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"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon at Rome, which was completed in the reign of Augustus, in the year 25 A.D."

Façade of the Pantheon at Rome

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon…

An illustration of the floor plan of Sens Cathedral. Sens Cathedral, Cathedral of St. Étienne or St. Stephen's Cathedral, Sens (Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Sens) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Sens, Bourgogne. One of the earliest Gothic buildings in France, it was begun in 1140 and belongs mainly to the 12th century, but was not complete until early in the 16th century. The architecture of its choir influenced, through the architect William of Sens, that of the choir of Canterbury Cathedral.

Sens Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Sens Cathedral. Sens Cathedral, Cathedral of St. Étienne…

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon at Rome, which was completed in the reign of Augustus, in the year 25 A.D."

Interior of the Pantheon at Rome

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon…

The construction of arches and vaults did not remain confined to the interior of buildings, but imparted its own expression to the architecture of the exterior also; for the shape of openings became circular instead of square, although they were surrounded by half-columns gave a rectilinear finish to the whole.

Architecture of the Colosseum

The construction of arches and vaults did not remain confined to the interior of buildings, but imparted…

"Roman Ovolo Molding, with Pearl Beading. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself."

Roman Astragal

"Roman Ovolo Molding, with Pearl Beading. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character…

"Ornamented Roman Astragal. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself."

Roman Astragal

"Ornamented Roman Astragal. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman…

"Ornamented Cornice with Pearl Beading. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself."

Roman Cornice

"Ornamented Cornice with Pearl Beading. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character…

"Richly Ornamented Roman Ovolo. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself."

Roman Cornice

"Richly Ornamented Roman Ovolo. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman…

"Fragment of an Ancient Roman Frieze. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character of Roman architecture, and consequently became more massive and more copious itself. This is an example of enrichment of which vegetable objects were the model."

Ancient Roman Frieze

"Fragment of an Ancient Roman Frieze. The ornamentation had to correspond with the massive character…

"Triumphal arches from a class apart among the monuments of Roman architecture. It was an early custom for victorious generals to make a triumphal entry into the city, during which were displayed the spoils of war in the shape of arms, temple vessels, jewels and more. Larger triumphal arches had a smaller passage on each side, besides the main entrance."

Arch of Constantine

"Triumphal arches from a class apart among the monuments of Roman architecture. It was an early custom…

"The usual form of independent monumental tombs was a ponderous tower-shaped block, sometimes square, and sometimes round, with a quadrangular substructure; as, for instance, the tomb of Cæcilia Metella at Rome, which belongs to the time of Julius Cæsar, and which was used in the Middle Ages as a fortress, with battlements added to it.

Tomb of Cæcilia Metella

"The usual form of independent monumental tombs was a ponderous tower-shaped block, sometimes square,…

"For tombs of smaller dimensions various forms and abnormal decorations were employed. An ornamented erection of a shape similar to an altar or a temple, and resting on a solid substructure, is a by no means uncommon form. Many tombs are constructed like real temples, while others consist only of simple columns."

Tomb of Nævoleia Tyche at Pompeii

"For tombs of smaller dimensions various forms and abnormal decorations were employed. An ornamented…

"For tombs of smaller dimensions various forms and abnormal decorations were employed. An ornamented erection of a shape similar to an altar or a temple, and resting on a solid substructure, is a by no means uncommon form. Many tombs are constructed like real temples, while others consist only of simple columns. These tombs were generally erected in rows along the main roads before the entrance to a town, so as to form a street of tombs, an arrangement which is still to be seen at Pompeii."

Street of Tombs at Pompeii

"For tombs of smaller dimensions various forms and abnormal decorations were employed. An ornamented…

"The theatre was essentially like the Grecian in its arrangement; it formed a semicircle with seats rising in the form of an amphitheatre for the spectators, at the chord of which was the stage, with its permanent decorations."

Ground Plan of the Theatre at Pompeii

"The theatre was essentially like the Grecian in its arrangement; it formed a semicircle with seats…

"Elevation and Section of the Tiers of Seats and Substructure of the same from the Colosseum at Rome. The whole mass of the rows of seats was supported by a solid substructure of piers and arches, which formed passages of three stories one above the other, retaining the circular form of the building; whilst externally they formed arcades, which were surrounded with half-columns or piers with entablatures over them. The exterior of the straight portion of the building, which contained the stage and some chambers connected with it, was generally surrounded by a portico. The theaters were either open, or were protected against the sun and rain by an awning stretched over them."

Elevation and Section of the Colosseum

"Elevation and Section of the Tiers of Seats and Substructure of the same from the Colosseum at Rome.…

"Ground Plan of the Colosseum at Rome, with representation of the Tiers of Seats, and of the Substructure. The shape of the amphitheatre was borrowed from that of the theatre. Since no stage was necessary, and with a view to securing as many rows of seats as possible, the semicircular form of the theatre was done away with, and the whole became a circle, or rather an ellipse, which was afterwards the recognized shape for all buildings of this nature, whether at Rome or in the provinces."

Ground Plan of the Colosseum

"Ground Plan of the Colosseum at Rome, with representation of the Tiers of Seats, and of the Substructure.…

"Part of a Roman Aqueduct. Aqueducts form one of the most characteristic features of Roman architecture. Although these simple successions of gigantic arches, which stretch for miles, have no pretensions to artistic beauty, yet their wonderful size and extent bear witness to the vast conceptions of Roman genius."

Roman Aqueduct

"Part of a Roman Aqueduct. Aqueducts form one of the most characteristic features of Roman architecture.…

The Temple of Hephaestus and Athena Ergane, also known as the Hephaisteion or Theseion, is the best preserved ancient Greek temple. It is a Doric order peripteral temple, located at the north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill. From the 7th century until 1834, it served as the Greek Orthodox church of St. George Akamates.

Temple of Theseus

The Temple of Hephaestus and Athena Ergane, also known as the Hephaisteion or Theseion, is the best…

"Fragment of the Entrance-Façade of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalatro. The tendency of the period of decadence is particularly illustrated by the introduction of small shafts resting on brackets, which serve no other purpose than to adorn and enliven the façade. Between these small shafts are alternate windows, with a semicircular head and niches of various shapes.

Entrance Façade of Diocletian's Palace

"Fragment of the Entrance-Façade of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalatro. The tendency of the…

"Section and Interior View of the five-aisled Basilica of S. Pietro at Rome, before its restoration. Large basilicas sometimes have as many as five aisles — namely, a main-aisle in the middle, and two lower aisles on each side."

Old St. Peter's Basilica

"Section and Interior View of the five-aisled Basilica of S. Pietro at Rome, before its restoration.…

"Profile and view from beneath of the Rafters in the Christian Basilica of San Miniato at Florence. The roofing of the basilicas consisted of beams with a flat paneling, which was richly gilt in earlier times, or the rafters of the timberworks were left without a casing, and were ornamented with colorful embellishments."

Profile of San Miniato al Monte

"Profile and view from beneath of the Rafters in the Christian Basilica of San Miniato at Florence.…

"Tower of the Early Christian Basilica of S. Maria in Cosmedin at Rome." Santa Maria in Cosmedin (or de Schola Graeca) is a basilica church in Rome. The church was built in the 6th century over the remains of the Templum Herculis Pompeiani in the Forum Boarium and of the Statio annonae, one of the food distribution centres of ancient Rome.

Tower of Santa Maria in Cosmedin

"Tower of the Early Christian Basilica of S. Maria in Cosmedin at Rome." Santa Maria in Cosmedin (or…

"Section of the Church of S. Constantia at Rome. The simplest desctiptions of this kind of building are the baptistries, for which the ancient Thermæ furnished models. They generally have a circular or octagonal ground plan, a main space covered with a round or polygonal dome, and a circular passage separated therefrom by pillars in the same way that the side aisles are separated from the main aisle in basilicas. Sometimes they were without this passage, and only had galleries running round the interior like boxes in a theater. These buildings were generally constructed in the vicinity of cathedrals.

Santa Costanza

"Section of the Church of S. Constantia at Rome. The simplest desctiptions of this kind of building…

An illustration of the meeting between Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador and conqueror of the Incan empire, and Atahualpa, last sovereign emperor of the Inca empire.

Meeting Between Pizzaro and Atahualpa

An illustration of the meeting between Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador and conqueror of the…

The dorsal view of the larva of the Tawny Emperor (Asterocampa clyton), a brush-footed butterfly.

Emperor Butterfly Larva

The dorsal view of the larva of the Tawny Emperor (Asterocampa clyton), a brush-footed butterfly.

The lateral view of the pupa of the Tawny Emperor (Asterocampa clyton), a brush-footed butterfly.

Emperor Butterfly Pupa

The lateral view of the pupa of the Tawny Emperor (Asterocampa clyton), a brush-footed butterfly.

The male adult of the Tawny Emperor (Asterocampa clyton), a brush-footed butterfly.

Tawny Emperor

The male adult of the Tawny Emperor (Asterocampa clyton), a brush-footed butterfly.

The Emperor of Japan (Holocanthus imperator) is a species of fish in the Pomacanthidae family of angelfishes.

Emperor of Japan Angelfish

The Emperor of Japan (Holocanthus imperator) is a species of fish in the Pomacanthidae family of angelfishes.

The Roman oblong panel has a freer palmette design.

Roman Oblong Panel

The Roman oblong panel has a freer palmette design.

This Roman oblong panel is at the underside of the architrave (moulded band) of the Temple of Vespasian in Rome, Italy.

Roman Oblong Panel

This Roman oblong panel is at the underside of the architrave (moulded band) of the Temple of Vespasian…

The Roman lunette panel is a semicircle typically found on door-head.

Roman Lunette Panel

The Roman lunette panel is a semicircle typically found on door-head.

Roman mosaic pattern of interlocking circles.

Roman Mosaic Circle Pattern

Roman mosaic pattern of interlocking circles.

This Roman Amphora is unpainted made out of red clay. The neck of this vase is narrow with a thick rim.

Roman Amphora

This Roman Amphora is unpainted made out of red clay. The neck of this vase is narrow with a thick rim.

This Roman Amphora is an unpainted vase made out of yellow clay. It was found in the area near Aquileia, Ancient Rome.

Roman Amphora

This Roman Amphora is an unpainted vase made out of yellow clay. It was found in the area near Aquileia,…

This Roman Amphora is made out of glass and includes a stopper.

Roman Amphora

This Roman Amphora is made out of glass and includes a stopper.

This Roman Amphora is made out of iridescent glass and was found in Pompeii, Ancient Rome.

Roman Amphora

This Roman Amphora is made out of iridescent glass and was found in Pompeii, Ancient Rome.

This Romanesque stoup is used to hold holy water found in Roman Catholic churches.

Romanesque Stoup

This Romanesque stoup is used to hold holy water found in Roman Catholic churches.

This Romanesque stoup is used to hold holy water found in Roman Catholic churches.

Romanesque Stoup

This Romanesque stoup is used to hold holy water found in Roman Catholic churches.

This Romanesque stoup is used to hold holy water found in Roman Catholic churches.

Romanesque Stoup

This Romanesque stoup is used to hold holy water found in Roman Catholic churches.

This 12th century stoup is used to hold holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

12th Century Stoup

This 12th century stoup is used to hold holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

This 16th century stoup is used to hold holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

16th Century Stoup

This 16th century stoup is used to hold holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

This 17th century stoup is used to hold holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

17th Century Stoup

This 17th century stoup is used to hold holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

This church stoup is used to store holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

Church Stoup

This church stoup is used to store holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

This modern stoup is used to store holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

Modern Stoup

This modern stoup is used to store holy water. It is found in Roman Catholic churches.

This 17th century stoup is made out of silver. It is used to store holy water found in Roman Catholic churches.

17th Century Stoup

This 17th century stoup is made out of silver. It is used to store holy water found in Roman Catholic…

(1832-1867) A member of Austria's Imperial Habsburg-Lorraine family, Maximilian was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico in 1864.

Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico

(1832-1867) A member of Austria's Imperial Habsburg-Lorraine family, Maximilian was proclaimed Emperor…

Wilhelm II (27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (German: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen), ruling both the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

German Emperor Wilhelm II

Wilhelm II (27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (German:…

"In Rom. antiq., bundles of rods, usually of birch, with an ax bound in with them, the blade projecting, borne by lictors before the superior Roman magistrates as a badge of their power over life and limb." -Whitney, 1911

Fasces of a Roman Magistrate

"In Rom. antiq., bundles of rods, usually of birch, with an ax bound in with them, the blade projecting,…

"Fenestella. In Roman Catholic churches, a niche on the south side of an altar, containing the piscina, and frequently also the credence." -Whitney, 1911

Fenestella in the Church of Norrey

"Fenestella. In Roman Catholic churches, a niche on the south side of an altar, containing the piscina,…

"Forum of Pompeii. A, principal entrance; B, a Corinthian temple; C, the public prison (carcer publicus); D is supposed to have been a horreum, or public granary; E, temple of Venus, the guardian goddess of the city; F, basilica; G, H, I, the curiae, or civil and commercial tribunals; K, a rectangular building which may have served the purpose of a shop for money-changers; L, a portico terminating in an apsis; M, temple of Mercury or Quirinus; N, a building with a large semicircular tribune, which probably constituted the residence of the priests called Augustales." -Whitney, 1911

Forum of Pompeii

"Forum of Pompeii. A, principal entrance; B, a Corinthian temple; C, the public prison (carcer publicus);…

An illustration of Napoleon; Napoleon Bonaparte, later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.

Napoleon

An illustration of Napoleon; Napoleon Bonaparte, later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and…

An illustration of the Roman Colosseum.

Colosseum

An illustration of the Roman Colosseum.

The column of Duilius, Rome.

Column of Duilius

The column of Duilius, Rome.

The Gate of Spoleto, Rome.

Gate of Spoleto

The Gate of Spoleto, Rome.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus was a general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus was a general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman…

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing five o'clock (5:00).

Clock 5:00

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing five o'clock (5:00).

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 5:10.

Clock 5:10

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 5:10.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 7:30.

Clock 7:30

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 7:30.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 2:50.

Clock 2:50

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 2:50.

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 11:15.

Clock 11:15

An illustration of a Roman Numeral clock showing 11:15.