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An instrument used to determine the weight of an object.

Scale

An instrument used to determine the weight of an object.

A diagram showing 3-volt scale connected across a circuit.

3-Volt Scale

A diagram showing 3-volt scale connected across a circuit.

A diagram showing 30-volt scale connected across storage battery terminals.

30-Volt Scale

A diagram showing 30-volt scale connected across storage battery terminals.

A woman with scales and a cherub.

Government Appointments

A woman with scales and a cherub.

A small scale used for weighing silver, medicines, etc.

Dotchin

A small scale used for weighing silver, medicines, etc.

A front view of a Hochelagan skull, surrounded by the outline, on a larger scale, of the Cromagnon skull.

Hochelagan Skull

A front view of a Hochelagan skull, surrounded by the outline, on a larger scale, of the Cromagnon skull.

The outer outline is that of the skull found in the cave of Cromagnon, in France, belogning, as Dawson says, to one of the oldest human inhabitants of western Europe, as shown in Lartet and Christy's <em>Reliquiae Aquitanicae</em>. The second outline is that of the Enghis skull; the dotted outline that of the Neanderthal skull. The shaded skull is on a smaller scale, but preserving the true outline, and is one of the Hochelaga Indians (site of Montreal).

Skull

The outer outline is that of the skull found in the cave of Cromagnon, in France, belogning, as Dawson…

A drawing of the newly hatched larva, viewed from beneath, with enlargements of anal extremity viewed from above.

Black Scale

A drawing of the newly hatched larva, viewed from beneath, with enlargements of anal extremity viewed…

"The barometer is simply a pressure gauge that registers the pressure of the air. In this case the cup and tube at the bottom are protected by a brass or iron casing. At the top of the tube is a graduated scale. Attached to the casing is an accurate thermometer for determining the temperature of the outside air at the time the barometric observation is taken." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Barometer

"The barometer is simply a pressure gauge that registers the pressure of the air. In this case the cup…

"C is an insulated disc, over which is suspended another disc, hung from the arm of a balance, and connected with the earth. A weight w is put in a scale attached to the other arm of the balance. The insulated disc is connected with the internal armature B of a Leyden jar, whose outer armature is in connection with the suspended disc, Electricity is conveyed to B, and the quantity q measured by a small Lane's jar A, until the electric attraction at C is just sfficient to turn the balance." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Disc Electrometer

"C is an insulated disc, over which is suspended another disc, hung from the arm of a balance, and connected…

"The coil is of flat, rectangular shape, with a narrow central opening just large enough to allow one of the magnets of the astatic system to swing freely. The other magnet swings over a graduated circle placed on the top of the coil, and serves also as an index. Sometimes a mirror and scale are substituted for the index and graduated circle. The sole on which the coil stands is movable on a fixed piece which can be levelled by means of three screws." &mdash Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Astatic Multiplier

"The coil is of flat, rectangular shape, with a narrow central opening just large enough to allow one…

"A very convenient form of Thomson's galvanometer, the only specimen of its kind we have seen. The peculiarity of its construction consists in the connection between the scale and the galvanometer, which saves much trouble in adjusting the instrument." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Thomsons Galvonometer

"A very convenient form of Thomson's galvanometer, the only specimen of its kind we have seen. The peculiarity…

"Leslie's hygrometer, which is an adaptation of his differential thermometer, is formed by uniting two tubes having a ball blown on the end of each, into which some colored sulphuric ether has been previously introduced. When both bulbs are at the same temperature, the fluid stands at the zero of the scale, but when one of them is covered with wetted paper the instrument shows the depression of temperature of the wetted bulb." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Leslies Hygrometer

"Leslie's hygrometer, which is an adaptation of his differential thermometer, is formed by uniting two…

"Cycloid scale of Scopelus resplendens." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Scale

"Cycloid scale of Scopelus resplendens." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Cycloid scale of Gobius ommaturus." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Scale

"Cycloid scale of Gobius ommaturus." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Ganoid scales of Dapedius." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Scales

"Ganoid scales of Dapedius." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Cycloid scale from the lateral line of Odax linealus." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Scale

"Cycloid scale from the lateral line of Odax linealus." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Arrangement of scales in the Roach (Leuciscus rutilus). L, Lateral line; t r, transverse line; a, transverse line from lateral line to yentral fin." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Roach Scale Arrangement

"Arrangement of scales in the Roach (Leuciscus rutilus). L, Lateral line; t r, transverse line; a, transverse…

"Carbonic acid water, generally spoken of as Sodawater, though it seldom contains any soda. It is prepared on athe large scale by placing whiting, chalk, or carbonate of lime in a lead vessel with water and sulphuric acid, when the sulphuric acid combines with the lime to form stucco or sulphate of lime, and carbonic acid is evolved as gas." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Soda Water

"Carbonic acid water, generally spoken of as Sodawater, though it seldom contains any soda. It is prepared…

"Carbonic acid water, generally spoken of as Sodawater, though it seldom contains any soda. It is prepared on athe large scale by placing whiting, chalk, or carbonate of lime in a lead vessel with water and sulphuric acid, when the sulphuric acid combines with the lime to form stucco or sulphate of lime, and carbonic acid is evolved as gas." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Soda Water

"Carbonic acid water, generally spoken of as Sodawater, though it seldom contains any soda. It is prepared…

"Ambulacra of Star-fish, As seen in a longitudinal and vertical section of one of the rays; and three of them in a separate figure on a larger scale, in which they are shown in different conditions; a, a, a, tubular feet; b, b, b, internal vesicles; c, the organ which supplies the fluid with which they are filled." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Ambulacra

"Ambulacra of Star-fish, As seen in a longitudinal and vertical section of one of the rays; and three…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Coniferae, allied to the cypress, and consisting of evergreen trees and shrubs with compressed or flattened branchlets-small, scale-like, imbricated leaves-and monaecious flowers, which have 4-celled anthers, and the scales of the strobiles with two upright ovules." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arbor Vitae

"A genus of plants of the natural order Coniferae, allied to the cypress, and consisting of evergreen…

"States that: A body when immersed in a fluid loses exactly as much of its weight as is equal to the weight of the dluid it displaces; or: A fluid sustains as mch of the weight of a body immersed in it as is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Archimedes Principle

"States that: A body when immersed in a fluid loses exactly as much of its weight as is equal to the…

"Common Ash. a, a branch with leaves; b, flowers; c, fruit (on a considerably larger scale than the leaves and flowers)." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Common Ash

"Common Ash. a, a branch with leaves; b, flowers; c, fruit (on a considerably larger scale than the…

"A representation of a common form of the delicate balances employed in physical and chemical researches. the beam is constructed so as to combine lightness with strength, and rests by a fine knife-edge on an agate plane. It is surmounted by a weight moving on a screw, so that the sensibility may be increased or diminished, according as weight is raised or depressed." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Balance

"A representation of a common form of the delicate balances employed in physical and chemical researches.…

"The Steelyard is more portable then the ordinary balance. It consists of a lever, AB, moving round a knife-edge or point at C. The body to be weighed, W, is put into the scale which hangs from A; and a movable weight P, is made to slide along the longer arm, until the lever, AB, remains horizontal." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Steelyard

"The Steelyard is more portable then the ordinary balance. It consists of a lever, AB, moving round…

"In domestic architecture the tendency has been to quit picturesque irregularity for a more formal and more dignified treatment. Such a house as Norman Shaw's "Cragside," build in the earlier part of our period, however its picturesque treatment may still be admired, would hardly be build now on a large scale; its architect himself has of late years shown a preference for a symmetrical and regular treatment of house architecture sometimes to the extent of making the mansion look too like a barrack." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cragside

"In domestic architecture the tendency has been to quit picturesque irregularity for a more formal and…

"Under Side of Worker, carrying Wax Scales." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Worker Bee

"Under Side of Worker, carrying Wax Scales." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"A genus of order Piperaceae. The Piper nigrum, which furnishes the black pepper of commerse, is a native of the East Indies, where it is cultivated on an extensive scale. It is a climbing plant, which broad, ovate, acuminate leaves, and little globular berries, which, when ripe, are of a bright-red color. The pepper of Malacca, Java, and especially of Sumatra, is the most esteemed. Its culture has been introduced into various other tropical countries. White pepper is the best and soundest of the berries, gathered when fully ripe, and deprived of their external skin." &mdash; Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Black Pepper

"A genus of order Piperaceae. The Piper nigrum, which furnishes the black pepper of commerse, is a native…

"Atwood's Machine. This difficulty has however been overcome by a curious piece of machinery invented by Mr. Atwood. This consists of an upright pillar, with a wheel on the top. The weights A and B are of the same size and are made to balance each other, exactly, being connected by a thread passing over the wheel. The ring R admits the weight A, to fall through it in its passage to the stage S, on which it rests. The right and stage slide up and down, and are fastened by a thumb screw. The pillar is a graduated scale, and M is a small bent wire, weighing a quarter of an ounce, and longer than the diameter of the ring." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Atwood's Machine

"Atwood's Machine. This difficulty has however been overcome by a curious piece of machinery invented…

"Take a piece of ivory, or any other substance that will sink in water, and weigh it accurately in the usual manner; then suspend it by a thread, or hair, in the empty cup a, and balance it. Now pour water into the cup, and it will be found that the suspended body will lose a part of its weight, so that a certain number of grains must be taken from the opposite scale, in order to make the scales balance as before the water was poured in. The number of grains taken from the opposite scale, show the weight of a quantity of water equal to the bulk of the body so suspended." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Water Weighing

"Take a piece of ivory, or any other substance that will sink in water, and weigh it accurately in the…

"Male San Jose scale insect." &mdash;Davison, 1906

Scale Insect

"Male San Jose scale insect." —Davison, 1906

"Asiatic ladybird imported to devour the San Jose scale; larva." &mdash;Davison, 1906

Asiatic Ladybird

"Asiatic ladybird imported to devour the San Jose scale; larva." —Davison, 1906

"Asiatic ladybird imported to devour the San Jose scale; adult." &mdash;Davison, 1906

Asiatic Ladybird

"Asiatic ladybird imported to devour the San Jose scale; adult." —Davison, 1906

"At sea the declination is generally observed by means of an azimuth compass invented by Kater. It consists of a magnet with a graduated compass card attached to it. At the side of the instrument opposite the eye there is a frame which projects upwards from the plane of the instrument in a nearly vertical direction, and this frame contains a wide rectangular slit cut into two parts by a wire extending lengthwise. The eye-piece is opposite this frame, and the observer is supposed to point the instrument in such a manner that the wire above mentioned shall bisect the sun's visible disk. There is a totally reflecting glass prism which throws into the eye-piece an image of the scale of the graduated card, so that the observer, having first bisected the sun's disk by the wire, must next read the division of the scale which is in the middle of the field of view." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Azimuth Compass

"At sea the declination is generally observed by means of an azimuth compass invented by Kater. It consists…

"The type of instrument which resulted from Russian labors. The brass tube, strengthened at the bearing points by a strong truly-turned collars, rotates in the cast-iron cradle g attached to the declination axis. a is the eye-piece fixed in that axis, b the micrometer for reading both scales." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Heliometer

"The type of instrument which resulted from Russian labors. The brass tube, strengthened at the bearing…

A weighing apparatus somewhat resembling the steelyard, but differing from it by having the fulcrum movable.

Danish Balance

A weighing apparatus somewhat resembling the steelyard, but differing from it by having the fulcrum…

This figure comprises the whole of the points and lines preparatory to beginning a drawing in "angular perspective." 1) The point of sight; 2)The horizontal line; 3) The point of station; 4) The nearest corner of the object to be drawn; 5) The ground line of the building or object, lying on that side, and produced from the nearest corner up to the horizontal line, in order to determine the vanishing point marked 5; 6) A line taken from the vanishing point 5, to the point of station 3; 7) A line drawn at right angles to 6, and extending from the point of station to the horizontal line, at its junction with which the vanishing point, marked 8, is determined; 9) A point of measurement obtained by the use of the vanishing point 8; 10) The other point of measurement, obtained by vanishing point 5; 11) The geometrical scale of the building or object upon a base line drawn through the nearest corner.

Angular Perspective

This figure comprises the whole of the points and lines preparatory to beginning a drawing in "angular…

The perspective in this plate is "angular perspective," and the figure it represents is a flat square surface; its dimensions are supposed to be either twenty feet or twenty inches. 1) Two lines drawn from the nearest corner of theboard, to the horizontal line, and at a distance from each other equal to the thickness of the board; this fixes the vanishing point at 1. 2) A line drawn from the above vanishing point to the point of station. 3) A line taken at right angles to 2, from the point of station, and fixing on the horizontal line the position of the vanishing point 3. 4) Two lines drawn from the nearest corner of the board to the vanishing point 3, similarly to the previously drawn lines 1. 5) One point of measurement, obtained in the usual way, by the distance of 3 from the point of station. 6) The point of measurement. 7) The line of the geometrical scale, being a line drawn across the base of the nearest corner, and marked according to scale, twenty feet or twenty inches. 8,8) Lines taken from either end of the geometrical scale towards the point of measurement, but extending no farther than where they meet the lines 1,1, and 4,4. 9,10) Small perpendicular lines drawn at the above intersections, by which the width of the board is ascertained. 11) The side of the board opposite and really parallel to that marked 4, and therefore tending to the same vanishing point. 12) The back of the board, opposite and parallel to the front marked 1, and consequently tending to the same vanishing point. The lines 1,1; 4,4; 11 and 12, being strongly marked, the figure will be completed.

Angular Perspective

The perspective in this plate is "angular perspective," and the figure it represents is a flat square…

Two upright oblong figures are here represented in parallel perspective. They may be imagined to resemble the sides and fronts of houses, or their blank walls. One of the figures has two others attached to it of equal dimensions; and these additions might be similarly multiplied to any extent, by the numbers, 7, 8, 9 and 10, in the followig rules. 1) Lines forming to complete fronts of two separate and detached oblongs. 2) The geometrical scale at the base, marked twenty feet. 3) The ground lines of the fronts running to the vanishing point. 4) The top lines tending to vanishing point. 5) Lines from the geometrical scale, to the points of measurement, determining the perspective depths of the oblongs. 6) Perpendicular lines raised at the intersection of the lines 3 and 5, and giving the farthest upright corner lines of the oblongs. The two figures will thus be completed. The remaining lines inserted in the figure are intended to give two other oblongs (or rather their retiring sides) attached to the first, and supposed to be of the same dimensions. They are determined first by finding the centre 7 of the near corner line 1. From 7 a line is drawn to the vanishing point. A line marked 8 is then drawn from the near extremity of 1 through 6, where it is cut by 7; at its intersection with the bottom line 3, the perpendicular line 9 is raised, and another oblong front is completed. A line 10 is drawn, and determined as the line 8 was, from the top of 6, and by crossing the lines 7 and 3. The lines 13, 14, and 15, are inserted merely to show the inner side and back of the other oblong, as they would be seen were the object made of glass. Thus 13,13 are lines for the top and bottom of the back; formed by drawing them to the vanishing point; 14,14 are the top and bottom lines of the farthest side, found by straight lines being drawn from both ends of , until they meet 13,13; at which point of meeting the upright corner of the oblong are completed.

Parallel Perspective

Two upright oblong figures are here represented in parallel perspective. They may be imagined to resemble…

This object is a cube, having therefore all its faces of equal dimensions; and as both sides recede, "angular perspective" is employed. The point of sight, horizontal line, and point of station, having been fixed upon, the line A is first to be drawn, touching the bottom of the nearest corner, and is for the geometrical scale or height of the cube, which, in this instance, will be called twelve feet; that is, twelve feet must be marked on the scale from the corner on either side. 1) The ground line of the square, taken from the centre of the geometrical scale line to the horizontal line; by its junction with which is determined the vanishing point or that side. 2) A line drawn from the above vanishing point to the point of station. 3) A line drawn at right angles at the point of station to the line 2, as far as the horizontal line, its intersection with which will give the correct vanishing point to the other side. 4) The ground line of the cube running to the last vanishing point. 5) The nearest corner of the cube, twelve feet in height, being equal to the width. The points of measurement are next to be ascertained, and to be marked in the usual way; and the lines B drawn from the ends of the geometrical scale towards the point of measurement give the perspective width or depth of both sides. This is found at their cutting of the ground lines 1 and 4. The line 6 represents the top line of one side of the cube, and runs from the nearest corner to the vanishing point. 7) The other top line; and it is drawn to the other vanishing point. 8) The far corner line raised vertically from the crossing of the lines B and 1. 9) The other corner line raised vertically from the intersection of the lines B and 4. The lines 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, being strengthened, the figure is complete.

Angular Perspective

This object is a cube, having therefore all its faces of equal dimensions; and as both sides recede,…

This cube has four additional cubes of equal dimensions. This is effected by first drawing the cube in the order and then finding the centre of the upright line 5, that being the nearest corner line of this first cube. The centre being found at 10, take the line 10 to the vanishing point for that side of the cube; this will give the centres of all the other upright lines of that side of all the added cubes. The line 11 is drawn from the top of the corner line 5, through the intersection of 8 and 10, until it meets the ground line 1, at its junction with which the upright line is raised for the far corner line 12 of the second cube. The three other cubes are described precisely in the same manner, being found by the diagonal lines traversing each pair of the cubes, through the intersection of the centre line 10, with each perpendicular line raised from the meeting of the previous diagonal line with the ground line 1. It will be perceived that a further distance of twelve feet is added to one side of the geometrical scale, and marked A. This is done merely to prove the correctness of the first diagonal line 11, passing through the centre line 10, to determine the perspective depth of the second cube. For if a line be taken from the end of the geometrical scale A to the point of measurement on the horizontal line, it will be found to meet the ground line 1 at exactly the same point; thus proving the truth of both modes of drawing. The former mode, however, is more convenient where a number of cubes are to be drawn; as the geometrical scale might extend far beyond the limits of the paper, and consequently give much more trouble.

Angular Perspective

This cube has four additional cubes of equal dimensions. This is effected by first drawing the cube…

This figure differs from the others because they are solid cubes. Further, the geometrical scale is used for the two cubes, because, being only two, it will be found in this way that fewer lines will be necessary, leaving the figure less intricate and confused. The two frnt sides of the cubes are produced in the same way as far as line 10, which is the farthest corner line of the second cube. 11) The line is drawn from the extremity of 10 to the vanishing point of 7, the two lines being really parallel. 12) Is drawn from the top of 9 to the vanishing point of line 6, these also being parallel. 13) Is drawn from the top of the upright centre line 8, to the vanishing point of 11 and 7, these being all really parallel to each other. 14) Is the far ground line taken from the lower extremity of 9 to the vanishing point of 1, these lines being also parallel. 15 and 16) Are lines drawn from the corner end of 10 and 8 to the vanishing point of 4, the three lines being really parallel. 17 and 18) Are upright lines raised at the intersection of the lines 16 and 15, with the ground line 14, being the far corners of the cubes; they respectively will meet the intersections of lines 11 and 13 with 12. These lines will complete the figure.

Angular Perspective

This figure differs from the others because they are solid cubes. Further, the geometrical scale is…

A minute, two-winged fly, furnished with long anal filaments.

Cottony Maple Scale

A minute, two-winged fly, furnished with long anal filaments.

A ground leaf of White Lily, its base (cut across) thickened into a bulb-scale. This plainly shows that bulb-scales are leaves.

White Lily

A ground leaf of White Lily, its base (cut across) thickened into a bulb-scale. This plainly shows that…

Series of bud-scales and foliage-leaves from a developing bud of the Low Sweet Buckeye, showing nearly complete gradation, from a scale to a compound leaf of five leaflets; and that the scales answer to reduced petioles.

Low Sweet Buckeye

Series of bud-scales and foliage-leaves from a developing bud of the Low Sweet Buckeye, showing nearly…

Piece of a branch of Pitch Pine, with three leaves in a fascicle or bundle, in the axial of a thin scale, which answers to a primary leaf. The bundle is surrounded at the base by a short sheath, formed of the delicate scales of the auxiliary bud.

Pitch Pine

Piece of a branch of Pitch Pine, with three leaves in a fascicle or bundle, in the axial of a thin scale,…

One of five stamen-clusters of the flower of American Linden, with accompanying scale.

American Linden

One of five stamen-clusters of the flower of American Linden, with accompanying scale.

Inside view of a separated scale or open carpel of a Pitch Pine cone with a seed in place.

Pitch Pine Seed

Inside view of a separated scale or open carpel of a Pitch Pine cone with a seed in place.

Otiocerus coquebertii, a small insect of a somewhat elongated form and having a small projection in front, resembling the lantern of the true fulgora or lantern fly of Surinam, but on a very diminutive scale; it feeds on the wild grape, beech, and oak; it is 0.35 to 0.45 in length, and of a yellowish-white color, with a bright carmine red stripe running longitudinally along each side of its wing, and which stripe is usually forked at its hinder end.

Planthopper

Otiocerus coquebertii, a small insect of a somewhat elongated form and having a small projection in…

Scale-insect, was found on imported lemons in Jacksonville, Fla. This insect is said to be allied to <em>Aspidiotus</em> (<em>Coccus</em>) <em>citricola</em> of Boisduval, which has been very injurious to the orange in the maritime Alps in Northern Italy.

Aspidiotus Citricola

Scale-insect, was found on imported lemons in Jacksonville, Fla. This insect is said to be allied to…

Branch of Arbor-Vitae, with awl-shaped and scale-shaped leaves.

Arbor-Vitae

Branch of Arbor-Vitae, with awl-shaped and scale-shaped leaves.

Outer-most bud-scale detached

Magnolia

Outer-most bud-scale detached

A pistil, that is, a scale of the cone, of a Larch, at the time of flowering; inside view, showing its pair of naked ovules.

Pistil

A pistil, that is, a scale of the cone, of a Larch, at the time of flowering; inside view, showing its…

Branchlet of the American Arbor-Vitae, considerably larger than in nature, terminated by its pistillate flowers, each consisting of a single scale (an open pistil), together forming a small cone.

Arbor-Vitae

Branchlet of the American Arbor-Vitae, considerably larger than in nature, terminated by its pistillate…

The male Icerya Purchasi

Cottony Cushion Scale

The male Icerya Purchasi

An antennal joint of the Icerya Purchasi.

Cottony Cushion Scale

An antennal joint of the Icerya Purchasi.

Tarsus of the Icerya Purchasi.

Cottony Cushion Scale

Tarsus of the Icerya Purchasi.

Rudiment of secondaries hooked to base of primaries of the Icerya Purchasi.

Cottony Cushion Scale

Rudiment of secondaries hooked to base of primaries of the Icerya Purchasi.

A female Icerya Purchasi.

Cottony Cushion Scale

A female Icerya Purchasi.