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African-American farm workers with a horse drawn-wagon.

Farm Workers

African-American farm workers with a horse drawn-wagon.

A farm machine used to seperate seeds or grain from the stocks.

Thresher

A farm machine used to seperate seeds or grain from the stocks.

The lotus flower has been called the sacred flower of Ancient Egypt. As a border ornament, the lotus was alternated with the bud, usually in a pendant position, perhaps in imitation of fringes of tassels.

Conventionalized Lotus Flower

The lotus flower has been called the sacred flower of Ancient Egypt. As a border ornament, the lotus…

The lotus flower has been called the sacred flower of Ancient Egypt. As a border ornament, the lotus was alternated with the bud, usually in a pendant position, perhaps in imitation of fringes of tassels.

Conventionalized Lotus Flower

The lotus flower has been called the sacred flower of Ancient Egypt. As a border ornament, the lotus…

Spiral wave border.

Spiral Wave

Spiral wave border.

Etruscan terra-cotta border.

Etruscan Border

Etruscan terra-cotta border.

Etruscan terra-cotta border.

Etruscan Border

Etruscan terra-cotta border.

Detail from the border of a silver platter.

Silver Platter

Detail from the border of a silver platter.

Carved vine border at St. Vitale.

Border

Carved vine border at St. Vitale.

"Fort built around the officer's quarters of the First Minnesota Regiment, Colonel Sully, near Fair Oaks, VA. The peculiarities of the States and nationalities as were represented in the Federal Army developed themselves in a variety of ways. At Fortress Monroe the German regiments erected bowers in which they quaffed their lager and smoked, while their regimental bands played airs which led them back by the ear to Das Vaterland; and the Garibaldi Guard made their tents as much like Swiss cottages as possible. The First Minnesota Regiment, Colonel A. Sully, little dreaming how soon they would have to abandon their handiwork to the enemy, erected a fort around the commodious farm house near Fair Oaks, which, after the battle of Seven Pines, May 31st, 1862, had been given to their captains and lieutenants for their quarters. The appearance was so strange that an officer of General McClellan's staff made a sketch and sent it to us." — Frank Leslie, 1896

First Minnesota Regiment

"Fort built around the officer's quarters of the First Minnesota Regiment, Colonel Sully, near Fair…

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking the advance of the Confederates. After the battle of Savage's Station the Federals continued on their retreat, and by eight o'clock on the morning of June 30th, 1862, they had crossed White Oak Swamp and Creek, after destroying the bridge over the latter and warding off the repeated attacks to which they were subjected throughout the night. After crossing White Oak Creek the Federals had quickly formed a new line of battle at Willis Church, General Hancock's forces being on the extreme right, while Porter's occupied the left, and Heintzelman's and Sumner's the intervening space. Jackson's advance was checked by the destruction of the bridge, and when he reached the creek, at about noon, he found the approaches well defended by artillery. Jackson opened upon Hancock's troops, and made repeated efforts to rebuild the bridge under cover of his heavy artillery, but he was every time repulsed. While this was going on Longstreet and Hill had come upon a Federal force at a place two miles away, called Frazier's Farm. Here stood Sumner and Hooker, on the extreme right, McCall somewhat in advance toward the centre and Kearny on the extreme left. When Longstreet found this force arrayed against him he waited for re-enforcements to come up, and it was four o'clock when he commenced the attack. McCall's left was first assailed by Kenper's brigade, which was met by the Pennsylvania Reserves under Colonel Simmons, who, after a bitter conflict, drove the Confederates into the woods with a loss of 250 killed and wounded and about 200 prisoners. Fresh troops then enabled the Confederates to drive back the Federals, who in turn lost heavily. Longstreet and Hill now pressed on, and the conflict became a severe one along the entire front. One point, then another, was vainly tried in the determined effort to break the Federal line. At length Wilcox's Alabama Brigade rushed across an open field upon McCall's left, directly against Randall's battery, which centered upon the Confederates a most galling fire. Nothing daunted, they moved on, and finally engaging in a desperate hand-to-hand fight, first captured Cooper's battery, and afterward Randall's battery, which had been doing such terrible execution. A charge was then ordered for the recapture of the guns. The Confederates bravely met the severe attacks that followed. A still more desperate hand-to-hand struggle took place for the possession of the lost batteries, which were finally recaptured. By dark the Confederates had retired into the woods, and the Federals remained on that portion of the field which they had lost earlier in the action. The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and wounded, whilst that of the Confederates was over 2,000. Colonel Simmons and General Meade were both severely wounded, while General McCall was a made prisoner." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking…

Baa, baa, black sheep, have you any wool?

Baa, Baa, Black Sheep

Baa, baa, black sheep, have you any wool?

Baa, baa, black sheep, have you any wool?

Baa, Baa, Black Sheep

Baa, baa, black sheep, have you any wool?

This is the Cock that crowed in the morn, that waked the Priest all shaven and shorn, that married the Man all tattered and torn, that kissed the Maiden all forlorn, that milked the Cow with the crumpled horn, that tossed the Dog, that worried the Cat, that killed the Rat, that ate the malt, that lay in the house that Jack built.

House that Jack Built—Cock

This is the Cock that crowed in the morn, that waked the Priest all shaven and shorn, that married the…

This is the Farmer that sowed the corn, that kept the Cock that crowed in the morn, that waked the Priest all shaven and shorn, that married the Man all tattered and torn, that kissed the Maiden all forlorn, that milked the Cow with the crumpled horn, that tossed the Dog, that worried the Cat, that killed the Rat, that ate the malt, that lay in the house that Jack built.

House that Jack Built—Farmer

This is the Farmer that sowed the corn, that kept the Cock that crowed in the morn, that waked the Priest…

"Battle of Chancellorsville, Va., Friday, May 1st, 1863. We give a fine sketch of the point where the memorable battle of Chancellorsville began. It was at the junction of the Gordonsville Plank Road, the Old Turnpike, and the road from Ely's and United States stores. The first fighting took place here on Friday, May 1st, and on Saturday the Eleventh Corps was routed, and the enemy repulsed by consummate generalship and the most resolute bravery of the Federal troops. Here, too, on Sunday the enemy made an attack with such overhwhelming force as to force the Federal army back to the second line. Few spots possess greater interest than this scene of fearful battle."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Chancellorsville

"Battle of Chancellorsville, Va., Friday, May 1st, 1863. We give a fine sketch of the point where the…

"General Rusk, born in Morgan County, Ohio, June 17th, 1830; died in 1894. He divided his time between farm work and the acquisition of a common-school education till he attained his majority, and in 1853 removed to Wisconsin and engaged in agriculture in Vernon county. He entered the National Army in 1862, was commissioned major of the Twenty-fifth Wisconsin Regiment, rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and served with General William T. Sherman from the siege of Vicksburg till the close of the war. In 1865 he received the brevet of brigadier general of volunteers for meritorious services at the battle of Salkehatchie. Beginning with 1881, he was elected Governor of Wisconsin for three successive terms. During the threatened Milwuakee riots in May, 1886, he did good service by his prompt action in ordering the militia to fire on the dangerous mobs when they attempted to destroy life and property. In 1889 President Harrison appointed General Rusk Secretary of Agriculture."— Frank Leslie, 1896

General Jeremiah M. Rusk

"General Rusk, born in Morgan County, Ohio, June 17th, 1830; died in 1894. He divided his time between…

"The war in Virginia- contrabands coming into the Federal camp. The [African American] furnishes, in his various phases of existence, wonderful studies for the artist and philosopher. Never, perhaps, has a race seen such a moment as during the Civil War, when the chains of bondage were breaking from the limbs of 4,000,000 of men. The distant roar of battle was to them a sound of deliverance. With all the uncouth, odd and queer manifestations of joy they prepared to reach the camp of the delivering Yanks. Yoking together most incongruous teams before the farm wagons of their fled masters, with ass and ox and horse, with household gear queerly assorted, with useless truck and little that could rarely serve them, they started for the Promised Land, and might often have been seen coming in as our artist, a most close student of nature, depicted them, with his usual felicity of portraiture."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Contrabands

"The war in Virginia- contrabands coming into the Federal camp. The [African American] furnishes, in…

"The war in Virginia. Battle of Spottsylvania Courthouse- opening of the fight at Alsop's Farm, May 8th, 1864. The direct route to Spottsylvania Courthouse is by the Brock Road, via Todd's Tavern. On this road the Fifth Corps, under General Warren, was to take the advance, and by rapid march seize Spottsylvania Courthouse. Hancock's corps was to follow on the same line, while Sedgwick and Burnside were to move on an exterior route by way of Chancellorsville. The vital interest of this movement centred in the march of Warren to seize Spottsylvania Courthouse. Warren's corps advanced a 9 P. M. on the 7th. Reaching Todd's Tavern, he was delayed for an hour and a half by the cavalry escort of General Meade blocking the way. On the 8th he was again detained by the cavalry division of General Merritt, who had been engaged in fighting and driving Stuart's cavalry, whom Lee had sent to block the Brock Road, and who still barred further advance. Merritt, after two hours of ineffectual effort, gave way to Warren, who advanced to clear his own path. The advance brigades, under Robinson, were deployed in line of battle, while the remainder of the corps followed in column. At 8 A. M. of the 8th the column emerged from the woods into a clearing, known as Alsop's Farm, two miles north of Spottsylvania Courthouse. Anderson (Longstreet's corps) had in the meantime arrived at the same place, and a sharp engagement ensued, when the woods on both flanks of the Federals were cleared of the enemy. Warren waited for Sedgwick to come up. Before the latter arrived night had fallen. As a consequence of all those incidents, Lee had managed to place himself across Grant's path, and having drawn upon the Spottsylvania Ridge a bulwark of defense, he was able to hold the Army of the Potomac in check. Our illustration shows the opening of the battle of the 8th, as viewed from General Warren's headquarters."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Spottsylvania

"The war in Virginia. Battle of Spottsylvania Courthouse- opening of the fight at Alsop's Farm, May…

A field of twenty thousand timothy plants, each grown from a single seed.

Timothy field

A field of twenty thousand timothy plants, each grown from a single seed.

A pair of timothy plants growing side by side, illustrating the difference in yield. Each one grew from a single seed.

Pair of timothies

A pair of timothy plants growing side by side, illustrating the difference in yield. Each one grew from…

Yields of adjacent rows in an ear-row test, showing the difference in yielding power of two ears that looked equally good.

Ear-row Test

Yields of adjacent rows in an ear-row test, showing the difference in yielding power of two ears that…

A roller. Crushes clods and packs the surface so as to keep the seed moist at the expense of increased evaporation.

Roller

A roller. Crushes clods and packs the surface so as to keep the seed moist at the expense of increased…

Man in a sparse cornfield.

Corn crop

Man in a sparse cornfield.

Bountiful corn crop on a farm that has raised livestock.

Large corn crop

Bountiful corn crop on a farm that has raised livestock.

A barn, with piles of manure around it.

Barn

A barn, with piles of manure around it.

Gulliver at six inches with farm animals, compared to a giant's foot.

Six Inch Man and Horse

Gulliver at six inches with farm animals, compared to a giant's foot.

A farmer spreading manure by throwing it in piles and spreading it around.

Spreading manure

A farmer spreading manure by throwing it in piles and spreading it around.

F farmer spreading manure with a shovel in a field.

Spreading manure

F farmer spreading manure with a shovel in a field.

A farmer spreading manure firectly from atop a wagon.

Spreading manure from a wagon

A farmer spreading manure firectly from atop a wagon.

A manure spreader in operation. The manure was pitched from the stable to the spreader, handled only once.

Manure Spreader

A manure spreader in operation. The manure was pitched from the stable to the spreader, handled only…

A good plow.

Plow

A good plow.

A farmer standing waist-deep in a field of buckwheat on land that was plowed early and well fitted.

Buckwheat field

A farmer standing waist-deep in a field of buckwheat on land that was plowed early and well fitted.

Farmer standing in a sparse and stunted field of buckwheat, which was on land that was plowed late.

Buckwheat field

Farmer standing in a sparse and stunted field of buckwheat, which was on land that was plowed late.

A smoothing harrow, which is a good tool for killing weeds and fitting land

Smoothing harrow

A smoothing harrow, which is a good tool for killing weeds and fitting land

A check-row corn-planter, which plants two rows at once and rows the corn both ways.

Check-Row Corn-Planter

A check-row corn-planter, which plants two rows at once and rows the corn both ways.

A lister, used for planting corn in semi-arid regions.

Lister

A lister, used for planting corn in semi-arid regions.

A normal rye plant.

Rye

A normal rye plant.

A weeder. A good weed killer, better than a smoothing-harrow on stony land.

Weeder

A weeder. A good weed killer, better than a smoothing-harrow on stony land.

An undesirable cultivator. Shovels are too large and the man is required to walk.

Cultivator

An undesirable cultivator. Shovels are too large and the man is required to walk.

A good riding cultivator.

Cultivator, riding

A good riding cultivator.

A planker, used for crushing clods of soil.

Planker

A planker, used for crushing clods of soil.

A spring-tooth harrow, particularly useful on stony land.

Spring-tooth harrow

A spring-tooth harrow, particularly useful on stony land.

A disc-harrow.

Disc harrow

A disc-harrow.

A closer view of a stalk of Kentucky blue-grass.

Kentucky blue-grass

A closer view of a stalk of Kentucky blue-grass.

White pines coming into a pasture. On this land trees pay better than the poor pasture.

Pasture with Trees

White pines coming into a pasture. On this land trees pay better than the poor pasture.

Trees in a pasture.

Trees in a pasture

Trees in a pasture.

A grove of black-locust trees. Contrast with the brush in the background on an adjoining farm.

Grove of black-locust trees

A grove of black-locust trees. Contrast with the brush in the background on an adjoining farm.

A Clydesdale horse, used for pulling heavy loads.

Draft Horse

A Clydesdale horse, used for pulling heavy loads.

A clean dairy barn, with cows feeding.

Dairy barn

A clean dairy barn, with cows feeding.

A sheep, the head of the herd.

Sheep

A sheep, the head of the herd.

An attractive farm home, with barn nearby.

Farmhouse

An attractive farm home, with barn nearby.

Scattered planting of trees pruned in artificial shapes in front of a farmhouse.

Side View of Farmhouse

Scattered planting of trees pruned in artificial shapes in front of a farmhouse.

A well-planted farmyard, with trees at the sides, flowers in the corners and about the house, and an open lawn.

Farmhouse

A well-planted farmyard, with trees at the sides, flowers in the corners and about the house, and an…

A dilapidated farmhouse made attractive by vines and flowers.

Dilapidated farmhouse

A dilapidated farmhouse made attractive by vines and flowers.

A city house in the country. A low house would be better suited to sitting alone on a hill.

City House

A city house in the country. A low house would be better suited to sitting alone on a hill.

Seal, with a shovel and hoe on it.

True-temper seal

Seal, with a shovel and hoe on it.

A man using a cultivator in a field.

Man using a cultivator

A man using a cultivator in a field.

Floral frame, with several different types of birds and a rabbit.

Wildlife frame

Floral frame, with several different types of birds and a rabbit.

A frame with many different species of birds.

Bird Frame

A frame with many different species of birds.