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"Hesperornis regalis, (a fossilized restoration) which stood about three feet high, had blunt teeth in the grooves of both maxilla and mandible, the number being thirty or more below, but considerably less above, where they did not reach to the exterior extremity. The bill was long and pointed, the rami of the lower jaw being entirely separate; the head was rather small, the neck long, and the quadrate bone articulated with the skull by one knob only. The sternum was long, broad, and flat, without keel; the furcula was decidedly reduced, the metatarsus, being little more than a humerus; the tail was fairly long and broad, but had no pygostyle." A. H. Evans, 1900

The Restoration of the Hesperornis Regalis

"Hesperornis regalis, (a fossilized restoration) which stood about three feet high, had blunt teeth…

"Ichthyornis victor and I. dispar, ...were small forms of about the size of a Partridge, with the habits and appearance, it is presumed, of Terns or Gulls. The head was extremely large in proportion to the remainder of the skeleton; the beak was long and pointed, with entirely separate rami to the mandible; the sharp teeth, fixed regularly in distinct sockets, were inclined backwards, and occupied the whole of the lower and at least the posterior half of the upper jaw; the keel of the sternum was large and broad; the dorsal and cervico-dorsal vertebrae were biconcave. the quadrate articulated to the skull by one knob,... the metatarsus was short and the whole foot small; a furcula was probably present; the wings were well developed, indicating great powers of flight; while the tail was comparatively short, and ended in a pygostyle." A. H. Evans, 1900

Skeleton Head of a Ichthyornis

"Ichthyornis victor and I. dispar, ...were small forms of about the size of a Partridge, with the habits…

"Fourth Son, the MARTLET. The differences used by armorists at the present time are nine in number. They not only distinguish the sons of one family, but also denote the subordinate degrees in each house." -Hall, 1862

Martlet Difference

"Fourth Son, the MARTLET. The differences used by armorists at the present time are nine in number.…

"Crest, a demi-griffin armed, gules. ARMED. This word is used to express the horns, hoofs, beak, or talons of any beast or bird of prey, when borne of a different tincture from those of their bodies." -Hall, 1862

Demi-Griffin Crest

"Crest, a demi-griffin armed, gules. ARMED. This word is used to express the horns, hoofs, beak, or…

"An eagle's head erased, beaked, or. BEAKED. The beak of a bird being of a different tint from the body is said to be beaked." -Hall, 1862

Eagle Beaked

"An eagle's head erased, beaked, or. BEAKED. The beak of a bird being of a different tint from the body…

"CLOSE. A bird with its wings closed." -Hall, 1862

Close

"CLOSE. A bird with its wings closed." -Hall, 1862

"Argent, an eagle displayed sable. DISPLAYED. A bird whose wings are expanded and legs spread is said to be displayed." -Hall, 1862

Eagle Displayed

"Argent, an eagle displayed sable. DISPLAYED. A bird whose wings are expanded and legs spread is said…

"Argent, a dragon proper, tail nowed. DRAGON.. An imaginary monster; a mixture of beast, bird, and reptile. It is frequently borne in crests and charges." -Hall, 1862

Dragon

"Argent, a dragon proper, tail nowed. DRAGON.. An imaginary monster; a mixture of beast, bird, and reptile.…

There are two types of classification, homology and analogy. Homology is the fundamental identity of structure, as distinguished from analogy, which incidental resemblance in form or function. Bird wing showing homolog and analogy

Bird Wing

There are two types of classification, homology and analogy. Homology is the fundamental identity of…

"Argent, an eagle proper en arrière. EN ARRIÈRE. An expression borrowed from the French, to signify any creature borne with its back to view." -Hall, 1862

Eagle en Arrière

"Argent, an eagle proper en arrière. EN ARRIÈRE. An expression borrowed from the French,…

"A swan's head erased at the neck, ducally gorged or. GORGED. Any animals, particularly birds, that have collars round the neck, are said to be gorged." -Hall, 1862

Swan Gorged

"A swan's head erased at the neck, ducally gorged or. GORGED. Any animals, particularly birds, that…

"GRIFFIN or GRYPHON. A chimerical animal, half bird, half beast." -Hall, 1862

Griffin

"GRIFFIN or GRYPHON. A chimerical animal, half bird, half beast." -Hall, 1862

An illustration of an elderly woman with a cane feeding a goose.

Elderly Woman with Cane Feeding

An illustration of an elderly woman with a cane feeding a goose.

"Trachea or windpipe of the red breasted merganser, Mergus serrator, about half natural size, viewed from above (behind); after Newton, A, tongue; B B, its attachments; C C; windpipe, dilated in the middle and swelling below into a bony box, D; E E, bronchial tubes, going to the lung" Elliot Coues, 1994

the Windpipe of a Male Red Breasted Merganser

"Trachea or windpipe of the red breasted merganser, Mergus serrator, about half natural size, viewed…

"Figure 4 - egg-drills, different sizes. Steel implements with a sharp-pointed conical head of rasping surface, and a slender shaft; several such, of different sizes, are needed" Elliot Coues, 1884

Egg Drills are Special Tools Used for Preparing and Blowing Eggs

"Figure 4 - egg-drills, different sizes. Steel implements with a sharp-pointed conical head of rasping…

"Figure 5-Instruments for blowing eggs; a,b, blow-pipes, 1/2 natural size; c, wire for cleansing them; d, syringe, 1/2 natural size (the ring of the handle must be large enough to insert the thumb); e, bulbous insufflator, for sucking eggs." Elliot Coues, 1884

Several Special Instruments Used in the Process of Egg Blowing

"Figure 5-Instruments for blowing eggs; a,b, blow-pipes, 1/2 natural size; c, wire for cleansing them;…

"Fig. 6- scissors, knives, and forceps, 1/2 natural size." Elliot Coues, 1884 These items may be used to seize and draw out a membrane or embryo from the egg.

Scissors, Knives, and Forceps Used for Egg Blowing

"Fig. 6- scissors, knives, and forceps, 1/2 natural size." Elliot Coues, 1884 These items may be used…

"Figure 7-hooks for extracting embryos, natural size; a,b,c, plain hooks; d, bill-hook, having cutting edge along the concavity." Elliot Coues, 1884

Hooks Used in the Process of Egg Blowing for the Purpose of Extracting Embryos

"Figure 7-hooks for extracting embryos, natural size; a,b,c, plain hooks; d, bill-hook, having cutting…

"Hesperornis regalis, (a fossilized restoration) which stood about three feet high, had blunt teeth in the grooves of both maxilla and mandible, the number being thirty or more below, but considerably less above, where they did not reach to the exterior extremity. The bill was long and pointed, the rami of the lower jaw being entirely separate; the head was rather small, the neck long, and the quadrate bone articulated with the skull by one knob only. The sternum was long, broad, and flat, without keel; the furcula was decidedly reduced, the metatarsus, being little more than a humerus; the tail was fairly long and broad, but had no pygostyle." A. H. Evans, 1900

Restoration of Hesperornis regalis

"Hesperornis regalis, (a fossilized restoration) which stood about three feet high, had blunt teeth…

"Ichthyornis, though the wings are well developed, with fused metacarpals, and the sternum is keeled, the vertebrae present the extraordinary primitive character of being biconcave." Elliot Coues, 1884. This bird is believed to come from the Cretaceous of North America and is a seabird."

Restoration of Ichthyornis

"Ichthyornis, though the wings are well developed, with fused metacarpals, and the sternum is keeled,…

"fig. 25 - Topography of a Bird. 1, forehead (frons). 2, lore. 3, circumocular region. 4, crown (vertex). 5, eye. 6, hind head (occiput). 7, nape (nucha). 8, hind neck (cervix). 9, side of neck. 10, interscapular region. 11, dorsum, or back proper, including 10. 12, notaeum, or upper part of body proper, including 10, 11, and 13. 13, rump (uropygium). 14, upper tail-coverts. 15, tail. 16, under tail-coverts (crissum). 17, tarsus. 18, abdomen. 19, hind toe (hallux). 20, gastraeum, including 18 and 24. 21, outer and fourth toe. 22, middle and third toe. 23, side of the body. 24, breast (pectus). 25, primaries. 26, secondaries. 27, tertiaries; nos. 25, 26, 27 are all coverts. 28, primary coverts. 29, alula, or bastard wing. 30, greater coverts. 31, median coverts. 32, lesser coverts. 33, the "throat," including 34, 37, 38. 34, jugulum or lower throat. 35, auriculars. 36, malar region. 37, gula, or middle throat. 38, mentum, or chin. 39, angle of commissure, or corner of mouth. 40, ramus of under mandible. 41, side of under mandible. 42, gonys. 43, apex, or tip of bill. 44, tomia, or cutting edges of the bill. 45, culmen, or ridge of upper mandible, corresponding to gonys. 46, side of upper mandible. 47, nostril. 48, passes across the bill a little in front of it base." Elliot Coues, 1884

Topography of a Bird

"fig. 25 - Topography of a Bird. 1, forehead (frons). 2, lore. 3, circumocular region. 4, crown (vertex).…

"Fig. 26 - Parts of a Bill. a, side of upper mandible; b, culmen; c, nasal fossa; d, nostril; e(see below); f, gape, or whole commissural line; g, rictus; h, commissural point or angle of the mouth; i, ramus of under jaw; j, tomia of under mandible (the reference lines e should have been drawn to indicate the correct tomia of upper mandible):k, angle of gonys; l, gonys; m, side of under mandible; n, tips of mandibles." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Parts of a Bird Bill

"Fig. 26 - Parts of a Bill. a, side of upper mandible; b, culmen; c, nasal fossa; d, nostril; e(see…

"Argent, a martlet, gules. MARTLET. An imaginary bird said to be without legs; it is used both as a charge and a difference." -Hall, 1862

Martlet

"Argent, a martlet, gules. MARTLET. An imaginary bird said to be without legs; it is used both as a…

An illustration of a young girl watching a bird in a small tree.

Girl Looking at Bird in Tree

An illustration of a young girl watching a bird in a small tree.

An illustration of a birdhouse in a tree limb.

Birdhouse in Tree Limb

An illustration of a birdhouse in a tree limb.

An illustration of a mother holding a child to look at a bird in a cage.

Mother Holding Child to Look at Bird in Cage

An illustration of a mother holding a child to look at a bird in a cage.

"VOLANT. The French word for flying. It is used in Heraldry to express the same action." -Hall, 1862

Bird Volant

"VOLANT. The French word for flying. It is used in Heraldry to express the same action." -Hall, 1862

The Common Miner (Geositta cunicularia) is a passerine bird in the Furnariidae family of ovenbirds.

Common Miner

The Common Miner (Geositta cunicularia) is a passerine bird in the Furnariidae family of ovenbirds.

The Olive-Backed Quail-Dove (Geotrygon veraguensis) is a bird in the Columbidae family of pigeons and doves. It was also known as the Veraguan Partridge-dove.

Olive-Backed Quail-Dove

The Olive-Backed Quail-Dove (Geotrygon veraguensis) is a bird in the Columbidae family of pigeons and…

The Common Yellowthroat or Maryland Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) is a bird in the Parulidae family of New World warblers.

Common Yellowthroat

The Common Yellowthroat or Maryland Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) is a bird in the Parulidae family…

An illustration of a full page border with vines and raspberries on the bottom.

Raspberry & Vine Border

An illustration of a full page border with vines and raspberries on the bottom.

"Common Glareole or Pratincole (Glareola pratincola). GLAREOLA. A remarkable genus of birds, typical of the family Glareolidae." -Whitney, 1911

Collared Pratincole

"Common Glareole or Pratincole (Glareola pratincola). GLAREOLA. A remarkable genus of birds, typical…

The Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma) is an owl in the Strigidae family of true owls.

Northern Pygmy Owl

The Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma) is an owl in the Strigidae family of true owls.

"Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Poliptila caerulea). The blue-gray gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea, is a very common migratory insectivorous bird inhabiting woodlands of the United States." -Whitney, 1911

Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher

"Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Poliptila caerulea). The blue-gray gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea, is a very…

The European Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) is a bird in the Caprimulgidae family of nightjars.

European Nightjar

The European Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) is a bird in the Caprimulgidae family of nightjars.

The Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) is a large shorebird in the Scolopacidae family of waders.

Marbled Godwit

The Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) is a large shorebird in the Scolopacidae family of waders.

The Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) is a small bird in the Regulidae family of kinglets. It was also known as the synonym Regulus cristatus.

Goldcrest

The Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) is a small bird in the Regulidae family of kinglets. It was also known…

The American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) is a North American bird in the Fringillidae family of finches.

American Goldfinch

The American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) is a North American bird in the Fringillidae family of finches.

"Goldfish (Carassius auratus). A fish of the carp family Cyprinidae, Cyprinus or Carassius auratus, originally a Chinese species, now domesticated and bred everywhere for ornament in ponds, tanks, and aquariums." -Whitney, 1911

Goldfish

"Goldfish (Carassius auratus). A fish of the carp family Cyprinidae, Cyprinus or Carassius auratus,…

"Fig. 19 - A partly pennaceous, partly plumulaceous feather, from Argus pheasant; after Nitzsch. ad, main stem; d, calamus; a, rhachis; c, c, c, vanes, cut away on left side in order not to interfere with b, the after-shaft, the whole of the right vane of which is likewise cut away." Elliot Coues, 1884

Feather from a Argus Pheasant

"Fig. 19 - A partly pennaceous, partly plumulaceous feather, from Argus pheasant; after Nitzsch. ad,…

"Fig. - 20 - Two barbs, a, a, of a vane, bearing anterior, b, b, and posterior, c, barbules; enlarged; after Nitzsch." Elliot Coues, 1884

Structure of a Feather

"Fig. - 20 - Two barbs, a, a, of a vane, bearing anterior, b, b, and posterior, c, barbules; enlarged;…

"Fig. 21. -A single barbule, baring barbicels and hooklets; magnified; after Nitzsch. ...barbicels (another dimin. of barba), also called cilia, or lashes (fig. 21); and hamuli, or hooklets (Lat. hamulus, a little hook; fig 21). These are simply a sort of fringe to the barbules, just as if the lower edge of the barbules were frayed out, and only differ from each other in that barbicels are plain hair like processes, while hamuli are hooked at the end; they are not found on all feathers, nor on all parts of some feathers." Elliot Coues, 1884

Single Barbule

"Fig. 21. -A single barbule, baring barbicels and hooklets; magnified; after Nitzsch. ...barbicels (another…

"The arrangement shown in fig. 22, where a, a, a, a, are four barbs in transverse section, viewed from the cut surfaces, with their anterior, b, b, b, b, and posterior, c, c, c, c, barbules, the former bearing the hooklets which catch over the edge of the latter." Elliot Coues, 1884

Barbs

"The arrangement shown in fig. 22, where a, a, a, a, are four barbs in transverse section, viewed from…

"Fig. 23 - A feather from the tail of a kingbird, Tyrannus carolinensis, almost entirely pennaceous; no after-shaft. A feather fit for writing with." Elliot Coues, 1884

A Feather from the Tail of a Kingbird

"Fig. 23 - A feather from the tail of a kingbird, Tyrannus carolinensis, almost entirely pennaceous;…

"Fig. 24. - Pterylosis of Cyoselus apus, drawn by Coues after Nitzsch; right hand upper, left hand lower, surface. 1 spinal tract; 2. humeral; 3. femoral; 4. capital; 5. alar; 6. caudal; 7. crural; 8. ventral." Elliot Coues, 1884

Pterylosis of Cypselus Apus

"Fig. 24. - Pterylosis of Cyoselus apus, drawn by Coues after Nitzsch; right hand upper, left hand lower,…

"Fig 27. - Bones of the right wing of a duck, Clangula islandica, A, shoulder, omos; B, elbow, ancon; C, wrist, carpus; D, end of principal finger; E, end of hand proper, metacarpus. AB, upper arm, brachium; BC, fore-arm, antibrachium; CD, whole hand or pinion, manus; composed of CE, hand proper or metacarpus, excepting d2; ED, or d2, d3, d4, fingers, digits, digiti, h, humerus; rd, radius; ul, ulna; sc, outer carpal, scapholunare or radiale; cu, inner carpal, cuneiforme or ulnare; these two composing wrist or carpus. mc, the compound hand-bone or metcarpus, composed of three metacarpal bones, bearing as many digits - the outer digit seated upon a protuberance at the head of the metacarpal, the other two situated at the end of the bone. d2, the outer or radial digit, commonly called the thumb or pollex, composed or two phalanges; d3, the middle digit, of two phalanges; d4, the inner or ulnar digit, of one phalanx d2 is the seat of the feathers of the bastard wing or alula. D to C (whole pinion), seat of the flight feathers called primaries; C to B (fore-arm), seat of the secondaries; at B and above it in direction of A, seat of tertiaries proper; below A, in direction of B, seat of scapularies (upon pteryla humeralis), often called tertiaries. The wing shown half-spread: complete extension would bring A B C D into a right line; in complete folding C goes to A, and D to B; all these motions nearly in the plane of the paper. The elbow-joint and wrist are such perfect hinges, that, in opening or closing the wing, C cannot sink below the paper, nor D fly up above the paper, as would otherwise be the effect of the pressure of the air upon the flight-feathers. Observe also rd and ul are two rods connecting B and C; the construction of their joining at B and C, and with each other, is such, that they can slide lengthwise a little upon each other. Now when the point C, revolving about B, approaches A in the arc of a circle, rd pushes on sc, while ul pulls back cu; the motion is transmitted to D, and makes this point approach B. conversely, in opening the wing, rd pulls back sc, and ul pushes on cu, making D recede from B. In other words, the angle A B C cannot be increased or diminished without similarly increasing or diminishing the angle B C D; so that no part of the wing can be opened or shut without automatically opening or shutting the rest..." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Bones of the Right Wing of a Duck

"Fig 27. - Bones of the right wing of a duck, Clangula islandica, A, shoulder, omos; B, elbow, ancon;…

"Fig. 28. - Mechanism of elbow-joint. ..., where rc and uc show respectively the size, shape, and position of the radial condyle and ulnar condyle of the humerus. It is evident that in the flexed state of the elbow, as shown in the middle figure, the radius, rd, is do pushed upon that its end projects beyond ul, the ulna; while in the opposite condition of extension, shown in the lower figure, rd is pulled back to a corresponding extent." Elliot Coues, 1884

Mechanism of the Elbow-Joint

"Fig. 28. - Mechanism of elbow-joint. ..., where rc and uc show respectively the size, shape, and position…

"Fig. 29., from a young grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, six months old), is designed to show the composition of the carpus and metacarpus before the elements of these bones fuse together: r, radius; u, ulna; s, scapholunar or radiale; c, cuneiform or ulnare; om, a carpal bone believed to be os magnum, later fusing with the metacarpus; z, a carpal bone, supposed to be unciform, later fusing with metacarpus; 8, an unidentified fifth carpal bone, which may be called pentosteon, later fusing with the metacarpus; 7, radial or outer metacarpal bone, bearing the pollex or outer digit, consisting of two phalanges, d and k; 9', principal (median) metacarpal bone, bearing the middle finger, consisting of the two phalanges, d', d"; 9, inner or ulnar metacarpal, bearing a digit of one phalanx, d'". The pieces marked om, z, 7, 8, 9,. all fuse with 9'. (From nature by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S.A.)."Elliot Coues, 1884

The Wing Bones of a Young Grouse

"Fig. 29., from a young grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, six months old), is designed to show the…

"Fig. 30., Feathers of a sparrow's wing. pc, covers of the primaries; msc, median upper secondary coverts; bc, tectrices minores; b, primaries; s, secondaries; t, tertiaries." Elliot Coues, 1884

Feathers of a Sparrow's Wing

"Fig. 30., Feathers of a sparrow's wing. pc, covers of the primaries; msc, median upper secondary coverts;…

"Fig. 31. - Ulna of Colaptes mexicanus, showing points of attachment of the secondaries. (Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. A.)." Elliot Coues, 1884

Red Shafted Woodpecker Ulna

"Fig. 31. - Ulna of Colaptes mexicanus, showing points of attachment of the secondaries. (Dr. R. W.…

"The Lyre-bird of Australia, Menura superba, to show the unique lyrate shape of the tail." "... the male of the lyre-bird, in which the feathers are anomalous both in shape and in texture, and the resulting form of the whole is unique." Elliot Coues, 1884

Lyre-bird

"The Lyre-bird of Australia, Menura superba, to show the unique lyrate shape of the tail." "... the…

Two European Redwing birds sitting on a tree branch. These song birds are usually brown with darker brown spots and white underparts. They also have red flanks and an off-white stripe above their eye. Male and female are similar in color.

European Redwing

Two European Redwing birds sitting on a tree branch. These song birds are usually brown with darker…

"Robin: Upper parts slate-color, with a shade of olive. Head black, the eyelids and a spot before the eye white, and the throat streaked with white. Quills of the wings dusky, edged with hoary ash, and with the color of the back. Tail blackish, the outer feather usually tipped with white. Underparts, to the vent, including the under wing-coverts and tibiae white, showing more or less plumbeous. Bill yellow, often with a dusky tip. Mouth yellow. Eyes dark brown. Feet blackish, the soles yellowish." Elliot Coues, 1884

Robin

"Robin: Upper parts slate-color, with a shade of olive. Head black, the eyelids and a spot before the…

"Fig. 114. -Skulls of Turdidae and Sylvicolidae, nat. size; after Shufeldt. A, Oroscoptes montanus; B, Sialia mexicana; C, Cinclus mexicanus; D, Siurus naevius. Observe likeness between A and B, at points marked c, c', l, l'; and between C and D, at points marked b, b,' d, d'." Elliot Coues, 1884

Bird Skulls

"Fig. 114. -Skulls of Turdidae and Sylvicolidae, nat. size; after Shufeldt. A, Oroscoptes montanus;…

"Wood Thrush. Upper parts, including the surface of the closed wings, tawny-brown, purest and deepest on the head, shading insensibly into olivaceous on the rump and tail. Below, pure white, faintly tinged on the breast with buff, and everywhere, rounded or subtriangular blackish spots. Inner webs and ends of quills fuscous, with a white or buffy edging toward the base. Greater under wing-coverts mostly white. Auriculars sharply streaked with dusky and white. Bill blackish-brown, with flesh-colored or yellowish base. Feet like this part of the bill." Elliot Coues, 1884

Wood Thrush

"Wood Thrush. Upper parts, including the surface of the closed wings, tawny-brown, purest and deepest…

"Mocking-Birds. Bill much shorter than head, scarcely curved as a whole, but with gently-curved commissure, notched near the end. Rictal vibrissae well developed. Tail rather longer than wings, rounded, the lateral feathers being considerably graduated. Wings rounded. (Tarsal scutella sometimes obsolete.) Tarsi longer than the middle toe and claw. Of this genus there are two well marked sections (represented by the mocking-bird and cat-bird respectively), which ay be distinguished by color:" Elliot Coues, 1884

Mockingbird

"Mocking-Birds. Bill much shorter than head, scarcely curved as a whole, but with gently-curved commissure,…

"Cat-Bird. Slate-gray, paler and more grayish-plumbeous below; crown of head, tail, bill, and feet black. Quills of the wing blackish, edged with the body-color. Under tail-coverts rich dark chestnut or mahogany-color" Elliot Coues, 1884

Catbird

"Cat-Bird. Slate-gray, paler and more grayish-plumbeous below; crown of head, tail, bill, and feet black.…

This margin drawing was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1515. It is found in the prayer book of Emperor Maximilian. It is a combination of scrolling leaves, an oval shape on the bottom with the year 1515 in its center, and a lion directly above it. At the very top is a cornucopia filled with grapes and a bird eating out of it.

Margin Drawing

This margin drawing was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1515. It is found in the prayer…

This margin drawing was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1515. It is found in the prayer book of Emperor Maximilian. It is in the shape of a pole with an bird at the top and a human head at the bottom that is partly covered with wings. It stands on a bird's feet.

Margin Drawing

This margin drawing was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1515. It is found in the prayer…

This margin drawing was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1515. It is found in the prayer book of Emperor Maximilian. It is a design of spiraling leaves and flowers with a bird standing in the center.

Margin Drawing

This margin drawing was created by German artist Albrecht Dürer in 1515. It is found in the prayer…