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Henry III is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. He was also the first child monarch in English royal history.

Henry III of Winchester

Henry III is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. He…

Edward III was one of the most successful English kings of medieval times. His fifty-year reign began when his father, Edward II of England killed. Edwards reign was marked by an expansion of English territory through wars in Scotland and France. Edward's parentage and his prodigious offspring provided the basis for two lengthy and significant events in European and British history, the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses, respectively.

Edward III

Edward III was one of the most successful English kings of medieval times. His fifty-year reign began…

Mary, the fourth and penultimate monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for returning England from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. To this end, she had almost three hundred religious dissenters executed; as a consequence, she is often known as Bloody Mary. Her religious policies, however, were in many cases reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I. Mary Tudor was a cousin, once removed, of Mary, Queen of Scots, with whom she is often confused by those unfamiliar with British history.

Mary I

Mary, the fourth and penultimate monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for returning England from…

(1100-1155) A famous clergyman and a major figure in the development of British history.

Geoffrey of Monmouth

(1100-1155) A famous clergyman and a major figure in the development of British history.

(1793-1863) 19th century American politician who was a key figure in the history of Texas and President of the Republic of Texas, Senator of Texas, and Governor of Texas.

Sam Houston

(1793-1863) 19th century American politician who was a key figure in the history of Texas and President…

(1777-1852) An American statesman who served in both the House of Representatives and Senate and is considered one of the five greatest Senators in American history.

Henry Clay

(1777-1852) An American statesman who served in both the House of Representatives and Senate and is…

Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington.

Mount Vernon

Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington.

Palms are one of the most well-known and extensively cultivated plant families. They have had an important role to humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods are derived from palms, and palms are also widely used in landscaping for their exotic appearance, making them one of the most economically important plants. In many historical cultures, palms were symbols for such ideas as victory, peace, and fertility. Today, palms remain a popular symbol for the tropics and vacations.

Palm Tree

Palms are one of the most well-known and extensively cultivated plant families. They have had an important…

One of the greatest of the Girondists, was born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767. At first an advocate and journalist at Marseilles, he was sent by that city to the Constituent Assembly at Paris. There he opposed the Court party, and took part with the Minister, Roland, then out of favor. After the events of the 10th of August, 1792, he returned to his native town, where he was received with enthusiasm, and was soon after chosen delegate to the Convention. In the Convention he adhered to the Girondists, and belonged to the party who, at the trial of the King, voted for an appeal to the people. He boldly opposed the party of Marat and Robespierre, and even directly accused the latter of aiming at the dictatorship; consequently, he was, in May, 1793, proscribed as a royalist and enemy of the Republic. He fled to Calvados, and thence with a few friends to the Gironde, where he wandered about country, hiding himself as he best could for about 13 months. At last, on the point of being taken, he tried to shoot himself; but the shot miscarried, and he was guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. This "brave and beautiful young Spartan" was one of the great spirits of the Revolution. There was no loftier-minded dreamer in the Girondist ranks; hardly a nobler head than his fell in that reign of terror. He was "ripe in energy, not ripe in wisdom," says Carlyle, or the history of France might have been different.

Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux

One of the greatest of the Girondists, was born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767. At first an advocate and…

A Spanish novelist who published works on history and philosophy and author of "Studies of Darwinism," and "Saint Francis of Assisi."

Emilia Pardo Bazan

A Spanish novelist who published works on history and philosophy and author of "Studies of Darwinism,"…

(1707-1788) Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon was a French naturalist, mathematician, biologist, cosmologist and author.

Comte de Buffon

(1707-1788) Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon was a French naturalist, mathematician, biologist,…

(100 BC- 44 BC) A Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history.

Julius Caesar

(100 BC- 44 BC) A Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history.

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); opposite; edge of leaflets slightly toothed or entire; entire at base. Outline - of leaflet, long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - somewhat pointed. Leaf/Stem - smooth. Leaflet/Stem - about one fourth of an inch long, or more; smooth. Leaf/Bud - rusty-colored and smooth. Leaflet - two to six inches long; pale beneath; downy when young, but becoming nearly smooth, except on the ribs. Bark - of the trunk, light gray. In very young trees it is nearly smooth, but it soon becomes deeply furrowed - the furrows crossing each other, and so breaking the bark into irregular, somewhat square or lozenge-shaped plates. Then in very old trees it becomes smooth again, from the scaling off of the plates. The branches are smooth and grayish-green. The young shoots have a polished, deep-green bark, marked with white lines or dots. Winged seeds - one and a half to two inches long, with the "wing" about one fourth of an inch wide, hanging in loose clusters from slender stems. The base of the seed it pointed and not winged. Found - in rich woods, from Southern Canada to Northern Florida and westward. It is most common in the Northern States. The finest specimens are seen in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio River basin. General Information - a tree forty to eighty feet high. Often the trunk rises forty feet without branching. Its tough and elastic timer is of very great value, being widely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, for oars, and the shafts of carriages, and in cabinet-work. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); opposite; edge of leaflets slightly toothed…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); edge of leaflets nearly entire or slightly toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long oval or egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - somewhat pointed. Leaf/Stem - velvety-downy. Leaflet/Stem - about one fourth of an inch long, or somewhat less, and velvety-downy. Leaf/Bud - rounded, nearly concealed by the leaf-stem, downy, and of a dark, rusty brown. Leaflet - two to six inches long, downy beneath, and pale, becoming reddish. Bark - of the trunk, dark ashy or granite-gray, or of a deep brown. It is slightly furrowed up and does, the furrows seldom joining or crossing. The branches are grayish. The young shoots are velvety, with a grayish or rusty down. Winged seeds - resembling those of the White Ash, but usually with the end of the wing more rounded. Found - along borders of streams and in low and swampy ground - New Brunswick to Minnesota, and southward to Northern Florida and Alabama; but rare west of the Alleghany Mountains. Its finest growth is in the Northern Atlantic States. General Information - A medium-sized tree, usually thirty to fifty feet high, of less value than the White Ash. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); edge of leaflets nearly entire or slightly…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven, usually nine); opposite; edge of leaflet toothed. Outline - of leaflet, narrow, long oval or long egg-shaped Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded. Leaf/Stem - lacking. Leaf/Bud - deep blue or blackish. Leaflet - three to five inches long, smooth and green on both sides, excepting where it is slightly hairy along the lower part of the middle rib. When crushed it has an Elder-like odor. Bark - of trunk, dark granite-gray, somewhat furrowed and broken up and down with roughness, which continue in the old tree. The young branches are smooth and grayish and marked with black and white dots and warts. Winged seeds - nearly one and one half inches long, with the wing three eighths of an inch wide and extending around the seed. Ripe in July. Found - along low river-banks and in swamps, which it sometimes fills; in Delaware, the mountains of Virginia, Northwestern Arkansas, through the Northern States to Canada. It is the most Northern of the American Ashes. General Information - Usually a small or medium-sized tree. The wood is largely used for barrel-hoops, baskets, in cabinet-work, and interior finish. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven, usually nine); opposite; edge of leaflet…

A teacher pointing at a location on her map to her students

Teacher

A teacher pointing at a location on her map to her students

The Alamo in Texas.

Alamo

The Alamo in Texas.

"Life history of a coral, Monoxenia darwinii. A, B, Ovum. C, Division into two. D, four-cell stage. E, Blastula. F, Free-swimming blastula with cilia. G, Section of blastula. H, Beginning of invagination. I, Section of completed gastrula, showing ectoderm, and archenteron. K, Free-swimming ciliiated gastrula." -Thomson, 1916

Coral Stages

"Life history of a coral, Monoxenia darwinii. A, B, Ovum. C, Division into two. D, four-cell stage.…

"Life history of Monocystis. 1. Young Gregarine lying within a sperm mother cell of earthworm. 2. Association of two Gregarines within a cyst, ready to form gametes. 3. Numerous spore-cases (sp.c., pseudonavicellae) within a cyst. 4. A spore-case with eight spores (sp.) and a residual core (rb)." -Thomson, 1916

Monocystis

"Life history of Monocystis. 1. Young Gregarine lying within a sperm mother cell of earthworm. 2. Association…

"Life history of Gregarina. 1. Young forms (a, b, c) emerging from intestinal cells (i.c.); i.n., nucleus of intestinal cell. 2. Two forms conjugating (G. blattarum). 3. Spore formation within a cyst. 4. Adult with deciduous head-cap (c.c.), and a cuticular partition dividing the cell into an anterior part (A) and a posterior part (B); n., the nucleus. 5. A spore within its spore-case (sp.c.)." -Thomson, 1916

Gregarina

"Life history of Gregarina. 1. Young forms (a, b, c) emerging from intestinal cells (i.c.); i.n., nucleus…

"Life history of Coccidium. 1. Sporozoite; 2. Sporozoite entering a cell and becoming a trophozoite; 3-4. Schizont, forming merozoites; 5. Merozoites entering another cell; 6a. Merozoite forming macrogamete; 6b. Merozoite forming microgametes; 7. Free microgamete; 8-9. Fertilisation of macrogamete by microgamete; 10. Zygote within oocyst; 11. Formation of spores within oocyst; 12. Spores forming sporozoites." -Thomson, 1916

Coccidium

"Life history of Coccidium. 1. Sporozoite; 2. Sporozoite entering a cell and becoming a trophozoite;…

"Life history of liver fluke. 1. Developing embryo in egg-case; 2. free-swimming ciliated embryo; 3. sporocyst; 3a. shell of Limnaus truncatulus; 4. division of sporocyst; 5. sporocyst with rediae forming within it; 6. redia with more rediae forming within it; 7. tailed cercaria; 8. young fluke." -Thomson, 1916

Liver Fluke Stages

"Life history of liver fluke. 1. Developing embryo in egg-case; 2. free-swimming ciliated embryo; 3.…

"Life history of Taenia solium. 1. Six-hooked embryo in egg-case; 2. proscolex or bladder-worm stage, with invaginated head; 3. bladder-worm with evaginated head; 4. enlarged head of adult, showing suckers and hooks; 5. general view of the tape-worm, from small head and thin neck to the rip joints; 6. a rip joint or proglottis with branched uterus; all other organs are now lost." -Thomson, 1916

Pork Tapeworm

"Life history of Taenia solium. 1. Six-hooked embryo in egg-case; 2. proscolex or bladder-worm stage,…

"Diagram of life history of Taenia solium." -Thomson, 1916

Pork Tapeworm

"Diagram of life history of Taenia solium." -Thomson, 1916

"Life history of the silk moth (Bombyx mori). A, caterpillar; B, pupa; C, imago; the cocoon is cut open to show the pupa lying within." -Thomson, 1916

Silk Moth Stages

"Life history of the silk moth (Bombyx mori). A, caterpillar; B, pupa; C, imago; the cocoon is cut open…

"Life history of a frog. Developing ova." -Thomson, 1916

Frog Stage 1

"Life history of a frog. Developing ova." -Thomson, 1916

"Life history of a frog. Newly hatched forms hanging to water-weeds. Stages with external gills." -Thomson, 1916

Frog Stage 2

"Life history of a frog. Newly hatched forms hanging to water-weeds. Stages with external gills." -Thomson,…

"Life history of a frog. Tadpoles during emergence of limbs." -Thomson, 1916

Frog Stage 3

"Life history of a frog. Tadpoles during emergence of limbs." -Thomson, 1916

"Life history of a frog. Tadpoles with both pairs of limbs apparent." -Thomson, 1916

Frog Stage 4

"Life history of a frog. Tadpoles with both pairs of limbs apparent." -Thomson, 1916

"Life history of a frog. Metamorphosis to frog." -Thomson, 1916

Frog Stage 5

"Life history of a frog. Metamorphosis to frog." -Thomson, 1916

"Diagram showing some stages in the life history of the Tapeworm (taenia). A, Cysticercus or Bladderworm stage, before the "head" protrudes from the bladder; B, same, later stage; C, Strobila, or chain of proglottides, many being omitted; D, embro, such as fill the uterus of the mature proglottides. It is protected by a shell. b, bladder; ex., excretory canals; g, genital pore; h, head or scolex provided with hooks and suckers (s); u, uterus in a mature posterior proglottis; z, zone of budding or segment formation. The numerals show the approximate number of the segments, reckoning from the front." -Galloway, 1915

Tapeworm

"Diagram showing some stages in the life history of the Tapeworm (taenia). A, Cysticercus or Bladderworm…

"Successive stages in the life history of the bean seedling. AA, the surface of the ground; r, primary root; r', secondary root; c, hypocotyl; a, arch of hypocotyl; co, cotyledons." -Bergen, 1896

Bean Seed Stages

"Successive stages in the life history of the bean seedling. AA, the surface of the ground; r, primary…

Marion, The Republican General. Caption below illustration: " 'I fear sir,' said the general, 'our diner will not prove so palatable to you as I could wish, but it is the best we have.' The officer, who was a well bred man, took up one of the potatoes and affected to feed, as if he had found a great dainty; but it was very plain that he ate more from good manners, than good appetite."

Marion, the Republic General

Marion, The Republican General. Caption below illustration: " 'I fear sir,' said the general, 'our diner…

The paper-making machine almost superseded the old hand making process of forming paper.

Paper Making Machine

The paper-making machine almost superseded the old hand making process of forming paper.

Calico printing was the first "operation connected with the printing of cloth."- Lupton

Calico Printing

Calico printing was the first "operation connected with the printing of cloth."- Lupton

"When the soap is properly formed, the lye is carefully separated from it, and then it is removed in buckets to the 'frame room,' where it is poured into large frames which are like bins, their sides being bolted together." _Lupton

Manufacturing of Soap

"When the soap is properly formed, the lye is carefully separated from it, and then it is removed in…

The log cabin in Kentucky where Abraham Lincoln was born.

Lincoln's Birthplace

The log cabin in Kentucky where Abraham Lincoln was born.

(1817-1903) German historian and archaeologist most celebrated for his work with Roman history.

Theodor Mommsen

(1817-1903) German historian and archaeologist most celebrated for his work with Roman history.

(1814-1877) American historian and Harvard graduate most noted for his works on the Netherlands.

John Lothrop Motley

(1814-1877) American historian and Harvard graduate most noted for his works on the Netherlands.

The Alamo in San Antonio, Texas where the battle occurred during the war for Texan independence.

Alamo

The Alamo in San Antonio, Texas where the battle occurred during the war for Texan independence.

Poster illustrating George Washington's exemplary character in a series of sketches from his life.

George Washington Poster

Poster illustrating George Washington's exemplary character in a series of sketches from his life.

"Maps to illustrate the supposed stages in the erosion history of the Pomperaug River." -Walcott, 1901

Erosion Stages

"Maps to illustrate the supposed stages in the erosion history of the Pomperaug River." -Walcott, 1901

"The Purpuras have a classical name and history, having furnished the Greeks and Romans with the brilliant purple coloring matter which was reserved for the mantles of patricians and princes."

Purpura Consul.

"The Purpuras have a classical name and history, having furnished the Greeks and Romans with the brilliant…

"The Purpuras have a classical name and history, having furnished the Greeks and Romans with the brilliant purple coloring matter which was reserved for the mantles of patricians and princes."

Buccinum Senticosum (Linnaeus)

"The Purpuras have a classical name and history, having furnished the Greeks and Romans with the brilliant…

"Vault beneath the House of Lords associated with the Gunpowder Plot." -Foster, 1921

Gunpowder Plot

"Vault beneath the House of Lords associated with the Gunpowder Plot." -Foster, 1921

Friar Roger Bacon and the servant Miles with the brazen head from the play, The Honourable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay by Robert Greene.

Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay

Friar Roger Bacon and the servant Miles with the brazen head from the play, The Honourable History of…

(1607-1669) Dutch painter, etcher, and printmaker during the Dutch Golden Age.

Rembrandt Van Rhyn

(1607-1669) Dutch painter, etcher, and printmaker during the Dutch Golden Age.

(1537-1590) French sculptor of the Renaissance.

Germain Pilon

(1537-1590) French sculptor of the Renaissance.

A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel. The English name comes from Javanese jong (Malay: adjong), meaning 'ship' or 'large vessel'.[1] Junks were originally developed during the Han Dynasty (220 BC-200 AD) and further evolved to represent one of the most successful ship types in history.

Chinese Sailboat

A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel. The English name comes from Javanese jong (Malay: adjong), meaning…

Iona is a small island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Iona has an important place in the history of Christianity in Scotland and is renowned for its tranquility and natural beauty.

Iona

Iona is a small island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Iona has an important place in the history…

He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) gained him the title "The father of English history". Bede is regarded as a Doctor of the Church by the Roman Catholic Church, a position of theological significance; he is the only man from Great Britain to achieve this designation.

Bede's Tomb, Durham Cathedral

He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum…

James Gordon Bennett (1 September 1795 – 1 June 1872), was the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald and a major figure in the history of American newspapers.

James Gordon Bennett

James Gordon Bennett (1 September 1795 – 1 June 1872), was the founder, editor and publisher of the…

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with more than 2.7 million residents, and a metropolitan area of almost 4 million inhabitants. It is located in the central-western portion of the Italian peninsula, on the Tiber river. Rome stands on top of more than two and a half thousand years of history, was once the largest city in the world and the center of Western civilization. Rome is still the heart of Christianity, being seat of the Roman Catholic Church which controls the Vatican City as its sovereign territory, an enclave of Rome.

General View of Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with more…

The Cistercian Abbey of St Mary and St Chad was founded in 1135 by Roger de Clinton, Bishop of Coventry (1129–1148). The abbey's location near the border of Wales meant it was destined to have a turbulent history. The abbey was closed in 1536 by the order of Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, whereupon the estate was granted to Lord Powis.

Buildwas Abbey (Cistercian)

The Cistercian Abbey of St Mary and St Chad was founded in 1135 by Roger de Clinton, Bishop of Coventry…

Lady Jane Grey (1536~1537 – 12 February 1554), also referred to as Queen Jane, a great-niece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant to the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Ireland. Her claimed rule of nine days in July 1553 is the shortest rule of England in its history.

Lady Jane Dudley

Lady Jane Grey (1536~1537 – 12 February 1554), also referred to as Queen Jane, a great-niece of Henry…

The Battle of Cold Harbor, the final battle of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, is remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles.

Battle of Cold Harbor

The Battle of Cold Harbor, the final battle of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign…

Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16, 1846, until 1878. His was the longest reign in Church History lasting almost 32 years. During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed Papal infallibility. The Pope defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, meaning that Mary was conceived without original sin.

Pope Pius IX

Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was…

Carpenters' Hall is a four-story brick building in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which played a significant part in the early history of the United States.

Carpenters' Hall

Carpenters' Hall is a four-story brick building in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which played…

Carpenters' Hall is a four-story brick building in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which played a significant part in the early history of the United States.

Room in which Congress met in Carpenters' Hall

Carpenters' Hall is a four-story brick building in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which played…

Independence Hall, Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Independence Hall

Independence Hall, Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was signed.