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The Flag of St. George is a flag of Great Britain. It shows the red cross of St. George on a white field, and survives only as a flag of command in the royal navy.

Flag of St. George

The Flag of St. George is a flag of Great Britain. It shows the red cross of St. George on a white field,…

The Union Flag is the national flag of Great Britain. It is more properly called the 'Great Union', established by royal proclamation of April 12, 1606. It was formed by a combination of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew; at the union with Ireland in 1801, the cross of St. Patrick was added. It is essentially the military flag of England. It is flown as the war jack on the jackstaff of English warships.

Union (National) Flag of Great Britain

The Union Flag is the national flag of Great Britain. It is more properly called the 'Great Union',…

The Union Flag after the Union of Ireland and Great Britain, and the addition of the cross of St. Patrick.

Union Flag: Crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St Patrick

The Union Flag after the Union of Ireland and Great Britain, and the addition of the cross of St. Patrick.

This illustration shows a Figwort, a member of the genus Scrophularia. It has the characteristic features of a five-lobed calyx, a nearly globose corolla (the upper lip of which is two-lobed and the lower three-lobed), and a capsule opening with two valves, the edges of which are turned in. The illustration also shows 1) a cross section of a flower, and 2) fruit.

Figwort

This illustration shows a Figwort, a member of the genus Scrophularia. It has the characteristic features…

This illustration shows a cross-section of a modern flour mill. Wheat is received in bin a, and first passes to the separator b, where it falls over vibrating screens, c, c, and a current of air draws light rubbish through pipe e to fan d. Next, in scourer f, it passes through revolving beaters, and meets a current of air. In the brush g, revolving brushes further clean and polish the wheat, which then passes to the 'cylinder' h. This revolving cylinder has grooves which pick up any small seeds, carrying them around until near the top of its revolution they drop into trough k and discharge by l at n, while the wheat grains too large for the grooving to affect, fall into the trough m, and are carried by the elevator p to the 'first break rolls', o. Here the wheat is partly crushed by rolls q, q, and passed to the 'scalper' r. Here, revolving brushes and beaters force the small particles through the fixed cage to the shoot s, while the larger are delivered at the end of the cage and pass to the second pair of rolls, t, and the second scalper, u. The coarse particles from u, chiefly bran, pass through a third set of rolls, v, and then to the 'bran duster', w, a cylinder where revolving brushes clean all flour from the bran and force it through perforations towards shoot x, the bran being delivered at y. The flour is carried by elevator p' to the 'reel' z, a finely perforated cylinder which revolves rapidly, an the finer part passes by shoot s' to the 'centrifugal' u'; the coarser part delivered at the end of the cylinder, passes to the 'purifier' r', where a current of air removes light dust as it travels over a moving sieve, and thence to a set of rolls at t' for further reduction, after which it is delivered to the centrifugal u'. This is a revolving drum, covered with silk, through which the flour is thrown by centrifugal force, and is delivered finished at v', the offals passing out at the end of the drum to the shoot w'.

Modern Flour Mill

This illustration shows a cross-section of a modern flour mill. Wheat is received in bin a, and first…

This illustration shows a cross-section of an ovary of a flower.

Cross-Section of Flower Ovary

This illustration shows a cross-section of an ovary of a flower.

A European plant which grows in stagnant or nearly stagnant water. It has long, sword-shaped leaves, and bears an umbel of large reddish flowers at the end of its long stalk. This illustration shows 1) a cross-section of a flower, and 2) the fruit of the flowering rush.

Flowering Rush

A European plant which grows in stagnant or nearly stagnant water. It has long, sword-shaped leaves,…

Frankincense (Olibanum) is a gum resin obtained from Boswellia Carterii, of the order Burseraceae, and grows chiefly in Somali land. It occurs in roundish tears, about half an inch in diameter, colorless to reddish and covered with a white powder. its odor is balsamic, and it tastes bitter. It burns with a fragrant odor, and is used in incense. The illustration shows 1) the flower, 2) a cross section with petals removed, and 3) fruit.

Frankincense

Frankincense (Olibanum) is a gum resin obtained from Boswellia Carterii, of the order Burseraceae, and…

Fucus is the generic name of various species of brown seaweed which form the main vegetation of rocky shores between tide marks. Most common of all is F. vesiculosus (Rockweed, Bladderweed, sea wave, etc.), easily distinguished by its entire edges and paired air vesicles. On account of the large proportion of ash it forms a valuable manure. Besides manure, the only direct chemical utilization of of the Fuci is for the preparation of Iodine. The vegetative body of Fucus is usually a thallus; the branching is dichotomous in one plane. Of the inner, or medullary, cells of the thallus, the outer wall becomes mucilaginous, while the less superficial of the rind cells develop filaments which grow inward, thus surrounding the inner cells within a network of filaments. The ladders are formed by the simple separation of portions of the tissue, the cavities becoming distended by air. Fertilization takes place when the ripe, fertile fronds are left bare by the tide. The fertilized ovum soon develops a wall, becomes attached, and proceeds to divide and lengthen, forming a root-like attachment at one end, a growing point at the other. This illustration shows a Fucus, 1) a cross-section of a fertile frond, 2) a female conceptacle, 3) a male conceptacle, and 4) Zoospores and Antheridia.

Fucus

Fucus is the generic name of various species of brown seaweed which form the main vegetation of rocky…

Nerve Ganglia, or Knots (sing. Ganglion; Knot) occur as collections of nerve cells on the course of a nerve, forming and obvious swelling. In surgery, it is the swelling caused by the collection of fluid in the fibrous sheath which surrounds a tendon. It arises from inflammation of the tendon-sheath, and occurs most often at the back of the wrist. Sometimes the cyst may be broken by firm pressure or by a smart blow, and the fluid be thus dispersed; or a puncture may be made, with proper antiseptic precautions, and the fluid be pressed out. Sometimes counter-irritation with iodine causes absorption. In any case, firm pressure with pad and bandage must be used afterwards, to prevent refilling until the cyst walls have united. This illustration shows a cross-section of a spinal cord and spinal nerve cells (g being ganglia).

Nerve Ganglia (Spinal)

Nerve Ganglia, or Knots (sing. Ganglion; Knot) occur as collections of nerve cells on the course of…

If land falls to a minimum line with a steady slope, the land form created is called a valley.

Valley

If land falls to a minimum line with a steady slope, the land form created is called a valley.

This illustration shows a cross mill and the sieves used to crush and filter bones in glue manufacturing.

Cross Mill and Sieves (Glue)

This illustration shows a cross mill and the sieves used to crush and filter bones in glue manufacturing.

(1.) The guillotine is an instrument employed for the purpose of decapitation. It was officially introduced into France as the means of inflicting capital punishment in April, 1792. It was named after its reputed inventor, Dr. Joseph Ingace-Guillotin, who, contrary to popular belief, died a natural death, and not a victim of his own invention. The instrument consists of two upright posts held together at the top by a cross beam, the former being perpendicularly so grooved as to allow of the falling in a direct line a broad steel blade, whose edge is cut obliquely. The latter, sometimes weighted with lead, descends upon the neck of the criminal immediately after the cord which holds it up is released by the executioner. (2.) A guillotine is a machine, similar in name and in general construction to the above, employed by bookbinders. It is used for cutting paper and trimming the edges of books after the sheets have been sewn together.

Guillotine

(1.) The guillotine is an instrument employed for the purpose of decapitation. It was officially introduced…

The Klipspringer, or Kainsi, is a small but very active antelope (Oreotragus saltator), found in the rocky regions of South Africa from the Cape to Abyssinia. The height is under two feet, and the hooves are said to be so small that all four could stand on a penny. It has been called the 'chamois of Africa' because of its fondness for rocky country, while its agility in hill-climbing is marvelous. Klipspringer stalking is a famous sport.

Klipspringer

The Klipspringer, or Kainsi, is a small but very active antelope (Oreotragus saltator), found in the…

To tie a clove hitch, first pass the end 'a' around a spar, and cross it over 'b'. Pass it around the spar again, and put it through the second bight (Fig. 1). This is a knot that is very useful and safe. For making a line fast to a bollard, the whole process can be quickly done by an expert by merely throwing two loops, placed rightly, over the top of the bollard, and pulling taut (Fig. 2).

Clove Hitch

To tie a clove hitch, first pass the end 'a' around a spar, and cross it over 'b'. Pass it around the…

In Gothic architecture, a lantern tower is frequently placed over the center of cross churches, and the light admitted by windows in the sides. This illustration shows the lantern tower at St. Ouen in Rouen, France

Lantern Tower at St. Ouen; Rouen, France

In Gothic architecture, a lantern tower is frequently placed over the center of cross churches, and…

In Gothic architecture, a lantern tower is frequently placed over the center of cross churches, and the light admitted by windows in the sides. This illustration shows the lantern tower at Grey Friars, King's Lynn, a friary in Norfolk, England.

Lantern Tower at Grey Friars, King's lynn

In Gothic architecture, a lantern tower is frequently placed over the center of cross churches, and…

In Gothic architecture, a lantern tower is frequently placed over the center of cross churches, and the light admitted by windows in the sides. This illustration shows the lantern tower at St. Botolph's Church in Boston, Lincolnshire, England.

Lantern Tower at St. Botolph's; Boston, Lincolnshire

In Gothic architecture, a lantern tower is frequently placed over the center of cross churches, and…

This illustration shows a longitudinal section of the larynx as seen from behind (A. Thyroid Cartilage; B. Cricoid Cartilage; C. hyoid bone; D. Rings of trachea; E. Epiglottis; F. Arytenoid Cartilage; G. Thyro-arytenoid muscle; H. Adam's Apple; I. False Vocal Cords; J. True Vocal Cords; K. Ventricle; L. Rima Glottis).

Longitudinal Section of Larynx Seen from Behind

This illustration shows a longitudinal section of the larynx as seen from behind (A. Thyroid Cartilage;…

The Cross of the Legion of Honor is a decoration composed of a star of five double rays, with a wreath of oak and laurel. On the obverse appears the female head personifying France, and the words, 'République Française'; on the reverse, two tricolors, and the motto, 'Honneur et Patrie'. The Legion of Honor is a French order of merit, created in 1802 by Napoleon, when first consul, with the view of specially marking exploits and services in the military and civil departments. Napoleon himself was first grandmaster.

Cross of the Legion of Honor

The Cross of the Legion of Honor is a decoration composed of a star of five double rays, with a wreath…

This illustration shows a Surveyor's, or Y-level. In use, the telescope is set perfectly horizontal and pointed back at a rod placed vertically at the starting point. The rod is graduated and after a reading has been taken of the height above the ground cut by the cross wires of the telescope, it is moved to a point forward of the instrument, which is then revolved in a horizontal plane and a reading taken of the rod in its new position. The difference in level is obtained from the difference in readings of the two points, and subsequent readings are taken by removing the level, sighting on the rod in its second position, and then repeating the operation, the readings in this case being recorded.

Surveyor's Level

This illustration shows a Surveyor's, or Y-level. In use, the telescope is set perfectly horizontal…

Arrangement of two-phase conductors on cross arms.

Conductors

Arrangement of two-phase conductors on cross arms.

A cross section of a General Electric company 115,000 - 135,000 volt electrolytic arrester tank.

Arrester Tank

A cross section of a General Electric company 115,000 - 135,000 volt electrolytic arrester tank.

A cross-section of the Edison Electric Company's hydro-electric station at Kern River, California, containing four 10,750 h.p. Allis-Chalmers impulse wheels.

Impulse Wheels

A cross-section of the Edison Electric Company's hydro-electric station at Kern River, California, containing…

A dirt catching device assembled and cross-sectioned.

Device

A dirt catching device assembled and cross-sectioned.

Perspective drawing of a cross.

Cross Perspective

Perspective drawing of a cross.

An example of cross water channel asymmetrically aligned.

Cross Water Channel

An example of cross water channel asymmetrically aligned.

An example of cross water channel, set off-center.

Channel

An example of cross water channel, set off-center.

Cross-section of a steam engine plant with Alberger barometric condenser and cooling tower.

Steam Engine

Cross-section of a steam engine plant with Alberger barometric condenser and cooling tower.

Crag and tail, a term used to designate a peculiar hill conformation. a, crag; b, tail (boulder clay, drift, etc.); c, hollow in front of crag.

Crag and Tail

Crag and tail, a term used to designate a peculiar hill conformation. a, crag; b, tail (boulder clay,…

A memorial cross found in Forteviot, Scotland.

Cross

A memorial cross found in Forteviot, Scotland.

A memorial cross found in Monasterboice, Ireland.

Monasterboice

A memorial cross found in Monasterboice, Ireland.

St. Martin's cross.

St. Martin's

St. Martin's cross.

Cross section of Ashoken Dam.

Dam

Cross section of Ashoken Dam.

Cross-section of New Croton dam.

Cross-section of Dam

Cross-section of New Croton dam.

Fourchee, having the ends branched and the ends of the branches terminating as if cut off abruptly.

Fourchee

Fourchee, having the ends branched and the ends of the branches terminating as if cut off abruptly.

American soldiers retreating across the Rappahannock river in Northwest Virginia. It shows an example of a ford, which is a place in a river or other body of water where it is shallow enough for people to cross.

Rappahannock River

American soldiers retreating across the Rappahannock river in Northwest Virginia. It shows an example…

Drawing of graves with a church in the background.

Graveyard and Church

Drawing of graves with a church in the background.

A man preaching to a crowd in medieval times in front of a large cross.

Medieval Preacher

A man preaching to a crowd in medieval times in front of a large cross.

A woman in a long white robe clutches a dagger, or perhaps a cross. She stands by large windows.

Woman with Dagger

A woman in a long white robe clutches a dagger, or perhaps a cross. She stands by large windows.

A woman with a small child in tow. The woman appears cross and the child looks anxious.

Girl and Woman

A woman with a small child in tow. The woman appears cross and the child looks anxious.

A man is carrying a heavy package or backpack up a steep hill. He is also holding a covered basket in his left hand.

Hiker with Backpack

A man is carrying a heavy package or backpack up a steep hill. He is also holding a covered basket in…

A boy falling down a hill.

Boy Falling

A boy falling down a hill.

Cross breeding of white pop corn (left) with yellow dent corn. The resulting hybrid is in the center.

Cross Breeding Corn

Cross breeding of white pop corn (left) with yellow dent corn. The resulting hybrid is in the center.

"And in those days cometh John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea, saying, Repent ye; for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. For this is he that was spoken of through Isaiah the prophet, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make ye ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight. Now John himself had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his food was locusts and wild honey." Matthew 3:1-4 ASV <p>Illustration of John the Baptist wearing a camel hair garnet and holding a cup. A cross can barely be seen in the shadow at the left side of the illustration.

John the Baptist

"And in those days cometh John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea, saying, Repent ye;…

Engraving by W.C. Wrankmore after Pierre-Paul Prud'hon's Christ on the Cross, 1823.

Christ on the Cross, Pierre-Paul Prud'hon

Engraving by W.C. Wrankmore after Pierre-Paul Prud'hon's Christ on the Cross, 1823.

Illustration of Jesus carrying his cross from the 1853 title page of a German Bible.

Jesus Carrying His Cross

Illustration of Jesus carrying his cross from the 1853 title page of a German Bible.

" And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And they offered him wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. And they crucify him, and part his garments among them, casting lots upon them, what each should take. And it was the third hour, and they crucified him." Mark 15:22-25 ASV <p>Illustration of men nailing Jesus to the cross. One man holds a ladder. Another man is on horseback.

Jesus Nailed to the Cross

" And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And…

"And Mary arose in these days and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Judah; and entered into the house of Zacharias and saluted Elisabeth. And it came to pass, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit; and she lifted up her voice with a loud cry, and said, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come unto me? For behold, when the voice of thy salutation came into mine ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy. And blessed is she that believed; for there shall be a fulfilment of the things which have been spoken to her from the Lord.! Luke 1:39-45 ASV <p>Illustration of Mary greeting her cousin Elizabeth. They stand outside of a dwelling. Two women look on.

The Visitation - Mary Visits Elizabeth

"And Mary arose in these days and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Judah; and entered…

View of the Piazza del Popolo looking west from the Pincian Hill. On the left are the twin churches of Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto. In the center of the plaza is an Egyptian obelisk of Sety I from Heliopolis. The twin churches were completed in 1681 and the engraving was published in 1872 and so must represent a time between those two dates.

The Piazza del Popolo in Rome

View of the Piazza del Popolo looking west from the Pincian Hill. On the left are the twin churches…

"And Mary arose in these days and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Judah; and entered into the house of Zacharias and saluted Elisabeth." Luke 1:39-40 ASV <p>Illustration of Mary arriving at the home of her cousin, Elizabeth. Elizabeth kneels at Mary's feet. To the left, a man emerges from the home with arms open. To the right, a man waits outside the entrance to the courtyard.

The Visitation - Mary Arrives at Elizabeth's Home

"And Mary arose in these days and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Judah; and entered…

"They took Jesus therefore: and he went out, bearing the cross for himself, unto the place called The place of a skull, which is called in Hebrew, Golgotha..." John 19:17 ASV <p>Illustration of Jesus bearing his cross as his mother, Mary, falls to her knees in front of him. A disciple stands in the background (right). Simon stands behind Jesus with his left hand on the cross and a length of rope in his raised right hand. Behind Simon is another man, carrying a ladder. A crowd is following, including a soldier on a horse.

Jesus Carrying the Cross on the Way to Calvary

"They took Jesus therefore: and he went out, bearing the cross for himself, unto the place called The…

"And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled away the stone, and sat upon it. His appearance was as lightning, and his raiment white as snow: and for fear of him the watchers did quake, and became as dead men." Matthew 28:2-4 ASV <p>Illustration of Jesus emerging from his tomb. He hovers above the ground and appears to glow. He holds a banner in his left hand. An angel (left) holds the stone that once covered the entrance. Two soldiers lie on the ground, one covers his face and turns away. One soldier stands to Christ's left, leaning against a wall with his eyes closed.

The Resurrection of Jesus after the Angel Removed the Stone from the Tomb Entrance

"And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came…

"When she had thus said, she turned herself back, and beholdeth Jesus standing, and knew not that it was Jesus. Jesus saith unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? whom seekest thou? She, supposing him to be the gardener, saith unto him, Sir, if thou hast borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him, and I will take him away. Jesus saith unto her, Mary. She turneth herself, and saith unto him in Hebrew, Rabboni; which is to say, Teacher. Jesus saith to her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended unto the Father: but go unto my brethren, and say to them, I ascend unto my Father and your Father, and my God and your God." John 20:14-17 ASV <p>Illustration of Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene outside of his tomb as an angel sits nearby, watching. Jesus holds the cross-banner in his left hand and Mary kneels on his right. A jar sits on the ground. A fence is in the background.

Jesus Appears to Mary Magdalene Outside the Tomb

"When she had thus said, she turned herself back, and beholdeth Jesus standing, and knew not that it…

Illustration of the Acropolis restored to what it may have looked like when originally completed. The view is from the front and you can see the propylaea. The hill can be seen sloping steeply downward (left) and the city of Athens can be seen in the background, built around the hill. Two figures climb the steps at the front of the complex.

The Acropolis of Athens - Restoration of the Propylaea

Illustration of the Acropolis restored to what it may have looked like when originally completed. The…

A group of Franks, mainly men with a couple of women and children, cross the Rhine River on a wooden raft. Two men strain at the large oars on the front and another can be seen working an oar in the back. Several men have spears and two are pointing into the distance in front of them. Another raft can be seen just behind them (right), while a third is shown far away in the distance. Large cliffs rise in the background. The Romans were resettling the Franks near to their borders so they could be controlled.

Franks Crossing the Rhine to Establish Themselves on the West Bank as Allies of Rome

A group of Franks, mainly men with a couple of women and children, cross the Rhine River on a wooden…

Illustration of an aerial view of an 11th century Norman castle in Europe. From this view, it is possible to see the outer wall, moat, outer and inner courts, the keep, turrets, stables and other interior buildings. There is a palisade of stakes around the moat.

An 11th Century Norman Castle, Aerial View

Illustration of an aerial view of an 11th century Norman castle in Europe. From this view, it is possible…

Illustration of a town in Germany during the late Middle Ages, or medieval period. The town sits on the Main River, which is labeled "Moenus". A bridge spans the river and a fortress, possibly Fortress Marienberg sits on a hill in the right background. The majority of the city sprawls out over the left portion of the drawing. Low unoccupied hills are visibly in the background

A German Town on the Main River, Possibly Würzburg

Illustration of a town in Germany during the late Middle Ages, or medieval period. The town sits on…

An aerial view of a German Benedictine Monastery compound. A small town is nestled at the foot of a hill in the background. The monastery includes a ditch surrounding the outer wall, stables, gardens, graveyard, workshops, church, cloister, living quarters, and various other buildings. It is pictured as it would have looked at the end of the Middle Ages.

A German Benedictine Monastery with a Small Town in the Background - Aerial View

An aerial view of a German Benedictine Monastery compound. A small town is nestled at the foot of a…

An illustration of the coat of arms of the Holy See with a crosier, processional cross, and some decorative foliage in the background.The coat of arms includes the crossed Keys of Heaven underneath the papal tiara.

The Holy See Coat of Arms with Crosier, Processional Cross, and Decorative Foliage

An illustration of the coat of arms of the Holy See with a crosier, processional cross, and some decorative…