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Ampullaria, one of the Apple Shells. (o) operculum; (s) respiratory tube.

Apple Shells

Ampullaria, one of the Apple Shells. (o) operculum; (s) respiratory tube.

These wading birds mostly spend their time wading about in shallow water, feeding upon small fishes, shell-fish, worms and insects.

Heron

These wading birds mostly spend their time wading about in shallow water, feeding upon small fishes,…

Dahlgren was a naval officer and inventor. He invented the Dahlgren gun and wrote many books.

John A. Dahlgren

Dahlgren was a naval officer and inventor. He invented the Dahlgren gun and wrote many books.

A clam with hydriods growing upon its shell.

Hydriods

A clam with hydriods growing upon its shell.

The shell of a sea-urchin without spines.

Sea-Urchin

The shell of a sea-urchin without spines.

A sea-urchin very similiar to the Sand Dollar, but has 5 "keyholes" through its shell.

Keyhole-Urchin

A sea-urchin very similiar to the Sand Dollar, but has 5 "keyholes" through its shell.

A small crab with no permanent shell. It must move from shell to shell to grow.

Hermit Crab

A small crab with no permanent shell. It must move from shell to shell to grow.

Crabs with a dark brown shell and a long stiff tail.

Horse-shoe Crab

Crabs with a dark brown shell and a long stiff tail.

Elegant shells ribbed and mottled with various colors. They grow by additins made to the edge.

Pecten Shell

Elegant shells ribbed and mottled with various colors. They grow by additins made to the edge.

a - foot; b,c - siphons

Clam

a - foot; b,c - siphons

A sharp shelled clam.

Razor Shell

A sharp shelled clam.

A spiral univalve shell.

Univalve shell

A spiral univalve shell.

o - operculum; s - siphon

Whelk

o - operculum; s - siphon

A typical clam shell formed by lingual ribbon.

Clam Shell

A typical clam shell formed by lingual ribbon.

A sea shell.

Natica

A sea shell.

Limpets are attractive little gasteropods which are left uncovered when the tide is low.

Limpet, Shell

Limpets are attractive little gasteropods which are left uncovered when the tide is low.

Mortar practice- putting in the shell.

Mortar Practice

Mortar practice- putting in the shell.

"Siege of Island No. 10, on the Mississippi River- night bombardment by the Federal mortar boats, ten o'clock P. M., March 18th, 1862. On the 16th of March, 1862, the mortar fleet and the gunboats, consisting of the <em>Cincinnati, Pittsburg, St. Louis, Silver Wave, Carondelet, Mound City, Conestoga, Louisville, Rob Roy, Alps, Wilson, Lake Erie, Great Western</em> and <em>Torrence</em>, and nine mortar boats, arrived near the Point. These were accompanied by several tugboats. On the 18th they opened fire, which, after some hours' delay, was returned by the Confederate batteries. This continued for several days, with very little loss to the Federal troops, owing to the iron casing of the vessels. The study of mortar firing is very interesting. Our sketch represents the manner in which the smoke rolls, and a small column frequently splits out when the shell passes. The shell itself can be seen at night during its entire flight, the fuse having the appearance of a star, which appears and disappears as the shell rolls through the air, very like the twinkling of the celestial orbs. The explosion of the shell at night is a magnificent and fearful sight, sending a glow of surpassing brightness around it as though some world of combustible light had burst." &mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Siege of Island

"Siege of Island No. 10, on the Mississippi River- night bombardment by the Federal mortar boats, ten…

"Shelling Confederate cavalry across the Potomac River from the heights of Great Falls, by Major West, of Campbell's Pennsylvania Artillery, October 4th, 1861. On Friday, october 4th, 1861, Major West, of Campbell's Pennsylvania Artillery, was ordered to shell a barn, in which there was every reason to conclude a large quantity of Confederate provisions and supplies was stored. The major, therefore, placed a Parrott gun on the heights of Great Falls, and threw a few shells across the Potomac. Several of them fell into the barn, which had the effect of unhousing a number of Confederate cavalry, who rode with all speed for the neighboring woods." &mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Great Falls

"Shelling Confederate cavalry across the Potomac River from the heights of Great Falls, by Major West,…

"Valley of the Chickahominy, looking southeast from the vicinity of Mechanicsville, the scene of the battles between the Federal forces commanded by General McClellan and the Confederate armies led by Generals Lee, Jackson, Magruder and Longstreet. About two o'clock in the afternoon, June 26th, 1862, the Confederates were seen advancing in large force across the Chickahominy, near the railroad, close the Mechanicsville, where General McCall's division was encamped. Placing their batteries in the rear of the Federals, the Confederates commenced a steady fire. The Federal batteries replied, and very soon the roar of the artillery was deafening. For three hours the fight raged with great fierceness, the enemy attempting a flank movement, which was defeated. Toward six o'clock in the evening General Morell's division arrived on the ground, and marched straight on the enemy, in spite of the shower of shot and shell rained upon them." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Valley of Chickahominy

"Valley of the Chickahominy, looking southeast from the vicinity of Mechanicsville, the scene of the…

"Mortar practice- 13-inch shell mortar, as used by the Federal government- weight of mortar 17,000 pounds." —Leslie, 1896

Thirteen-inch Shell Mortar Practice

"Mortar practice- 13-inch shell mortar, as used by the Federal government- weight of mortar 17,000 pounds."…

"Mortar practice- rear view of 13-inch mortar, with its usual complement of seven gunners. The mortar is one of the most ancient forms of cannon, being used as early as 1495 by Charles VIII at the siege of Naples. In 1478 the first attempt was made to project hollow shot filled with powder; but owing to their clumsy make the accidents were so frequent as to cause their discontinuance. In 1634 a French mechanic overcame the difficulty, and mortars were revived in the French service. Our illustrations represent a 13-inch mortar, the largest in general practice, weight 17,000 pounds, exclusive of the carriage. The number of men required to work one of these guns is seven, for all of whom there is distinct and adequate occupation. Mortars are not used in hand-to-hand encounters, their value consisting in pitching shells into camps and towns, or shelling fortifications erected on elevations, against which cannons are of no avail." —Leslie, 1896

Mortar Practice - Rear View

"Mortar practice- rear view of 13-inch mortar, with its usual complement of seven gunners. The mortar…

"Expedition to Port Royal- Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., by the Federal forces under General Sherman, 1861-2. Our illustration of the Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., embrace the following points of interest: Signal Station for telegraphing to beaufort, Bay Point, etc; post office, formerly old confederate barn; Captan Hascell's office and storehouses; old Confederate building; storehouse for ammunition; unfinished dwelling; boxes filled with shot and shell; heavy shot; temporary wharf; siege gun-carriages; building permanent wharf; heavy columbiads; armories department, and part of the stone fleet. This sketch cannot fail to be generally interesting, more especially to those who had friends or relatives in this expedition, or participated in it themselves. The buildings were unpleasantly significant to the secessionists that the Federal troops had come to stay." —Leslie, 1896

Hilton Head

"Expedition to Port Royal- Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., by the Federal forces…

"Battle of Cross Keys, Sunday June 8th, 1862- centre and front of the Federal army in the engagement. We illustrated the opening of this battle on page 159, and now add a sketch of the centre and front of the Federal army in the engagement, described by our correspondent, as follows: "General Melroy had the centre, and pressed steadily forward from the ground where he first took position, planting his guns each time nearer the enemy's batteries. His artillery delivered its fire with a precision truly remarkable. The ground where the enemy's guns were planted was furrowed with our shot and shell as with a plow, and where one battery stood I counted twelve dead horses. General Melroy's infantry deployed through the woods, taking advantage of a deep gully to cross a wheatfield, where they were exposed, and charged gallantly up the hill, where one of the opposing batteries was planted, cutting down the gunners with their fire. Had they been supported they would have captured a battery. They made the crest of the hill too hot to hold on the part of the enemy, and held their position until recalled." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Battle of Cross Keys

"Battle of Cross Keys, Sunday June 8th, 1862- centre and front of the Federal army in the engagement.…

"Practicing with the celebrated Sawyer gun on the Confederate batteries at Swell's Point, near Norfolk, Va., from Fort Calhoun, on the Ripraps, infront of Fortress Monroe. The Ripraps, on w hich Fort Calhoun was erected, was in advance of Fortress Monroe, being between it and Sewell's Point, and was an important position, as with guns of a proper calibre it could completely command and destroy the enemy's battery at Sewell's Point. General Butler gave special attention to this point, and various kinds of ordinances were experimented with, the Sawyer rifled cannon and the Hotchkiss shell having been proved the most complete and effective." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Sawyer gun

"Practicing with the celebrated Sawyer gun on the Confederate batteries at Swell's Point, near Norfolk,…

"Engagement between the United States gunboats, commanded by Commodore Davis, and the Confederate Mosquito Fleet, under Commodore Tatnall, near Fort Pulaski, Savannah River, January 28th, 1862. Our artist described this spirited sketch as follows: 'On Monday night Lieutenant Barnes was dispatched in the <em>Ottawa's</em> gig to scout up the creek and report. Passing the piles with ease, he pulled silently up the stream with muffled oars, and with no opposition succeeded in reaching the mouth of the creek where it enters the Savannah River. He came upon the fleet of Tatnall lying there, and approached near enough to see the watch on deck. As he was too near them in case they discovered him, and as he had accomplished the object of reconnoisance, he returned and reported the facts to Captain Davis. On Tuesday forenoon Tatnall's fleet was again discovered standing down the Savannah. We beat to quarters, and when the flagship had got within range we opened on her with an eleven-inch gun from the <em>Ottawa</em>. The signal for action having been given, the gunboats opened fire. The Confederates returned a few shots, which fell short. The engagement lasted nearly two hours, during which time the Confederate Flagship was struck three times, seriously damaging her. One eleven-inch shell struck her on her wheelhouse, and so much disabled her as to compel the commander to signal for assistance, and one steamer turned round and went to her aid. The other three steamed down toward Fort Pulaski faster than they ever went before.'" &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Gunboat engagement

"Engagement between the United States gunboats, commanded by Commodore Davis, and the Confederate Mosquito…

"Killing's Cave, on the banks of the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, the place of refuge of many citizens during the battle of Antietam. A glance at the map of the battle of Antietam will enable our readers to perceive how terribly exposed the little town of Sharpsburg was during the conflict, situated as it was almost between two fires; for, however anxious the Federal generals might be to spare the town, it was impossible to prevent many of the shot and shell from falling into its midst. In the cellar of the Kretzer mansion were congregated men, women and children, all spellbound as they listened to the terrible thunder of the battle. They could tell by the whiz and the awful explosions every now and then how near to them was the work of destruction; and their terror rose to perfect agony whe a shell exploded before one of the opening which gave them a dim light and was the chief means of ventiliation in this chamber of horrors. Of a similar character is our sketch of the cave of refuge near Sharpsburg, and situated on the banks of the Potomac."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Killing's Cave

"Killing's Cave, on the banks of the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, the place of refuge of many citizens…

"Confederate position near Centreville, Va., at the crossing of the Orange and Alexandria Railway over Bull Run, showing Confederate encampment, fortifications, etc. Our illustration of the Confederate position near Centreville, the scene of the first battle of Bull Run, cannot fail to interest our readers. The advance of the Federal army into Virginia is thus described by our correspondent: 'About noon Generals McClellan and McDowell, with their staffs, and two thousand cavalry for an escort, came up and took the road to Manassas. All along, to the left of the road, was one continuous string of huts, tents and forts, all empty now. The tree-tops bear the evidence of the way the shot and shell flew around. Large limbs were cut off, and tree-tops twisted in a hundred directions, as though struck by lightning."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Confederate Position

"Confederate position near Centreville, Va., at the crossing of the Orange and Alexandria Railway over…

"Bombardment of Fredericksburg, Va., by the army of the Potomac, commanded by General Burnside, Thursday, December 11th, 1862. Our correspondent's report of this event: 'At ten o'clock General Burnside gives the order, "Concentrate the fire of all your guns on the city and batter it down!" You may believe they were not loath to obey. The artillery of the right- eight batteries- was commanded by Colonel Hays; Colonel Tompkins, right centre, eleven batteries; Colonel Tyler, left centre, seven batteries; Captain De Russy, left, nine batteries. In a few moments these thirty-five batteries forming a total of one hundred and seventy-nine guns, ranging from 10-pounder Parrotts to 41-inch siege guns, posted along the convex side of the arc of the circle formed by the bend of the river and land opposite Fredericksburg, opened on the doomed city. The effect was, of course, terrific, and, regarded merely as a phenomenon, was among the most awfully grand conceivable. Perhaps what will give you the liveliest idea of its effect is a succession, absolutely without intermission, of the very loudest thunder peals. It lasted thus for upward of an hour, fifty rounds being fired from each gun, and I know not how many hundred tons of iron were thrown into the town. The congregate generals were transfixed; mingled satisfaction and awe was upon every face. But what was tantalizing was, that though a great deal could be heard, nothing could be seen, the city being still eveloped in fog and mist. Only a denser pillar of smoke defining itself on the background of the fog indicated where the town had been fired by our shells. Another and another column showed itself, and we presently saw that at least a dozen houses must be on fire. Toward noon the curtain rolled up, and we saw that it was indeed so. Fredericksburg was in conflagration. Tremendous though this firing had been, and terrific though its effect obviously was on the town, it had not accomplished the object intended. It was found by our gunners almost impossible to obtain a sufficient depression of their pieces to shell the front part of the city, and the Confederate sharpshooters were still comparatively safe behind the thick stone walls of the houses.'"&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Bombardment of Fredericksburg

"Bombardment of Fredericksburg, Va., by the army of the Potomac, commanded by General Burnside, Thursday,…

"Siege of Vicksburg. Life in the trenches- bivouac of Leggett's Brigade- McPherson's Corps at the White House. Our illustration shows the life led by the besieging troops. The deep ravine is studded with the rude huts, or quarters, burrowed in the earth. Here, at the White House, well riddled with Confederate shell, were bivouacked Leggett's Brigade of McPherson's Seventeenth Army Corps. To the left of the house an opening in the bank shows the entrance to the covered way by which the Confederate works were approached. The operation of mining the enemy's works is here shown. This was conducted by Captain Hickenloper, Chief Engineer of General McPherson's Staff. The sketch was made in the sap, within fifteen feet of the Confederate Fort Hill, behind which lay the Confederate sharpshooters, held at bay by Coonskin and other riflemen eagerly on the lookout for a Confederate head."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Siege of Vicksburg

"Siege of Vicksburg. Life in the trenches- bivouac of Leggett's Brigade- McPherson's Corps at the White…

"The investment of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, Ark., by the Federal troops under General McClernand, and its bombardment by the Federal gunboats commanded by Rear Admiral D. D. Porter, January 11th, 1863. Fort Hindman was what is known in military parlance as a star fort, with four angles- two on the river and two extending nearly to the morass in the rear. In front of the southwestern angle was a cluster of small houses, into which the enemy had thrown their sharpshooters, and from which a most galling fire was poured upon Burbridge's brigade, which stormed them and carried them by assault. At the given signal, on went the splendid brigade with a shout and a yell, now floundering like bemired horses in the morass, then pausing to dress their lines as if on parade, and anon charging again, regardless of the storm of grape and shell, shot and canister that pelted pitilessly around them. For three long hours they fought ere the houses were carried and made to screen the Federal troops. All that while sharpshooters were picking off, from their secure hiding places, officers and men; 10-pound Parrotts were sending their hissing messengers of death through the lines of the devoted brigade, crushing its bones, spattering its brains, and strewing its path with mangeled corpses and dying men. At last the houses were gained and occupied by the Eighty-third Ohio, which, with the Ninety-sixth Ohio, the Sixteenth, the Sixtieth and Sixty-seventh Indiana and the Twenty-third Wisconsin, had fought for them so gallantly."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Fort Hindman

"The investment of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, Ark., by the Federal troops under General McClernand,…

"Confederate rams from Charleston Harbor attacking the Federal blockading squadron, January 31st, 1863. Official report of Rear Admiral Dupont: 'About four o'clock on the morning of the 31st of January, during the obscurity of a thick haze, two ironclad gunboats came out of Charleston by the main ship channel, unperceived by the squadron, and commenced a raid upon the blockading fleet. The <em>Mercedita</em> was the first vessel attacked. Captain Stellwagen had gone to his room for a short time, leaving Lieutenant Commanding Abbott on deck, when one of the ironclads suddenly appeared. Her approach was concealed by the haze and mist of the atmosphere. The vessel was immediately hailed and an order given to fire; but the ironclad being close aboard, and lying low in the water, no guns could be brought to bear. A heavy rifle shell was fired from the enemy, which entered the starboard side of the <em>Mercedita</em>, passed through her condenser, the steam drum of her port boiler, and exploded against her port side, blowing a hole in its exit some four or give feet square, killing the gunner, and, by the escape of steam, a number of the men, and rendering her motive power apparently useless. Unable to use his guns, and being at the mercy of the enemy, which was lying alongside on his starboard quarter, all further resistance was deemed hopeless by Captain Stellwagen, and he surrendered.'"&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Confederate rams

"Confederate rams from Charleston Harbor attacking the Federal blockading squadron, January 31st, 1863.…

"Disabling and capture of the Federal gunboats <em>Sachem</em> and <em>Clifton</em>, in the attack on Sabine Pass, Tex., September 8th, 1863. One of the objects of this expedition was to take Sabine City; and on September 8th Generals Franklin and Weitzel proceeded to the pass, and prepared to enter and land their troops as soon as the enemy's batteries were silenced. The strength and the position of these were known, the pass having been in Federal hands in 1862, yet the only preparation for attack was to send the <em>Clifton</em>, an old Staten Island ferryboat, and the <em>Sachem</em>, an inferior propeller, to attack the batteries, putting on them about one hundred sharpshooters. The vessels advanced firing, but without eliciting a reply till they were well in range, when the batteries opened. The <em>Sachem</em> was soon crippled and forced to strike, while a shell penetrated the boiler of the <em>Clifton</em>, causing an explosion that made her a perfect wreck. Many were killed in the action and by the explosion; some few escaped, but nearly all that survived were made prisoners."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Sabine

"Disabling and capture of the Federal gunboats Sachem and Clifton, in the attack on…

"The war in Virginia. Burnside's corps charging the Confederate position on the right of the enemy's line in front of Petersburg. The first line of Confederate works on the right shown in our sketch were carried by Burnside's Corps. The artillery in the foreground is pouring its steady shower of shot and shell on the enemy's line from the breastworks, while the troops are charging through the brush and fallen trees in double line of battle. The fight was in an open, rolling space of ground, skirted by a belt of timber toward the city. Said an officer: 'It was now about five o'clock P.M. We opened our battery at once and commenced shelling the Confederate fort. We kept on firing for about half an hour, when our infantry, Griffin's brigade, made a charge and captured the fort, taking five guns and about two hundred prisoners. We had, we found, dismounted the Confederate gun by our shells.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Burnside's Corps

"The war in Virginia. Burnside's corps charging the Confederate position on the right of the enemy's…

"Grant's Campaign in Virginia. The Battle of Bethesda Church, between Crawford's division, Fifth Corps, and the Confederates, May 30th, 1864. At two P. M. the enemy attacked Crawford's division, and he, in accordance with instructions, fell back, and a line of battle was formed, Griffin on the right, Cutler in the centre, Crawford on the left, General Burnside's corps being to the right of Warren's. At six P. M. the enemy assaulted Griffin on the right. It was a general and sudden attack. They advanced in two lines of battle and heavy skirmish line. Simultaneous with their opening volley of musketry came solid shot and shell from the angry mouths of a score and more of hostile cannon. Firm and unshaken as a wall of brass stood the Federal troops. Schooled to such sudden attacks and ready for it, the Federals coolly waited to return the fire. It was a most murderous volley. The assaulting column were staggered and fell back. Upon General Crawford's division the assaults were more repeated and more fierce. The enemy sought to turn his left, but each time was handsomely repulsed, and more than special glory was won by the men meeting and expelling these assaults.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Grant's Campaign

"Grant's Campaign in Virginia. The Battle of Bethesda Church, between Crawford's division, Fifth Corps,…

"The Siege of Petersburg. Battle of Ream's Station- the attempt of the enemy to regain the Weldon Railroad on the evening of August 25th, 1864. The enemy having been repulsed, the Federal skirmishers followed, advancing to the position they had formerly held, and capturing a number of prisoners. Shortly after the enemy again advanced, and were again driven back with heavy loss; and their third assault, made about four o'clock P. M., was attended with a like satisfactory result. In the first three charges the enemy used no artillery, but about five o'clock P. M. they opened a heavy, concentrated fire from a number of batteries, pouring a storm of shell and other missiles over the entire ampitheatre included within the Federal lines. After about twenty minutes of this artillery fire the enemy again made their appearance in front of General Miles's division, their assault being directed mainly against his centre. Emerging from the woods, they advanced in two lines of battle. The Federal artillery and musketry greeted them, as before, with a rapid fire, but without checking their progress. On they came, with bayonets fixed and without firing a shot. They approached the Federal lines, gained the outside of their intrenchments, and at some points a hand-to-hand conflict ensued over the top of the breastworks, the Federals beating back the Confederates with their bayonets as they atempted to climb over. But soon it was found that the Federal line was broken near the centre, and the gap once made rapidly grew wider, until nearly the entire line was swept back, leaving the Federal breastworks and artillery in the hands of the enemy. General Miles, with great coolness, set to work to rally the men, and in a short time succeeded in forming a line with its right resting against the breastworks. At the same time General Hancock ordered the Second Division to be faced about, and cheering and urging the men forward, ledthem in person in a charge at double-quick. This charge, which was made under a heavy fire, was gallantly executed, and in conjunction with the line rallied by General Miles instantly checked the enemy and regained the intrenchments for some distance further toward the left. After the enemy had been checked in the centre and along that portion of the line against which they had chiefly directed their attack the graetest part of the Second Division returned to their own intrenchments. By this time it was dark and the fighting ended. Our sketch shows the repulse of the last Confederate assault."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Ream's Station

"The Siege of Petersburg. Battle of Ream's Station- the attempt of the enemy to regain the Weldon Railroad…

"The battle of Rich Mountain, Beverly Pike, Va., between a division of Major General McClellan's command, led by General Rosecrans, and the Confederate troops under Colonel Pegram, July 11th, 1863. Upon the arrival of General McClellan's troops on the Beverly Pike, which runs along the summit of Rich Mountain, a heavy fire was opened upon them, the Confederates firing shot, shell and grape, but so wildly that little damage was done. The Federal troops dropped flat and deployed as skirmishers advancing slowly. The enemy, mistaking this movement, rushed from their breastworks with a shout and approached the road. The Federals then fired a most terrific and destructive volley, and rushed up the slope into the enemy's ranks with fixed bayonets. The fight now raged promiscuously all over the hill. The Confederates were soon driven up the hill, over their breastworks, and completely routed. The battle continued for an hour and a half from the first to the last shot."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Rich Mountain

"The battle of Rich Mountain, Beverly Pike, Va., between a division of Major General McClellan's command,…

The whinchat is a migratory European bird, which subsists on a diet of worms, insects, small shell-mollusks, worms, and berries.

Whinchat

The whinchat is a migratory European bird, which subsists on a diet of worms, insects, small shell-mollusks,…

The raven has a broat palate, its diet including worms, brubs, reptiles, birds' eggs, fish, and shell-fish.

Raven

The raven has a broat palate, its diet including worms, brubs, reptiles, birds' eggs, fish, and shell-fish.

1, Epyornis; 2, Ostrich; 3, Cassoway; 4, Wild Goose; 5, hen; 6, Pigeon; 7, Humming-bird; 8, Eagle; 9, Vulture; 10, Penguin; 11, Crocodile; 12, Python; 13, Fresh-water Tortoise; 14, Boa of St. Lucia; 15, Tortoise; 16, Ophidan; 17, Dog-fish; 18, Ray-fish. The figure in the background without a number represents the egg of the Moa (extinct).

Comparative view of the size of the eggs of different animals

1, Epyornis; 2, Ostrich; 3, Cassoway; 4, Wild Goose; 5, hen; 6, Pigeon; 7, Humming-bird; 8, Eagle; 9,…

Skeleton of a turtle.

Skeleton of a turtle

Skeleton of a turtle.

The leatherback turtle (once known as the leathery turtle) is remarkable among turtles for its shell; which is covered in leathery skin rather than hard plates.

Leatherback turtle

The leatherback turtle (once known as the leathery turtle) is remarkable among turtles for its shell;…

Posessing a nearly perfectly hemispherical shell, the American box turtle ranges from Canada to Florida. It feeds on fruits, insects, edible mushrooms, and the like.

American box-tortoise

Posessing a nearly perfectly hemispherical shell, the American box turtle ranges from Canada to Florida.…

Ranging throughout the Northern and Middle States, Blanding's box-tortoise measures seven to inches in length at the shell.

Blanding's box-tortoise

Ranging throughout the Northern and Middle States, Blanding's box-tortoise measures seven to inches…

"Common in European waters, and regarded in England as one fo the richest and best of fishes; it feeds on small fish, crustacea, and shell-fish; seeks sandy ground, and is a great wanderer, usually in companies; the common size is five to ten pounds." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Turbot

"Common in European waters, and regarded in England as one fo the richest and best of fishes; it feeds…

"Valley of the Chickahominy, looking southeast from the vicinity of Mechanicsville, the scene of the battles between the Federal forces commanded by General McClellan and the Confederate armies led by Generals Lee, Jackson, Magruder and Longstreet. About two o'clock in the afternoon, June 26th, 1862, the Confederates were seen advancing in large force across the Chickahominy, near the railroad, close the Mechanicsville, where General McCall's division was encamped. Placing their batteries in the rear of the Federals, the Confederates commenced a steady fire. The Federal batteries replied, and very soon the roar of the artillery was deafening. For three hours the fight raged with great fierceness, the enemy attempting a flank movement, which was defeated. Toward six o'clock in the evening General Morell's division arrived on the ground, and marched straight on the enemy, in spite of the shower of shot and shell rained upon them." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Valley of Chickahominy

"Valley of the Chickahominy, looking southeast from the vicinity of Mechanicsville, the scene of the…

"Valley of the Chickahominy, looking southeast from the vicinity of Mechanicsville, the scene of the battles between the Federal forces commanded by General McClellan and the Confederate armies led by Generals Lee, Jackson, Magruder and Longstreet. About two o'clock in the afternoon, June 26th, 1862, the Confederates were seen advancing in large force across the Chickahominy, near the railroad, close the Mechanicsville, where General McCall's division was encamped. Placing their batteries in the rear of the Federals, the Confederates commenced a steady fire. The Federal batteries replied, and very soon the roar of the artillery was deafening. For three hours the fight raged with great fierceness, the enemy attempting a flank movement, which was defeated. Toward six o'clock in the evening General Morell's division arrived on the ground, and marched straight on the enemy, in spite of the shower of shot and shell rained upon them." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Valley of Chickahominy

"Valley of the Chickahominy, looking southeast from the vicinity of Mechanicsville, the scene of the…

"Valley of the Chickahominy, looking southeast from the vicinity of Mechanicsville, the scene of the battles between the Federal forces commanded by General McClellan and the Confederate armies led by Generals Lee, Jackson, Magruder and Longstreet. About two o'clock in the afternoon, June 26th, 1862, the Confederates were seen advancing in large force across the Chickahominy, near the railroad, close the Mechanicsville, where General McCall's division was encamped. Placing their batteries in the rear of the Federals, the Confederates commenced a steady fire. The Federal batteries replied, and very soon the roar of the artillery was deafening. For three hours the fight raged with great fierceness, the enemy attempting a flank movement, which was defeated. Toward six o'clock in the evening General Morell's division arrived on the ground, and marched straight on the enemy, in spite of the shower of shot and shell rained upon them." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Valley of Chickahominy

"Valley of the Chickahominy, looking southeast from the vicinity of Mechanicsville, the scene of the…

"[From left to right:] Cockles, Imperial Volute, Clown Volute, Pholas, Helmet Shell" &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mollusca

"[From left to right:] Cockles, Imperial Volute, Clown Volute, Pholas, Helmet Shell" — Goodrich,…

"Mussel attached by a byssus to a rock." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mussel

"Mussel attached by a byssus to a rock." — Goodrich, 1859

"[From left to right:] Snail-shell and Egg, Ostrea and Spondylus, Carinaria, Vitreous Carinaria." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mollusca

"[From left to right:] Snail-shell and Egg, Ostrea and Spondylus, Carinaria, Vitreous Carinaria." —…

"Argonaut with the shell." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Argonaut (with shell)

"Argonaut with the shell." — Goodrich, 1859

"Argonaut without the shell." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Argonaut (without shell)

"Argonaut without the shell." — Goodrich, 1859

"The argonaut retired within its shell." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Argonaut (within shell)

"The argonaut retired within its shell." — Goodrich, 1859

"It has no shell, and no skeleton, but has two conical pieces of horny substance imbedded in the back, one on each side. The body, which has a globular form, is a soft, jelly-like substance, covered with a thick, dark-colored, leathery skin." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Cuttlefish

"It has no shell, and no skeleton, but has two conical pieces of horny substance imbedded in the back,…

"Section of a nautilus showing its interior." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Nautilus

"Section of a nautilus showing its interior." — Goodrich, 1859

A fossilized shell.

Turrillites

A fossilized shell.

A fossilized shell.

Lituites

A fossilized shell.

"Noted for a very long proboscis, sometimes twice the length of the shell. The latter is turretted, smooth, white, and spotted with light red." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Bishop's mitre shell

"Noted for a very long proboscis, sometimes twice the length of the shell. The latter is turretted,…

"[From left to right:] Shell from Malabar, Large Mussel, Thorned Murex, Large Helmet Shell." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Murcidae

"[From left to right:] Shell from Malabar, Large Mussel, Thorned Murex, Large Helmet Shell." —…