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The cycle of the heart in its diastole (relaxation) state and its systole (contraction) state. The ventricles can be in a diastolic state, while the atria can be in a systolic state. An auricle is a small conical projection coming out of the atrium, but in some texts it represents the actual atrium. As the heart relaxes, blood enters from the other side and into the atria, then leaves and enters the ventricles. When the heart contracts, blood leaves the ventricles and goes back into the body.

Heart Cycle

The cycle of the heart in its diastole (relaxation) state and its systole (contraction) state. The ventricles…

A complex anatomical view of the heart. RA is the right atrium, or auricle, which receives the deoxygenated blood by way of two superior vena cava (SVC) and one inferior vena cava (IVC). The blood passes through the right ventricle (RV) and is pumped up to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries (PA). At the lungs, the blood is reoxygenated and returns via the pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium/auricle (LA). From there, the blood is passed to the left ventricle (LV) where the blood is pumped up through the systematic arch (SA) to the body. The systematic arch gives off a right innominate artery (INN), where the blood is then passed to the right and left carotid (C) and subclavian (SCL), where the blood goes to the head and arms respectively. It continues dorsally to the dorsal aorta (DA), which is the main artery that distributes blood to the whole body. TR is the windpipe, or trachea, BR is the bronchial tube that carries air to the lungs, and BV is a blood vessel on the wall of the heart.

Anatomy of Heart

A complex anatomical view of the heart. RA is the right atrium, or auricle, which receives the deoxygenated…

Striped, or striated, muscle which quickly contracts causing the alternating black and white lines. It has very delicate fibers (M FL). It is stimulated by nerve fibers (N F), which divide into an endplate (N E) on the contracting surface. N are nuclei, which are a part of elongated cells that fused together to make the muscle. M stands for muscle and N, except for nuclei, stands for nerve.

Striated Muscle

Striped, or striated, muscle which quickly contracts causing the alternating black and white lines.…

Three sections of smooth muscle. M C is muscle cells and N is nucleus. Smooth muscles are slow to contract. They make up the wall of a bladder and blood vessels.

Smooth Muscle

Three sections of smooth muscle. M C is muscle cells and N is nucleus. Smooth muscles are slow to contract.…

The elbow has a simple hinge joint. Tendons attach muscle to bones.

Elbow Joint

The elbow has a simple hinge joint. Tendons attach muscle to bones.

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which are fine protoplasmic branches that create synapses that connect to another nerve cell. The neuron is connected to muscle (MU) by a nerve fiber (NF). The fiber is covered by a sheath (SH) of fat to protect it. NE is the ending of the fiber that the muscle is connected to. LB is a lateral branch of the nerve fiber.

Nerve Cell

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which…

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through the sensory nerve-fiber SF to a nerve-cell SC in the ganglion of a dorsal or afferent (convey towards the center) root (DR) of a spinal nerve. The fiber divides in the spinal cord (SP C) where the message is relayed to an internuncial nerve-cell (A). MO is motor nerve-cell, VR is ventral or efferent nerve, ME is nerve plate, and MU is muscle fiber.

Reflex Action

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through…

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to the vitreous humor in the eye cavity; 2: a branch of a divided optic nerve; 3: ganglion cell layer; 4: inner nerve-fiber layer; 5: layer of bipolar ("inner granular") cells; 6: outer layer of nerve-cells; 7: layer of visual (outer granular) cells; 8: outer limiting membrane; 9: long and thing rods and short and broad cones; 10: pigment layer; 11: tangential cells; 12: bipolar cells; 13: amacrine cell; 14: centripetal optic nerve fibers; 15: centrifugal optic nerve fibers; 16: Muller's supporting cells. I, II, III: three areas of nerve cells in the retina.

Eye Retina

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to…

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle image), and a hypermetropic or far-sighted eye. In a human, the retina "sees" an image upside down and the brain rights the image.

Human Eye

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle…

Mendelian chart for chickens. P is parent with black dominant and white recessive, F1 is the hybrid generation of "blue" Andalusians, illustrating imperfect dominance, F2 is the second generation with 25% pure black (DD), 50% blues (DR), and 25% pure whites with black spots (RR)

Genetics Chart

Mendelian chart for chickens. P is parent with black dominant and white recessive, F1 is the hybrid…

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the animal into a "living ball". Notice how close its extremities are to its nose.

Skinned Hedgehog

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the…

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust pipe that leads steam to screen (C) and up the flue (D) along with other exhaust from grate (B). (E) is the boiler, (H) is the out-take pipe, (K) is the engine cylinder, (J) is the water-feed pump, (G) is a rotary fan that creates forced drought, and (F) is the flue leading to the grate.

Hancock Coaches

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust…

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage build. This diagram was drawn from an old wood cut.

Notable Coach

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage…

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth century.

Old-Fashioned Wheel

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth…

A form of gears that used to be employed for tricycles. The studs (AA) are set into the sprockets and turn on their own axes. They turn only when either of the wheels causes rotating (the other wheels are attached to B and C).

Differential Gear

A form of gears that used to be employed for tricycles. The studs (AA) are set into the sprockets and…

Gears used in an older model car. The sprocket gear (far left) carries three bevel pinions on its three radii. The pinions connect to wheels on either side with the wheels attached at the inner ends of the divided axle shaft (middle).

Gear Differentials

Gears used in an older model car. The sprocket gear (far left) carries three bevel pinions on its three…

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often at the turn of the twentieth century. The upper image shows a cross section of the gear, the lower a top-down view.

Balance Gear

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often…

A universal joint differential. The sprocket is used to twist the sleeve that is holding the gear in place. As long as the travel is straight, the pinions don't move on their axes. When an axis is turned however, rotation begins, which causes the two big wheels of the wagon to move.

Joint Differential

A universal joint differential. The sprocket is used to twist the sleeve that is holding the gear in…

A wheel of a car fitted with a double-chain drive from a jack-shaft that is parallel to the rear axis.

Power Transmission

A wheel of a car fitted with a double-chain drive from a jack-shaft that is parallel to the rear axis.

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

Car Cross-Section

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

The manner in which the wheels of a railway car orient themselves around a curve. The outer and inner wheels turn on different diameters.

Wheel Position

The manner in which the wheels of a railway car orient themselves around a curve. The outer and inner…

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle of the steering wheel carries a worm gear at the base of the head.

Steering Device

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle…

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is resistant to backlash and has almost perfect irreversibility. The image on the right is a typical irreversible steering device with a spirally grooved gear plate operating a sector.

Steering Devices

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is…

<p>A black kitty sitting on a grave stone.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Grim Kitty

A black kitty sitting on a grave stone.

Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II

<p>A cartoon of a Vampire as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Vampire

A cartoon of a Vampire as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of…

<p>A cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Bride of Frankenstein

A cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of…

<p>A cartoon of the Wolfman as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Wolfman

A cartoon of the Wolfman as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half…

<p>A cartoon of the Mummy as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Mummy

A cartoon of the Mummy as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of…

<p>A cartoon of the Invisible Man as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Invisible Man

A cartoon of the Invisible Man as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Bride of Frankenstein (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein depicted in the classic black…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Invisible Man depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Invisible Man (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Invisible Man depicted in the classic black and white…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Mummy depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Mummy (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Mummy depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of a Vampire depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Vampire (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of a Vampire depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Wolfman depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Wolfman (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Wolfman depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A black and white line art version of a brother (the spaceman) and his friend (the dinosaur) taking his little sister (the alien) trick-r-treating.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Trick-R-Treaters (Black and White)

A black and white line art version of a brother (the spaceman) and his friend (the dinosaur) taking…

<p>A black and white line art version of the Mummy, Frankenstein's Monster, and a zombie discuss things of great import.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

The New Guy (Black and White)

A black and white line art version of the Mummy, Frankenstein's Monster, and a zombie discuss things…

<p>A simple black and white illustration of Christopher Columbus' ships at sea.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria (Black and White)

A simple black and white illustration of Christopher Columbus' ships at sea. Illustrated by James Basom…

<p>A black and white decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Jack-O-Lantern Corner (Black and White)

A black and white decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern. Illustrated by James…

An engraved scene of the Black Tea District in Bohea, famous for its distinctive tea.

Black Tea District Scene

An engraved scene of the Black Tea District in Bohea, famous for its distinctive tea.

A Syrian bear. This particular species of bear resembles the common brown bear.

Bear

A Syrian bear. This particular species of bear resembles the common brown bear.

The Demoiselle, or Numidian crane.

Demoiselle

The Demoiselle, or Numidian crane.

Any plant belonging to the genus Ficus is a fig. They are widely distributed in warm climates. Some bear edible fruit. This illustration shows a fig plant, as well as the male and female flowers, and a cross-section of the fruit of a fig.

Fig

Any plant belonging to the genus Ficus is a fig. They are widely distributed in warm climates. Some…

Fig plant.

Fig plant

Fig plant.

The common European Cleg is a large, black/blue-black blood-sucking 'horsefly' of the family Tabanidae. It is commonly referred to as a Gadfly in the United States. They are powerful flyers, and the females are furnished with a lancet-like proboscis which can pierce the thickest skin.

Common European Cleg (Gadfly)

The common European Cleg is a large, black/blue-black blood-sucking 'horsefly' of the family Tabanidae.…

Also known as a Solan Goose (Sula bassana), the Gannet is a large marine bird which nests in scattered localities in most parts of the world. Its specific name refers to the fact that it has long been a denizen of Bass Rock -- a famous craggy islet on the coast of England. This bird also nests on Bird Rock in the gulf of St. Lawrence, and other species exist in the tropics. It belongs to the same sub-order as the cormorant, and may be recognized by the fact that, as in the latter, all four toes are united by a web. Its bill is long, strong, and compressed to a point. In adult life, the plumage is white, save for the black primaries and a buff patch on the head or neck; the young are dusky, and do not acquire the white plumage until their sixth year. Their nests contain only one egg.

Gannet

Also known as a Solan Goose (Sula bassana), the Gannet is a large marine bird which nests in scattered…

A compound riveted girder is designed to bear a large load in a building or bridge, and is made of either iron or steel.

Compound Riveted Girder (side by side)

A compound riveted girder is designed to bear a large load in a building or bridge, and is made of either…

A compound riveted girder is designed to bear a large load in a building or bridge, and is made of either iron or steel.

Compound Riveted Girder (Vertical)

A compound riveted girder is designed to bear a large load in a building or bridge, and is made of either…

A riveted steel plate girder is designed to bear a large load in a building or bridge, and is made of steel.

Riveted Steel Plate Girder

A riveted steel plate girder is designed to bear a large load in a building or bridge, and is made of…

Also known as the Kinglet, the Golden-Crested Wren (Regulus cristatus) is the smallest of European birds. In America, only the hummingbird is less in size. It is one of the warblers (Sylviidæ). The length of the body is from three to six inches, there is a bright yellow crest, the back is yellowish olive green, the wings and tail ash brown with black and white markings. The Golden-Crested Wren is generally distributed over Europe. In spring it utters a sweet and surprisingly loud song.

Golden-Crested Wren

Also known as the Kinglet, the Golden-Crested Wren (Regulus cristatus) is the smallest of European birds.…

Gooseberry Caterpillar is the name applied to the larvæ of two different insects, both injurious to gooseberry and currant bushes. (1) the Magpie Moth (Abraxas grossulariata), appearing about midsummer, has usually a black head, yellow body, and white wings spotted with black. (2) More destructive than the above is the larva of the Gooseberry Sawfly (Nematus ribesii), which plays havoc with the leaves of bushes. The larva is bluish green, with lack head, feet, tail, and spots, with twenty feet, and a length of about 3/4 of an inch when full grown.

Gooseberry Caterpillar (Nematus ribesii) and Sawfly

Gooseberry Caterpillar is the name applied to the larvæ of two different insects, both injurious to…

The Goshawk (Astur palumbarius) is a hawk abundant in the forest regions of northern Europe and Canada, but rarely seen southward, except occasionally in winter. The upper part of the body is ash-brown, with four broad dark bands on the tail; the under part white, barred with black. The bird is bold and rapacious, and remarkable for the skillful turns by means of which it follows every movement of the quarry. It was one of the favorite hawks in falconry.

Goshawk

The Goshawk (Astur palumbarius) is a hawk abundant in the forest regions of northern Europe and Canada,…

Its color is olive-gray or brown above, with black bands and spots, and checkered black and white beneath. The usual length is three feet. It is nearly related to the American water-snake, and haunts moist places, feeding on frogs, fish, and insects. The soft eggs are about one inch long, and are laid in manure heaps, in rich soil, or on heaps of weeds.

Grass Snake

Its color is olive-gray or brown above, with black bands and spots, and checkered black and white beneath.…

The Great Dane is a dog which has at different times been called the 'boar-hound', the 'German Mastiff', and the 'Ulmer dog'. It first began to attract attention about 1870. The grand figure, the bold outlook, and the commanding appearance of the type commended it to certain enthusiasts; and when it was found to be faithful, and intelligent, and of unfailing courage, it soon came into favor. The latest development of the breed is a harlequin-colored or black and white dog, sometimes with a wall eye and mottled nose. The Great Dane stands 34 in. high, and weighs as much as 180 lbs.; though the bitch is considerably smaller and lighter.

Great Dane

The Great Dane is a dog which has at different times been called the 'boar-hound', the 'German Mastiff',…

The Greyhound as a show dog is judged as follows: height and weight, ranging from 23 to 27 in. and from 40 to 70 lbs.; skull rather wide between the ears and flat on the top, with powerful, though not clumsy, jaws, and very strong teeth; eyes dark in color, and full of fire; ears rather small, and fine in texture; neck long and powerful (to enable it to reach the hare) yet graceful looking; chest of fair width, and very deep; body rather long, extremely powerful, especially at the loins, and slightly arched -- the back ribs being short, make the body appear tucked up; shoulders sloping; fore legs set in well under the dog, straight and powerful, with round, compact feet, the knuckles of the toes being well developed; hind quarters very powerful, with muscular thighs and well-bent stifles; tail long, and carried low; colors black, red, fawn, brindled, blue, white, either whole-colored or marked.

Greyhound

The Greyhound as a show dog is judged as follows: height and weight, ranging from 23 to 27 in. and from…

The Common Guillemot (<i>Uria troile</i>) is a member of the auk family. It breeds on all rocky coasts of the North Atlantic. The bill is long, straight, and strong, the wings and tail short. In spring, the upper surface of the body is brownish black, the under white, save for the dark throat; in winter, the throat becomes white or mottled. All guillemots lay a single pear-shaped on the ledge of a sea-cliff. They make no nest whatever, and large colonies brood in company.

Common Guillemot

The Common Guillemot (Uria troile) is a member of the auk family. It breeds on all rocky coasts of the…

Guinea Fowl are the African representatives of the pheasants, from which they differ in that the plumage of both sexes is alike. The origin of the domesticated stock is <i>Numida meleagris</i>, from W. Africa. A number of other species occur in other parts of Africa. In the black guinea fowl (<i>Phasidus niger</i>), which ranges from Cape Lopez to Loango, spurs are present in the male as in pheasants. Guinea fowl are nearly all gregarious, are ground feeders, and roost in trees. Most species seek to escape danger by running rather than by flying. As in the turkeys, parts of the head and neck are without feathers, and these bare patches are often highly colored.

Guinea Fowl

Guinea Fowl are the African representatives of the pheasants, from which they differ in that the plumage…

Juniper plant.

Juniper

Juniper plant.

Jungle-fowl is a general name given to the members of the genus Gallus. The red jungle-fowl, G. jerrugineus, is the origin of the domesticated breeds of poultry. It inhabits India, Farther India, Sumatra, the Philippines, Celebes, and Timor, and strongly resembles the 'black-breasted game' variety of domesticated birds, with its fine orange or purplish-red upper surface, and greenish-black wings, tail, and under surface. Though excessively pugnacious in the wild state, polygamy is stated to be then rare. Three other species of jungle-fowl are known: the gray jungle-fowl of S. Central, and W. India (G. Sonnerati), G. Lafayettii of Ceylon, and G. varius of Java, Lombok, and Flores; but all these are stated to be sterile when mated with the common fowl.

Jungle-fowl

Jungle-fowl is a general name given to the members of the genus Gallus. The red jungle-fowl, G. jerrugineus,…

The Great Kangaroo, or 'boomer', or 'old man' (Macropus giganteus), attains a height of about five feet when standing upright. The fore limbs are very short, the hind long, with powerful, elongated feet. The fore limbs bear five digits armed with strong claws; the hind have only four. The head is small, with pointed muzzle and large ears. In accordance with its purely vegetarian habits, canine teeth are absent in the adult. The incisors are powerful, with a cutting edge. The fur is soft and woolly, and lighter in tint below than above. In the female there is a large pouch, in which the young are placed at birth, and become attached by their immature months to the nipples. At this time they are minute -- not more than an inch in length -- and, being to immature to suck, have milk pumped into them by their mother. They remain withing the pouch until able to run by the side of the parent. Not until some eight or nine months after birth are they left to shift entirely for themselves. Only one young one is produced at a birth. As regards internal organs, the stomach is large and complex, and the characteristic marsupial or epipubic bones are present.

Great Kangaroo

The Great Kangaroo, or 'boomer', or 'old man' (Macropus giganteus), attains a height of about five feet…

The black wallaby is a type of wallaby (or brush kangaroo). They are smaller than most kangaroos and occur in the dense scrub found in certain parts of Australia.

Black Wallaby

The black wallaby is a type of wallaby (or brush kangaroo). They are smaller than most kangaroos and…