, under the blessing of God, insure its success. Having been a sharer of the privations, and a witness of the bravery of the old Army of the Potomac in the Maryland campaign, and fully identified with them in their feelings of respect and esteem for General McClellan, entertained through a long and most friendly association with him, I feel that it is not as a stranger I assume command. To the Ninth Army Corps, so long and intimately associated with me, I need say nothing; our histories are identical. With diffidence for myself, but with a proud confidence in the unswerving loyalty and determination of the gallant army now intrusted to my care, I accept its control, with the steadfast assurance that the just cause must prevail. A. E. Burnside, Major General Commanding.' Our illustration represents the general issuing orders to his staff immediately after assuming command." — Frank Leslie, 1896

General Burnside

"Major General Burnside assuming command of the Army of the Potomac- issuing orders to his staff. 'Headquarters,…

"Bellaire, O.- Steamboats conveying troops and munitions of war for the Federal forces on the Great Kanawha. Bellaire is a town situated on the Ohio River, three miles below Wheeling, Va. It is the eastern terminus of the Central Ohio Railroad, and the point for crossing the river connecting the Baltimore and Ohio with the above-named railroad. The place contained a population of fifteen hundred or two thousand inhabitants in 1861. Its importance was owing to its eligible position for the rapid concentration of troops. The sketch represents a fleet of boats lying in the river awaiting the quoata of troops and munitions for the prosecution of the war on the Great Kanawha. At this date, 1896, two weekly newspapers are published here. It has two banks, two churches, also manufactures of window-glass and flintware, nails, pig iron, galvanized ware and agricultural machines. The city is lighted with gas, and has waterworks and a street railway. Coal, limestone and fire-clay abound here. Population, about ten thousand." —Leslie, 1896

Bellaire

"Bellaire, O.- Steamboats conveying troops and munitions of war for the Federal forces on the Great…

"Bellaire, O.- Steamboats conveying troops and munitions of war for the Federal forces on the Great Kanawha. Bellaire is a town situated on the Ohio River, three miles below Wheeling, Va. It is the eastern terminus of the Central Ohio Railroad, and the point for crossing the river connecting the Baltimore and Ohio with the above-named railroad. The place contained a population of fifteen hundred or two thousand inhabitants in 1861. Its importance was owing to its eligible position for the rapid concentration of troops. The sketch represents a fleet of boats lying in the river awaiting the quoata of troops and munitions for the prosecution of the war on the Great Kanawha. At this date, 1896, two weekly newspapers are published here. It has two banks, two churches, also manufactures of window-glass and flintware, nails, pig iron, galvanized ware and agricultural machines. The city is lighted with gas, and has waterworks and a street railway. Coal, limestone and fire-clay abound here. Population, about ten thousand." —Leslie, 1896

Bellaire

"Bellaire, O.- Steamboats conveying troops and munitions of war for the Federal forces on the Great…

"Bellaire, O.- Steamboats conveying troops and munitions of war for the Federal forces on the Great Kanawha. Bellaire is a town situated on the Ohio River, three miles below Wheeling, Va. It is the eastern terminus of the Central Ohio Railroad, and the point for crossing the river connecting the Baltimore and Ohio with the above-named railroad. The place contained a population of fifteen hundred or two thousand inhabitants in 1861. Its importance was owing to its eligible position for the rapid concentration of troops. The sketch represents a fleet of boats lying in the river awaiting the quoata of troops and munitions for the prosecution of the war on the Great Kanawha. At this date, 1896, two weekly newspapers are published here. It has two banks, two churches, also manufactures of window-glass and flintware, nails, pig iron, galvanized ware and agricultural machines. The city is lighted with gas, and has waterworks and a street railway. Coal, limestone and fire-clay abound here. Population, about ten thousand." —Leslie, 1896

Bellaire

"Bellaire, O.- Steamboats conveying troops and munitions of war for the Federal forces on the Great…

"Federal baggage train on its way to the army at Falmouth, VA., December, 1862. Our illustration represents a Federal baggage train hastening on to Falmouth with commissary stores for General Burnside's army before the crossing of the Rappahannock to attack Fredericksburg. The immense labor and fatigue attendant on operations in this region may be conceived by our sketch. The fearful road over rocks and cliffs, the storms, the constant fear of surprise by the enemy, where escape and defense are alike impossible, give to the life of the army train all the perils of romance."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Baggage Train to Falmouth, VA

"Federal baggage train on its way to the army at Falmouth, VA., December, 1862. Our illustration represents…

"Federal baggage train on its way to the army at Falmouth, VA., December, 1862. Our illustration represents a Federal baggage train hastening on to Falmouth with commissary stores for General Burnside's army before the crossing of the Rappahannock to attack Fredericksburg. The immense labor and fatigue attendant on operations in this region may be conceived by our sketch. The fearful road over rocks and cliffs, the storms, the constant fear of surprise by the enemy, where escape and defense are alike impossible, give to the life of the army train all the perils of romance."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Baggage Train Wagon

"Federal baggage train on its way to the army at Falmouth, VA., December, 1862. Our illustration represents…

"Battle of Antietam, Burnside's Division, left wing- brilliant and decisive bayonet charge of Hawkins's Zouaves on the Confederate battery on the hill, right bank of Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, September 17th, 1862, utter route of the Confederates. This brilliant and decisive charge was made about five o'clock in the afternoon of Wednesday, September 17th. Our correspondent thus described the charge: 'On the left, during the afternoon, Burnside carried the bridge after an obstinate contest of several hours duration, and a loss of about five hundred killed and wounded. Hawkins's Zouaves then crossed and found the enemy ready drawn up under cover of the hills, and advanced in line of battle on the enemy's new position, about a half a mile distant. The ground over which they advanced was open clover and plowed fields, the latter very difficult and fatiguing to march in, owing to the softness of the ground. The enemy's guns, fourteen in number, kept up a terrible fire on our advancing line, which never wavered, but slowly toiled along, receiving shelter, however, when they were in the hollows. They were halted a few moments to rest in the hollow nearest the enemy's position, and then were ordered to charge with a yell. As they came up the hill in front of the enemy's batteries, they received a heavy volley from a large force of infantry behind a stone wall, about two hundred feet in front of the enemy's batteries. Our men, though terribly decimated, gave a volley in return, and then went on with the bayonet. The enemy did not stay to contest the ground, and, although two to one, broke and ran, leaving their guns.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Antietam

"Battle of Antietam, Burnside's Division, left wing- brilliant and decisive bayonet charge of Hawkins's…

"Battle of Antietam, Burnside's Division, left wing- brilliant and decisive bayonet charge of Hawkins's Zouaves on the Confederate battery on the hill, right bank of Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, September 17th, 1862, utter route of the Confederates. This brilliant and decisive charge was made about five o'clock in the afternoon of Wednesday, September 17th. Our correspondent thus described the charge: 'On the left, during the afternoon, Burnside carried the bridge after an obstinate contest of several hours duration, and a loss of about five hundred killed and wounded. Hawkins's Zouaves then crossed and found the enemy ready drawn up under cover of the hills, and advanced in line of battle on the enemy's new position, about a half a mile distant. The ground over which they advanced was open clover and plowed fields, the latter very difficult and fatiguing to march in, owing to the softness of the ground. The enemy's guns, fourteen in number, kept up a terrible fire on our advancing line, which never wavered, but slowly toiled along, receiving shelter, however, when they were in the hollows. They were halted a few moments to rest in the hollow nearest the enemy's position, and then were ordered to charge with a yell. As they came up the hill in front of the enemy's batteries, they received a heavy volley from a large force of infantry behind a stone wall, about two hundred feet in front of the enemy's batteries. Our men, though terribly decimated, gave a volley in return, and then went on with the bayonet. The enemy did not stay to contest the ground, and, although two to one, broke and ran, leaving their guns.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Antietam

"Battle of Antietam, Burnside's Division, left wing- brilliant and decisive bayonet charge of Hawkins's…

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking the advance of the Confederates. After the battle of Savage's Station the Federals continued on their retreat, and by eight o'clock on the morning of June 30th, 1862, they had crossed White Oak Swamp and Creek, after destroying the bridge over the latter and warding off the repeated attacks to which they were subjected throughout the night. After crossing White Oak Creek the Federals had quickly formed a new line of battle at Willis Church, General Hancock's forces being on the extreme right, while Porter's occupied the left, and Heintzelman's and Sumner's the intervening space. Jackson's advance was checked by the destruction of the bridge, and when he reached the creek, at about noon, he found the approaches well defended by artillery. Jackson opened upon Hancock's troops, and made repeated efforts to rebuild the bridge under cover of his heavy artillery, but he was every time repulsed. While this was going on Longstreet and Hill had come upon a Federal force at a place two miles away, called Frazier's Farm. Here stood Sumner and Hooker, on the extreme right, McCall somewhat in advance toward the centre and Kearny on the extreme left. When Longstreet found this force arrayed against him he waited for re-enforcements to come up, and it was four o'clock when he commenced the attack. McCall's left was first assailed by Kenper's brigade, which was met by the Pennsylvania Reserves under Colonel Simmons, who, after a bitter conflict, drove the Confederates into the woods with a loss of 250 killed and wounded and about 200 prisoners. Fresh troops then enabled the Confederates to drive back the Federals, who in turn lost heavily. Longstreet and Hill now pressed on, and the conflict became a severe one along the entire front. One point, then another, was vainly tried in the determined effort to break the Federal line. At length Wilcox's Alabama Brigade rushed across an open field upon McCall's left, directly against Randall's battery, which centered upon the Confederates a most galling fire. Nothing daunted, they moved on, and finally engaging in a desperate hand-to-hand fight, first captured Cooper's battery, and afterward Randall's battery, which had been doing such terrible execution. A charge was then ordered for the recapture of the guns. The Confederates bravely met the severe attacks that followed. A still more desperate hand-to-hand struggle took place for the possession of the lost batteries, which were finally recaptured. By dark the Confederates had retired into the woods, and the Federals remained on that portion of the field which they had lost earlier in the action. The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and wounded, whilst that of the Confederates was over 2,000. Colonel Simmons and General Meade were both severely wounded, while General McCall was a made prisoner." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking…

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking the advance of the Confederates. After the battle of Savage's Station the Federals continued on their retreat, and by eight o'clock on the morning of June 30th, 1862, they had crossed White Oak Swamp and Creek, after destroying the bridge over the latter and warding off the repeated attacks to which they were subjected throughout the night. After crossing White Oak Creek the Federals had quickly formed a new line of battle at Willis Church, General Hancock's forces being on the extreme right, while Porter's occupied the left, and Heintzelman's and Sumner's the intervening space. Jackson's advance was checked by the destruction of the bridge, and when he reached the creek, at about noon, he found the approaches well defended by artillery. Jackson opened upon Hancock's troops, and made repeated efforts to rebuild the bridge under cover of his heavy artillery, but he was every time repulsed. While this was going on Longstreet and Hill had come upon a Federal force at a place two miles away, called Frazier's Farm. Here stood Sumner and Hooker, on the extreme right, McCall somewhat in advance toward the centre and Kearny on the extreme left. When Longstreet found this force arrayed against him he waited for re-enforcements to come up, and it was four o'clock when he commenced the attack. McCall's left was first assailed by Kenper's brigade, which was met by the Pennsylvania Reserves under Colonel Simmons, who, after a bitter conflict, drove the Confederates into the woods with a loss of 250 killed and wounded and about 200 prisoners. Fresh troops then enabled the Confederates to drive back the Federals, who in turn lost heavily. Longstreet and Hill now pressed on, and the conflict became a severe one along the entire front. One point, then another, was vainly tried in the determined effort to break the Federal line. At length Wilcox's Alabama Brigade rushed across an open field upon McCall's left, directly against Randall's battery, which centered upon the Confederates a most galling fire. Nothing daunted, they moved on, and finally engaging in a desperate hand-to-hand fight, first captured Cooper's battery, and afterward Randall's battery, which had been doing such terrible execution. A charge was then ordered for the recapture of the guns. The Confederates bravely met the severe attacks that followed. A still more desperate hand-to-hand struggle took place for the possession of the lost batteries, which were finally recaptured. By dark the Confederates had retired into the woods, and the Federals remained on that portion of the field which they had lost earlier in the action. The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and wounded, whilst that of the Confederates was over 2,000. Colonel Simmons and General Meade were both severely wounded, while General McCall was a made prisoner." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking…

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking the advance of the Confederates. After the battle of Savage's Station the Federals continued on their retreat, and by eight o'clock on the morning of June 30th, 1862, they had crossed White Oak Swamp and Creek, after destroying the bridge over the latter and warding off the repeated attacks to which they were subjected throughout the night. After crossing White Oak Creek the Federals had quickly formed a new line of battle at Willis Church, General Hancock's forces being on the extreme right, while Porter's occupied the left, and Heintzelman's and Sumner's the intervening space. Jackson's advance was checked by the destruction of the bridge, and when he reached the creek, at about noon, he found the approaches well defended by artillery. Jackson opened upon Hancock's troops, and made repeated efforts to rebuild the bridge under cover of his heavy artillery, but he was every time repulsed. While this was going on Longstreet and Hill had come upon a Federal force at a place two miles away, called Frazier's Farm. Here stood Sumner and Hooker, on the extreme right, McCall somewhat in advance toward the centre and Kearny on the extreme left. When Longstreet found this force arrayed against him he waited for re-enforcements to come up, and it was four o'clock when he commenced the attack. McCall's left was first assailed by Kenper's brigade, which was met by the Pennsylvania Reserves under Colonel Simmons, who, after a bitter conflict, drove the Confederates into the woods with a loss of 250 killed and wounded and about 200 prisoners. Fresh troops then enabled the Confederates to drive back the Federals, who in turn lost heavily. Longstreet and Hill now pressed on, and the conflict became a severe one along the entire front. One point, then another, was vainly tried in the determined effort to break the Federal line. At length Wilcox's Alabama Brigade rushed across an open field upon McCall's left, directly against Randall's battery, which centered upon the Confederates a most galling fire. Nothing daunted, they moved on, and finally engaging in a desperate hand-to-hand fight, first captured Cooper's battery, and afterward Randall's battery, which had been doing such terrible execution. A charge was then ordered for the recapture of the guns. The Confederates bravely met the severe attacks that followed. A still more desperate hand-to-hand struggle took place for the possession of the lost batteries, which were finally recaptured. By dark the Confederates had retired into the woods, and the Federals remained on that portion of the field which they had lost earlier in the action. The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and wounded, whilst that of the Confederates was over 2,000. Colonel Simmons and General Meade were both severely wounded, while General McCall was a made prisoner." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking…

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking the advance of the Confederates. After the battle of Savage's Station the Federals continued on their retreat, and by eight o'clock on the morning of June 30th, 1862, they had crossed White Oak Swamp and Creek, after destroying the bridge over the latter and warding off the repeated attacks to which they were subjected throughout the night. After crossing White Oak Creek the Federals had quickly formed a new line of battle at Willis Church, General Hancock's forces being on the extreme right, while Porter's occupied the left, and Heintzelman's and Sumner's the intervening space. Jackson's advance was checked by the destruction of the bridge, and when he reached the creek, at about noon, he found the approaches well defended by artillery. Jackson opened upon Hancock's troops, and made repeated efforts to rebuild the bridge under cover of his heavy artillery, but he was every time repulsed. While this was going on Longstreet and Hill had come upon a Federal force at a place two miles away, called Frazier's Farm. Here stood Sumner and Hooker, on the extreme right, McCall somewhat in advance toward the centre and Kearny on the extreme left. When Longstreet found this force arrayed against him he waited for re-enforcements to come up, and it was four o'clock when he commenced the attack. McCall's left was first assailed by Kenper's brigade, which was met by the Pennsylvania Reserves under Colonel Simmons, who, after a bitter conflict, drove the Confederates into the woods with a loss of 250 killed and wounded and about 200 prisoners. Fresh troops then enabled the Confederates to drive back the Federals, who in turn lost heavily. Longstreet and Hill now pressed on, and the conflict became a severe one along the entire front. One point, then another, was vainly tried in the determined effort to break the Federal line. At length Wilcox's Alabama Brigade rushed across an open field upon McCall's left, directly against Randall's battery, which centered upon the Confederates a most galling fire. Nothing daunted, they moved on, and finally engaging in a desperate hand-to-hand fight, first captured Cooper's battery, and afterward Randall's battery, which had been doing such terrible execution. A charge was then ordered for the recapture of the guns. The Confederates bravely met the severe attacks that followed. A still more desperate hand-to-hand struggle took place for the possession of the lost batteries, which were finally recaptured. By dark the Confederates had retired into the woods, and the Federals remained on that portion of the field which they had lost earlier in the action. The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and wounded, whilst that of the Confederates was over 2,000. Colonel Simmons and General Meade were both severely wounded, while General McCall was a made prisoner." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking…

"The Old Magazine. This view is from the square, looking southeast. South of it is a neat frame building, which was occupied by President Tyler before his election to the office of Vice-president of the United States."—Lossing, 1851

Old Magazine

"The Old Magazine. This view is from the square, looking southeast. South of it is a neat frame building,…

"This is a view from the lawn, looking south. It is a frame building with a brick foundation. At the time of the siege it belonged in fee to Governor Nelson, but its occupant, a widow Moore, had a life interest in it, and it was known as Moore's house. The narrow piazza in front is a modern addition. This house is upon the Temple Farm, so called from the fact that vestiges of a small temple or church, and the remains of an ancient settlement, are there seen, about a mile and a half south of Yorktown. Around the temple was a wall, and within are several tomb-stones. One of these bear the name of Major William Gooch, and the date of his death, 1655."—Lossing, 1851

Moore's House

"This is a view from the lawn, looking south. It is a frame building with a brick foundation. At the…

"The Regulator battle-ground. This view is from the south side of the Salisbury Road, which is marked by the fence on the left. The belligerents confronted in the open field seen on the north of the road, beyond the fence. Between the blasted pine, to which a muscadine is clinging, and the road, on the edge of a small morass, several of those who were slain in that engagement were buried. I saw the mounds of four graves by the fence, where the sheep, seen in the picture, are standing. The tree by the road side is a venerable oak, in which are a few scars produced by the bullets."—Lossing, 1851

Regulator Battle-ground

"The Regulator battle-ground. This view is from the south side of the Salisbury Road, which is marked…

"The <em>Chiton spinosus</em> is bordered by long, black, aculeted spines; found in the South Seas; length three inches." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Chiton spinosus

"The Chiton spinosus is bordered by long, black, aculeted spines; found in the South Seas;…

"Scene at the Cowpens. This name is derived from the cirumstance that, some years prior to the Revolution, before this section of country was settled, some persons in Camden (then called Pine-tree) employed two men to go up to the Thicketty Mountain, and in the grassy intervales among the hills, raise cattle. As a compensation, they were allowed the entire use of the cows during the summer for making butter and cheese, and the steers for tilling labor. In the fall, large numbers of the fattest cattle would be driven down to Camden to be slaughtered for beef, on account of the owners. This region, so favorable for rearing cows, on account of the grass and fine springs, was consequently called <em>The Cowpens</em>. The field was covered with blasted pines, stumps, and stocks of indian corn, and had a most dreary appearance."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Cowpens

"Scene at the Cowpens. This name is derived from the cirumstance that, some years prior to the Revolution,…

"View at Rugeley's. This view is from the south side of the bridge. The counterfeit cannon was placed in the road where the first wagon is seen. The house and barn of Rugeley were in the cleared field seen beyond the wagons."—Lossing, 1851

Rugeley's

"View at Rugeley's. This view is from the south side of the bridge. The counterfeit cannon was placed…

"View at Gum Swamp. This view is from the south side of the stream."—Lossing, 1851

Gum Swamp

"View at Gum Swamp. This view is from the south side of the stream."—Lossing, 1851

"A southern school-house during the American Revolution."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Southern School-House

"A southern school-house during the American Revolution."—Lossing, 1851

"Site of Fort Watson."—Lossing, 1851 <p>The Siege of Fort Watson was an American Revolutionary War confrontation in South Carolina that began on April 15, 1781 and lasted until April 23, 1781. Continental Army forces under Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee and South Carolina militia under Francis Marion besieged Fort Watson, a fortified British outpost that formed part of the communication and supply chain between Charleston and other British outposts further inland. <p>The attackers, lacking artillery, were unable to make a dent in the fortified works, and failed in attempts to deny the garrison of a water supply. They then devised a plan to build a tower from which sharpshooters could fire into the fort's walls. Fort Watson was once again attacked by the Americans on April 23, with the British forces unable to control the walls due to musket fire from the tower. They surrendered shortly afterwards.

Fort Watson

"Site of Fort Watson."—Lossing, 1851 The Siege of Fort Watson was an American Revolutionary War confrontation…

"Ruins of Oglethorpe's Barracks at Frederica. This is from a sketch made by W. W. Hazzard, Esq., in 1851. Mr. Hazzard writes: 'These ruins stand on the left bank or bluff of the south branch of the Alatamaha River, on the west side of St. Simon's Island, where the steamers pass from Savannah to Florida.' This fort was a scene of hostilities during the war of the Revolution, and also that of 1812; and is one of the most interesting military relics of our country. Mr. Hazzard states that, in his field in the rear of it, his men always turn up 'bomb-shells and hollow shot whenever they plow there.' The whole remains are upon his plantation at West Point."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Frederica

"Ruins of Oglethorpe's Barracks at Frederica. This is from a sketch made by W. W. Hazzard, Esq., in…

"South Carolina Flag."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

South Carolina Flag

"South Carolina Flag."—Lossing, 1851

"Death of Becket. During the early years of the reign Thomas A. Becket, as the king's chancellor, had shown great zeal in his cause, but, being appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 1162, he devoted himself wholly to the interests of the church and the exaltation of his office, and became the most dangerous of the king's foes. the main point at issue between them was the trial of members of the clergy who had been guilty of crime. The civil courts had lost all authority over clerical offenders, who were tried by the church tribunals. But the latter bodies could inflict only spiritual penalties, and serious offenses often went without adequate punishment. In the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) it was decided that ecclasiastics accused of crime must first be summoned before the king's justices, who were to determine whether the offense came within the jurisdiction of a secular or a spiritual court. Becket reluctantly agreed to this, as well as to other provisions seriously affecting the authority of the church, but soon afterwards sent to the pope and asked forgiveness for what he had done. The king's party was powerful, and Becket took refuge in France, but a few years later, through the aid of the pope and French king, was reinstated. On his return to England he angered the king by excommunicating the bishops who had taken sides against him. Henry, in a moment of rage, spoke some hasty words, which were construed by his attendants as a wish for the murder of Becket. They broke into the cathedral where the latter had taken refuge and killed him at the altar (December, 1170). Becket was now regarded as a martyr and a patron saint, and the king was finally obliged to make his submission to the papal representative and declar on oath his innocence of all complicity in the murder. Thus the apparent outcome of the struggle was unfavorable to the king, but in reality Henry gained the main object for which he had been working. The church courts no longer enjoyed such complete authority over criminal members of the clergy."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Death of Becket

"Death of Becket. During the early years of the reign Thomas A. Becket, as the king's chancellor, had…

"Flag of the Dutch West India Company. When the rights of the company ceased, a new and more powerful company was forced in Holland in 1621, called the West India Company, with full control of New Netherland. It was a trading company like the others, but it was intended also to dispute the Spanish power in America. The Dutch captains, like the English, found a profitable business in capturing Spanish vessels. The West India Company encouraged people to settle on its lands; it explored the North River and the South River, now known as the Delaware; and villages grew up about Fort Orange, and at New Amsterdam, as the Dutch called the settlement on Manhattan Island."—Scudder, 1897

Dutch West India Flag

"Flag of the Dutch West India Company. When the rights of the company ceased, a new and more powerful…

"A grallatorial bird, a native of South America, often called the golden-breasted trumpeter."-Whitney, 1902

Agami

"A grallatorial bird, a native of South America, often called the golden-breasted trumpeter."-Whitney,…

"The posterior being besest by spines, and the sides furrowed with elevated lamell&aelig;. The color is of a beautiful rosy purple. Found in South American seas." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Cytherea dione

"The posterior being besest by spines, and the sides furrowed with elevated lamellæ. The color…

"Agua-Toad (Bufo marinus), a very large and common South American toad, with enormous parotid glands."-Whitney, 1902

Bufo Toad

"Agua-Toad (Bufo marinus), a very large and common South American toad, with enormous parotid glands."-Whitney,…

In 1859, John Brown collected a small body of men, white and black, in the mountains of Maryland. He made a sudden attack upon Harper's Ferry, where there was a United States arsenal, which he seized and held for a few hours. The attack was a direct assault upon slavery. Brown had resolved to carry the war into what he regarded as the enemy's country, and he expected to see the slaves flock to his standard. There were few at the North who knew of his purpose; and the country, North and South, was amazed at the act. John Brown was wounded and taken prisoner; some of his associates were killed, and some were taken with him. He was tried by the State of Virginia, sentenced, and hanged. His action was generally condemned by the people, but many declared him a martyr to freedom, and accused slavery of provoking him to the deed. His act, moreover, deepened the feeling of the South that the North was in a hostile attitiude; and public opinion at the South held the North responsible for Brown's movement."—Scudder, 1897

John Brown

In 1859, John Brown collected a small body of men, white and black, in the mountains of Maryland. He…

"George Brinton McClellan was born at Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He was for two years a student in the University of Virginia, but in 1842 he became a cadet at West Point, where he was the youngest in his class. He made his mark, however, for, on graduating in 1846, he stood second in general rank, and first in engineering. He engaged in the Mexican War, and took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, along with Lee and Beauregard. He was brevetted captain, and after the war he was employed by the government in surveys beyond the Mississippi. When the Crimean War occurred, Captain McClellan was one of a commission sent by the United States government to examine the military systems of Europe, and to report on the better organization of the American army. He made an important report, on his return, and then retired from the service, and became president of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. He was living in Cincinnati when the war broke out, and the governor of Ohio at once commissioned him major general of the Ohio militia. He had most winning qualities and an unblemished character, so that he attached every one who came in contact with him. Near the close of the war, he became the Democratic candidate for the Presidency. He was elected governor of New Jersey in 1877, and died at Orange, in that State, October 29, 1885."—Scudder, 1897

George B. McClellan

"George Brinton McClellan was born at Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He was for two years a student…

The Merrimac sinking the Cumberland.

Merrimac

The Merrimac sinking the Cumberland.

"George Armstrong Custer, a brilliant cavalry officer, was born at New Rumley, Ohio, December 5, 1839. He graduated at West Point, in 1861, and at once engaged in active service, being in the Bull Run battle. Throughout the war, it is said he never lost a gun or a flag, and captured more guns, flags and prisoners than any other officer not commanding an army. After the war he served on the frontier, and it was largely his reports of the fertility and mineral wealth of the Black Hills that stimulated the movement of population in that direction."&mdash;Scudder, 1897

George Armstrong Custer

"George Armstrong Custer, a brilliant cavalry officer, was born at New Rumley, Ohio, December 5, 1839.…

"The Mimas, <em>S. mimas</em>, is a beautiful South American species, of a rich golden-green color." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mimas

"The Mimas, S. mimas, is a beautiful South American species, of a rich golden-green color."…

"These insects are common in the South of Europe, and are especially abundant in Spain, where they are taken in large numbers, and from which source the best are generally obtained." &mdash Goodrich, 1859

Spanish Fly

"These insects are common in the South of Europe, and are especially abundant in Spain, where they are…

"Found in South Ameica, is a very large species, nearly two inches long; it is black, and lives on the sago-palm." &mdash Goodrich, 1859

Palm Weevil

"Found in South Ameica, is a very large species, nearly two inches long; it is black, and lives on the…

"Aard-vark is a burrowing insect-eating animal of the order Edentata found in South Africa. The name 'pig' is given to it from the shape of its snout. It is about 5 feet long, with a thin tapering tail, and long upright ears. It is nocturnal in its habits and very timid. Its flesh is considered a delicacy."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Aardvark

"Aard-vark is a burrowing insect-eating animal of the order Edentata found in South Africa. The name…

"A South American genus, <em>Pelopaeus</em>, allied to the preceeding, is called the Dauber, from its singular habit of placing its nest of mud against the walls and ceiling in the interior of the houses." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Dauber

"A South American genus, Pelopaeus, allied to the preceeding, is called the Dauber, from its…

"A northern constellation situated in the Milky Way, nearly south of Lyra, and containing the bright star Altair."-Whitney, 1902

Aquila

"A northern constellation situated in the Milky Way, nearly south of Lyra, and containing the bright…

"The breadfruit is a large, globular fruit of a pale-green color, about the size of a child's head, marked on the surface with irregular six-sided depressions, and containing a white and somewhat fibrous pulp, which when ripe becomes juicy and yellow. The tree that produces it grows wild in Tahiti and other islands of the South Seas. it is about 40 feet high, with large and spreading branches, and has large bright green leaves, deeply divided into seven or nine spear-shaped lobes. The eatable part of this fruit lies between the skin and the core, and it is as white as snow and somewhat of the consistence of new bread."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Breadfruit

"The breadfruit is a large, globular fruit of a pale-green color, about the size of a child's head,…

"The breadfruit is a large, globular fruit of a pale-green color, about the size of a child's head, marked on the surface with irregular six-sided depressions, and containing a white and somewhat fibrous pulp, which when ripe becomes juicy and yellow. The tree that produces it grows wild in Tahiti and other islands of the South Seas. it is about 40 feet high, with large and spreading branches, and has large bright green leaves, deeply divided into seven or nine spear-shaped lobes. The eatable part of this fruit lies between the skin and the core, and it is as white as snow and somewhat of the consistence of new bread."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Breadfruit Fruit

"The breadfruit is a large, globular fruit of a pale-green color, about the size of a child's head,…

"Cacao, or cocoa, is the chocolate tree, and also the powder and beverage made with it obtained from the fruit of this tree. The tree is 16 to 18 feet high, a native of tropical America, and much cultivated in the tropics of both hemispheres, especially in the West India Islands, Central and South America. Its fruit is contained in pointed, oval, ribbed pods 6 to 10 inches long, each inclosing 50 to 100 seeds in a white, sweetish pulp. The term coca is a corruption of cacao, but is more commonly used in commerce: cocoa nuts, however, are obtained from an entirely different tree."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Cacao Plant

"Cacao, or cocoa, is the chocolate tree, and also the powder and beverage made with it obtained from…

"Some spiders, like the <em>Ctenizae</em>, close the mouth of their subterranean resdence with a most ingeniously-constructed trap-door, which the inhabitant closes with the utmost pertinacity when any attempt is made to invade the privacy of his domicile. Hence these, of which several species are found in the south of Europe and on the shores of the Mediterranean, are generally known as <em>Trap-door spiders</em>." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Garden-spider and trap-door spider

"Some spiders, like the Ctenizae, close the mouth of their subterranean resdence with a most…

"The spiders with which we in temperate climates are most acquainted are of small size, but in hot regions there are several species whose extended legs occupy a circle of six or seven inches in diameter. Some of these, belonging to the genus <em>Mygale</em>, found in South America and Mexico, are said to attack young humming-birds, and to climb trees for this purpose." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mygale

"The spiders with which we in temperate climates are most acquainted are of small size, but in hot regions…

"Camel is a genus of ruminant quadrupeds, characterized by the absence of horns; a fissure in the upper lip; a long and arched neck; one or two humps or protuberances on the back; and a broad elastic foot ending in two small hoofs. The native country of the camel is said to extend from Morocco to China, within a zone of 900 or 1,000 miles in breadth. The common camel, having two humps, is found in the N. part of this region, and exclusively from the ancient Bactria, now Turkestan, to China. The dromedary, or single-humped camel is found throuhout the entire length of this zone. The camel will travel three days under a load and five days under a rider without drinking. It can live on little food, and of the coarsest kind. Camels which carry heavy burdens will do about 25 miles a day; those which are used for speed alone, from 60 to 90 miles a day. It lives from 40 to 50 years. The South American members of the family Camelid&aelig; contain the llama and alpaca; they have no humps."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Camel

"Camel is a genus of ruminant quadrupeds, characterized by the absence of horns; a fissure in the upper…

"Chinchilla is a genus of South American herbivorous rodents very closely allied to the rabbit, which they resemble in the general shape of the body, in the limbs being longer behind than before, and by the nature of the fur, which is more woolly than silky."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Chinchilla

"Chinchilla is a genus of South American herbivorous rodents very closely allied to the rabbit, which…

"Cotton is a vegetable hair or filament constituting the wing of the seed of the different species of Gossypium, a plant growing both in the temperate and tropical climates, indigenous in Asia, Africa, and south America. All the varieties of the plant require a dry and sandy soil. In general it flourishes most luxuriantly and yields produce of the best quality on the coast. In the United States a large proportion of the crop is grown W. of the Mississippi."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Cotton Plant

"Cotton is a vegetable hair or filament constituting the wing of the seed of the different species of…

"Cotton is a vegetable hair or filament constituting the wing of the seed of the different species of Gossypium, a plant growing both in the temperate and tropical climates, indigenous in Asia, Africa, and south America. All the varieties of the plant require a dry and sandy soil. In general it flourishes most luxuriantly and yields produce of the best quality on the coast. In the United States a large proportion of the crop is grown W. of the Mississippi."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Cotton Flower

"Cotton is a vegetable hair or filament constituting the wing of the seed of the different species of…

"Cotton is a vegetable hair or filament constituting the wing of the seed of the different species of Gossypium, a plant growing both in the temperate and tropical climates, indigenous in Asia, Africa, and south America. All the varieties of the plant require a dry and sandy soil. In general it flourishes most luxuriantly and yields produce of the best quality on the coast. In the United States a large proportion of the crop is grown W. of the Mississippi."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Cotton Flower

"Cotton is a vegetable hair or filament constituting the wing of the seed of the different species of…

"The largest diamond ever found in Brazil weighed 254 and a half carats, and was discovered in 1853 by a [African-American] in the river Bogageno; it is known as the "Star of the South." It was sold to the Gaekwar of Baroda for $450,000."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Star of the South Diamond

"The largest diamond ever found in Brazil weighed 254 and a half carats, and was discovered in 1853…

"Eagle is a name given to many birds of prey in the family Falconid&aelig;. The golden eagle, the white-headed eagle, and the sea eagles are characteristic examples. The white-tailed or sea eagles are absent only in South America."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sea Eagle

"Eagle is a name given to many birds of prey in the family Falconidæ. The golden eagle, the white-headed…

"The Erne is one of the 'bare-legged' eagles. The genus includes some seven species, represented apparently in all parts of the world except South America. A notable species is the white-headed or bald eagle, the emblem of the United States. This erne is common in North America, both by the coasts and by inland lakes, and also occurs in Northern Europe. The general color is brown, but the head and neck of the adults are milky-white, and the same is true of the rounded tail."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Erne

"The Erne is one of the 'bare-legged' eagles. The genus includes some seven species, represented apparently…

"Goose is the name of a well-known family of natatorial birds. The domestic goose is believed to have descended form the greylag goose. It is valued for the table and on account of its quills and fine soft feather. The body is large and heavy, the neck long, the head small, and the bill conical, the wings long and powerful, the feet somewhat long, with small toes. In summer the wild goose inhabits the polar regions, migrating south in flocks on the approach of winter. The nest which is of coarse grass, is generally situated in marshy places."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Wild Goose

"Goose is the name of a well-known family of natatorial birds. The domestic goose is believed to have…

"The Grand Army of the Republic was a patriotic organization in the United States composed of the National veterans of the Civil War. It was organized in Decatur, Ill., April 6, 1866, by Dr. B. F. Stephenson. Badge of the G.A.R.&ndash; Reverse"&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Badge of the Grand Army of the Republic

"The Grand Army of the Republic was a patriotic organization in the United States composed of the National…

"The Grand Army of the Republic was a patriotic organization in the United States composed of the National veterans of the Civil War. It was organized in Decatur, Ill., April 6, 1866, by Dr. B. F. Stephenson. Badge of the G.A.R.&ndash; Obverse"&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Badge of the Grand Army of the Republic

"The Grand Army of the Republic was a patriotic organization in the United States composed of the National…

"Tinamou is the name given to a genus and family of birds occurring in South America, and allied in some respects to the ostrich and emu. They somewhat resemble a partridge, and vary in size from that of a pheasant down to that of a quail. The great tinamou is about 18 inches long, and inhabits the forests of Guiana."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tinamou

"Tinamou is the name given to a genus and family of birds occurring in South America, and allied in…