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Nerve Cells

"Nerve tissue is really made up of a great number of distinctive units called nerve cells.…

"Wherever nerve cells are abundant, the nerve tissue has a gray color; in other places, it looks white. Most of the gray matter of the brain is on the surface." — Blaisedell, 1904

Nerve Cells of the Brain

"Wherever nerve cells are abundant, the nerve tissue has a gray color; in other places, it looks white.…

Neuron

"Showing a motor cell with its long, unbranched process (with two little lateral offshoots), with motor…

"The Orang Outang is the Mias of the Dyaks; also known as the 'wild man of the wood.' It is a dull, slothful animal, but possessed of great strength. These animals are now confined to the swampy forests of Sumatra and Borneo. Their height has been variously stated, but we have not the least reliable evidence of the existence of orangs in Borneo more than four feet two inches high. The legs are very short, the arms are disproportionately long, reaching to the ankle when the animal is placed in an erect position. The males have a longish beard, and they sometimes develop warty protuberances on each side of the face. The resemblance to man in appearance is greatest in the females and in young animals. The head of a baby orang is not very different from that of an average child; but in the adult the muzzle is as well-marked a feature as in the Carnivora. It never walks erect, unless when supporting itself by branches."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Orang Outang

"The Orang Outang is the Mias of the Dyaks; also known as the 'wild man of the wood.' It is a dull,…

"A needle, a pin. Pins were made not only of metal, but also of wood, bone, and ivory. They were used for the same purposes as with us, and also in dressing the hair. The mode of platting the hair, and then fastening it with a pin or needle, is shown in the annexed figure of the female head. This fashion has been continued to our own times by the females of Italy." — Smith, 1873

Acus

"A needle, a pin. Pins were made not only of metal, but also of wood, bone, and ivory. They were used…

"House construction consists mainly of concrete or brick, and sometimes of stone blocks, especially at the corners. Two-storied, sometimes three-storied houses are numerous, though the upper floors, built of wood, have been consumed by the eruption. Stores usually occupied the ground floors of dwelling-houses, on their street aspect, let out to merchants or dealers as at the present day, but not connected with the back part of the house. They could be separated from the street by large wooden doors, while inside they had tables covered with marble, in which earthen vessels for wine or oil were inserted. The storekeeper had sometimes a second room at the back, when he did not live on an upper floor or in another part of the town."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Pompeiian House

"House construction consists mainly of concrete or brick, and sometimes of stone blocks, especially…

"A cap worn by the flamines and salii at Rome. The essential part of the apex, to which alone the name properly belonged, was a pointed piece of olive-wood, the base of which was surrounded with a lock of wool. This was worn on the top of the head, and was held there either by fillets only, or, as was more commonly the case, by the aid of a cap which fitted the head, and was also fastened by means of two strings or bands." — Smith, 1873

Apex

"A cap worn by the flamines and salii at Rome. The essential part of the apex, to which alone the name…

"A plough. Among the Greek and Romans the three most essential parts of the plough were-the plough tail, the share-beam, that is, the piece of wood to which the share is fixed, and the pole. In the time and country of Virgil it was the custom to force a tree into the crooked form of the buris, or plough-tail. The upper end of the buris being held by the ploughman, the lower part, below its junction with the pole, was used to hold the dentale or share-beam, which was either sheathed with metal, or driven bare into the ground, according to circumstances. The term vomer was sometimes applied to the end of the dentale. The image distinctly shows the pole (1), the coulter (2), the dentale (3), the buris (4), and the handle (5)." — Smith, 1873

Aratrum

"A plough. Among the Greek and Romans the three most essential parts of the plough were-the plough tail,…

Aratrum

"A plough. Among the Greek and Romans the three most essential parts of the plough were-the plough tail,…

"A kind of horn trumpet, anciently made out of a shell, the form of which is exhibited in the two specimens annexed. In the former it is curved for the convenience of the performer with a very wide mouth, to diffuse and increase the sound. In the next, it still retains the original form of the shell. The buccina was distinct from the cornu; but it is often confounded with it. The buccina seems to have been chiefly distinguished by the twisted form of a shell from which it is originally made. In later times it was carved from horn, and perhaps from wood or metal, so as to imitate the shell. The buccina was chiefly used to proclaim the watches of the day and of the night, hence called buccina prima, secunda. It was also blown at funerals, and at festive entertainments both before sitting down to table and after." — Smith, 1873

Buccina

"A kind of horn trumpet, anciently made out of a shell, the form of which is exhibited in the two specimens…

"Originally a candlestick, but afterwards the name of a stand for supporting lamps, in which signification most commonly occurs. The candelara of this kind were usually made to stand upon the ground, and were of a considerable height. The most common kind were made of wood; but those which have been found in Herculaneum and Pompeii are mostly of bronze. sometimes they were made of the more precious metals, and even of jewels. The candelbra did not always stand upon the ground, but were also placed upon the table. Such candelabra usually consisted of pillars, from the capitals of which several lamps hung down, or of trees, from whose branches lamps also were suspended. the preceding cut represents a very elegant candelabrum of this kind, found in Pompeii." — Smith, 1873;

Candelabrum

"Originally a candlestick, but afterwards the name of a stand for supporting lamps, in which signification…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East– an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East– an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East– an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East– an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East– an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

Shark Egg

"Shark is an English popular name for any individual of the group Selachoidei. Sharks are scaleless,…

A hinge or pivot. The first figure, in the annexed woodcut, is designed to show the general form of a door, as we find it with a pivot at the top and bottom in ancient remains of stone, marble, wood, and bronze. The second figure represents a bronze hinge in the Egyptian collection of the British Museum: its pivot is exactly cylindrical. Under these is drawn the threshhold of a temple, or other large edifice, with the plan of the folding-doors. The pivots move in holes fitted to receive them, each of which is in an angle behind the antepagmentum. The Greeks and Romans also used hinges exactly like those now in common use. Four Roman hinges of bronze, preserved in the British Museum, are shown in the following woodcut.

Cardo

A hinge or pivot. The first figure, in the annexed woodcut, is designed to show the general form of…

"This is a game of pure manual dexterity, and is rare practice for cultivating steadiness of hand and delicacy of touch. Its worst fault is that in the very nature of the game a constant series of deadlocks are inevitable, only to be overcome by the self-sacrifice of one or other of the players. Jackstraws are a number of thing narrow slips of wood, bone or ivory, each more or less notched, sometimes cut into fantastic shapes, and numbered. These being held together in a bundle, are allowed to fall on the table, and the players, two or more in number, each in turn pull them out one by one with a small hook. As long as a player can go on abstracting from the heap, without in any way shaking or disturbing more than one jackstraw at the time, his turn continues, and all he thus secures he keeps; at the least shake his turn ceases, and the next player goes on. When all the jackstraws have been thus abstracted, each player counts his heap, each jackstraw being valued at the number inscribed on it, and he who has most wins."— Thomas Sheppard Meek

Jackstraws

"This is a game of pure manual dexterity, and is rare practice for cultivating steadiness of hand and…

"A Tail-piece is a piece at the end, as of a series of engravings; an appendage. Also a piece of ebony or other material appended to the end of a violin or other similar instrument, to which the strings are fastened. In printing, tail-pieces are ornaments in wood or metal placed in short pages, partly to fill up the vacancy."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tail-piece

"A Tail-piece is a piece at the end, as of a series of engravings; an appendage. Also a piece of ebony…

"The Tamarind is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cultivated in India as far N. as the Jhelum, and very largely planted in avenues and 'topes.' The wood, which is yellowish-white, sometimes with red streaks, is hard and close-grained. It weighs about 83 pounds per cubic foot, is highly prized, but is very difficult to work, and is used in India for turning wheels, mallets, planes, furniture, rice-pounders, oil and sugar mills, etc. The West Indian and South American variety has legumes only three times as long as the broad, whereas the Indian tree has them six times as long. The tamarinds sold in the United States are chiefly West Indian tamarinds. They differ from the Black or East Indian tamarinds, of which the preserved pulp is black."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tamarind

"The Tamarind is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cultivated in India as far…

Lectica

"Lectica was a kind of couch or litter, in which persons, in a lying position, were carried from one…

"A hammer, a mallet. In the hands of the farmer the mallet of wood served to break down the clods and to pulverize them. The butcher used it in slaying cattle, by striking the head, and we often read of it as used by the smith upon the anvil. When several men were employed at te same anvil it was a matter of necessity that they should strike in time, and Virgil, accordingly says of the Cyclopes, "inter se brachia tollunt in numerum." The scene which he describes is represented in the annexed woodcut, taken from an ancient bas-relief, in which Vulcan, Brontes, and Steropes, are seen forging the metal, while the third Cyclops, Pyracmon, blows the bellows. Beside the anvil is seen the vessel of water in which the hot iron or bronze was immersed. But besides the employment of the hammer upon the anvil for making all ordinary utensils, the smith wrought with this instrument figures which were either small and fine, some of their parts being beaten as thin as paper, and being in very high relief, as in the bronzes of Siris, or of colossal proportions, being composed of seperate plates riveted together." — Smith, 1873

Malleus

"A hammer, a mallet. In the hands of the farmer the mallet of wood served to break down the clods and…

"The simplest kind of table was a round one with three legs. It is shown in the drinking scene painted on the wall of a wine shop at Pompeii, and is represented in the annexed woodcut. Tables, however, must usually have had four legs. For the houses of the opulent, tables were made of the most valuable and beautiful kinds of wood, especially of maple, or of the citrus of Africa, which was a species of cypress or juniper. As the table was not large, it was usual to place the disches and the various kinds of meat upon it, and then to bring it thus furnished to the place where the guests were reclining. On many occasions, indeed, each guest either had a small table to himself, or the company was divided into parties of two or three, with a seperate table for each party, as is distinctly represented in the cut under Symposium." — Smith, 1873

Mensa

"The simplest kind of table was a round one with three legs. It is shown in the drinking scene painted…

A Vinea, or Testudo, a small structure framed with wood used to protect soldiers attacking city walls.

Vinea

A Vinea, or Testudo, a small structure framed with wood used to protect soldiers attacking city walls.

"A small shield, Iphicrates, observing that the ancient Clipeus was cumbrous and inconvenient, introduced among the Greeks a much smaller and lighter shield, from which those who bore it took the name of peltastae. It consisted principally of a frame of wood or wicker-work, covered with skin or leather. An elegant form of the pelta is exhibited in the preceting cut, representing Penthesilea, Queen of the Amazons, in the act of offering aid to Priam." — Smith, 1873

Pelta

"A small shield, Iphicrates, observing that the ancient Clipeus was cumbrous and inconvenient, introduced…

Pons Cestius

"A bridge. As the rivers of Greece were small, and the use of the arch known to them only to a limited…

"A bridge. As the rivers of Greece were small, and the use of the arch known to them only to a limited extent, it is probable that the Greek bridges were built entirely of wood, or, at best, were nothing more than a wooden platform supported upon stone piers at each extremity. Pliny mentions a bridge over the Acheron 1000 feet in length; and also says that the island Euboea was joined to Boeotia by a bridge; but it is probably that both these works were executed after the Roman conquest. The Romans were the first people who applied the arch to the construction of bridges, by which they were enabled to erect structures of great beauty and solidity, as well as utility. The width of the passage-way in a roman bridge was commonly narrow, as compared with modern structures of the same kind, and corresponded with the road leading to and from it. It was divided into three parts. the centre one, for horses and carriages, was denominated agger or iter; and the raised foot paths on each side decursoria, which were enclosed by parapet walls similar in use and appearance to the pluteus in the basilica." — Smith, 1873

Pons Aelius

"A bridge. As the rivers of Greece were small, and the use of the arch known to them only to a limited…

Pons Ariminum

"A bridge. As the rivers of Greece were small, and the use of the arch known to them only to a limited…

Pons Trajan

"A bridge. As the rivers of Greece were small, and the use of the arch known to them only to a limited…

"Speculum, a mirror, a looking-glass. The looking-glasses of the ancients were usually made of metal, at first of a composition of tin and copper, but afterwards more frequently of silver. The ancients seem to have had glass mirrors also like ours, consisting of a glass plate covered at the back with a thin leaf of metal. They were manufactured as early as the time of Pliny at the celebrated glass-houses at Sidon, but they must have been inferior to those of metal, since they never came into general use, and are never mentioned by ancient writers among costly pieces of furniture, whereas metal mirrors frequently are. Looking-glasses were generally small, and such as could by carried in the hand. Instead of their being fixed so as to be hung against the wall or to stand upon the table or floor, they were generally held by female slaves before their mistresses when dressing. The general form of looking-glasses is shown in the following wood-cut." — Smith, 1873

Speculum

"Speculum, a mirror, a looking-glass. The looking-glasses of the ancients were usually made of metal,…

"Spira, the base of a column. in the Tuscan and the Roman Doric the base consisted of a single torus, sometimes surmounted by an astragal. In the Ionic and Attic it commonly consisted of two tori, divided by a scotia, and in the Corinthian of two tori divided by two scotiae. The upper torus was often fluted, and surmounted by an astragal, as in the left-hand figure of the following wood-cut, which shows the form of the base in the Ionic or Attic temple of Panops on the Ilissus. The right-hand figure in the same wood-cut shows the corresponding part in the temple of Minerva Polias at Athens. In this the upper torus is wrought with a platted ornament, perhaps designed to represent a robe or cable." — Smith, 1873

Spira

"Spira, the base of a column. in the Tuscan and the Roman Doric the base consisted of a single torus,…

Babes in the Wood

A scene from the story, "The Babes in the Wood."

A scene from the story, "The Babes in the Wood."

Babes in the Wood

A scene from the story, "The Babes in the Wood."

Entrance to Raleigh's Cell in the Tower

Raleigh's Cell

Entrance to Raleigh's Cell in the Tower

Piece of timber travsversed with spikes of iron, or of wood pointed with iron, 5 or 6 feet long, used to defend a passage.

Chevaux de Frise

Piece of timber travsversed with spikes of iron, or of wood pointed with iron, 5 or 6 feet long, used…

Small sticks of wood or ivory resembling lead pencils, but generally longer and slightly tapering, used by the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans.

Chopsticks

Small sticks of wood or ivory resembling lead pencils, but generally longer and slightly tapering, used…

"The following wood-cut from a fictile vase in the Museo Borbonico at Naples, represents Juno seated on a splendid throne, which is elevated on a basement. She holds in her left hand a sceptre, and in her right the apple, which Mercury is about to convey to Paris with a view to the celebrated contest for beauty on Mount Ida. Mercury is distinguished by his talaria, his caduceus, and his petasus thrown behind his back, and hanging b a string. On the right side of the throne is the representation of a tigress or panther." &mdash Smith; 1873

Thrones

"The following wood-cut from a fictile vase in the Museo Borbonico at Naples, represents Juno seated…

"Tribulus, a caltrop, also called murex. When a place was beset with troops, the one party endeavoured to impede the cavalry of the other party, either by throwing before them caltrops, which necessarily lay with one of their four sharp points turned upward, or by burying the caltrop with one point at the surface of the ground. The following wood-cut is taken from a bronze caltrop figured by Cayius." &mdash Smith; 1873

Tribulus

"Tribulus, a caltrop, also called murex. When a place was beset with troops, the one party endeavoured…

"Trochus, a hoop. The Greek boys used to exercise themselves, like ours, with trundling a hoop. It was a bronze ring, and had sometimes bells attached to it. It was impelled by means of a hook with a wooden handle called a clavis. From the Greeks this custom passed to the Romans, who consequently adopted the Greek term. The hoop was used at the Gymnasia, and, therefore, on one of the gems in the Stosch collection at Berlin, which is engraved in the annexed wood-cut, it is accompanied by the jar of oil and the bay branch, the emblems of effort and of victory. On each side of this we have represented another gem from the same collection. Both of these exhibit youths trundling the hoop by means of the hook or key. These show the size of the hoop, which in the middle figure has also three small rings or bells on its circumference." &mdash Smith; 1873

Trochus

"Trochus, a hoop. The Greek boys used to exercise themselves, like ours, with trundling a hoop. It was…

"Trutina, a general term, including both libra, a balance, and statera, a steelyard. Payments were originally made by weighing, not by counting. Hence a balance was preserved n the temple of Saturn at Rome. The following wood-cut represents a remarkably beautiful statera, which is preserved in the museum of the Capitol at Rome. " &mdash Smith; 1873

Trutina

"Trutina, a general term, including both libra, a balance, and statera, a steelyard. Payments were originally…

"Turibulum, a censer. The Greeks and Romans, when they sacrificed, commonly took a little frankincense out of the acerra, and let it fall upon the flaming altar. More rarely they used a censer, by means of which they burned the incense in greater profusion, and which was in fact a small moveable grate or foculus. he following wood-cut, taken from an ancient painting, shows the performance of both of these acts at the same time." &mdash Smith; 1873

Turibulum

"Turibulum, a censer. The Greeks and Romans, when they sacrificed, commonly took a little frankincense…

Characters of the Native Americans. The eight figures in the upper row, with hats on, and with muskets beside them, represent as many white soldiers. In the second row, No. 1 represents the officer in command, with a sword; No. 2, with a book, the secretary; No. 3, with a hammer, the geologist; 4, 5, 6, and 8 represent the two guides, who are distinguished as Indians by being without hats. Figure 11 represents a prairie-hen, and 12 a tortoise, which had been eaten by the party. Figures 13, 14, 15, mean that there were separate fires. The slant of the pole showed the direction of the proposed march, and three nothces in the wood showed that it was to be a three-days' expedition.

Characters

Characters of the Native Americans. The eight figures in the upper row, with hats on, and with muskets…

Sword

A type of sword called cleddyo. Usually made of bronze and having a "leaf shape" form. the tounge being…

"To construct a sighting rest for the pistol take a piece of wood about ten inches long, one and a quarter inches wide, and nine sixteenths of a inch thick. Shape one end so that it will fit snugly in the middle of the pistol when the magazine has been removed. Screw or nail this stick to the top of a post or other object at such an angle that the pistol when placed on top of the stick will be approximately horizontal. A suitable sighting rest for the revolver may be easily improvised." — Moss, 1914

Pistol sighting rest

"To construct a sighting rest for the pistol take a piece of wood about ten inches long, one and a quarter…

"The Egyptian couches were executed in great taste. They were of wood, with one end raised, and receding in a graceful curve; the feet, like those of many of the chairs were fashioned to resemble those of animals." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Couch

"The Egyptian couches were executed in great taste. They were of wood, with one end raised, and receding…

A bank of earth, or any wall, or a frame of wood, to obstruct the flow of water.

Dam

A bank of earth, or any wall, or a frame of wood, to obstruct the flow of water.

A bulky piece of wood or timber.

Log

A bulky piece of wood or timber.

A valuable and well known tree, or its wood.

Oak

A valuable and well known tree, or its wood.

Bark

The outside covering of a tree; the rind.

Long pieces of wood, metal, or other solid mater, used for a hindrance or obstruction, or a fence.

Bars

Long pieces of wood, metal, or other solid mater, used for a hindrance or obstruction, or a fence.

Bier

A frame of wood for conveying the dead to the grave.

Cane

A reed, or light slender piece of wood or other material, used as a walking stick; a staff.

A wooden frame on which wood or timber is sawed.

Jack

A wooden frame on which wood or timber is sawed.

A light frame of wood covered with paper, for flying in the air.

Kite

A light frame of wood covered with paper, for flying in the air.

An open vessel of wood, tin, etc., for water, milk, or other liquids.

Pail

An open vessel of wood, tin, etc., for water, milk, or other liquids.

The frame of wood by which two oxen are fastened together for drawing.

Yoke

The frame of wood by which two oxen are fastened together for drawing.

A solid mass of wood, stone, etc. used in construction.

Block

A solid mass of wood, stone, etc. used in construction.

A box of wood or other material, in which articles are deposited.

Chest

A box of wood or other material, in which articles are deposited.

The curved pieces of wood or metal by which the traces and body-harness of a horse are attached to the collar.

Hames

The curved pieces of wood or metal by which the traces and body-harness of a horse are attached to the…