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First used by the Dutch in the 16th and 17th centuries and later refined in North America from the early 18th century. Used for slavery, fishing, and privateering among other things. First schooner made in Scotland in 1713.

Wind-Powered Sailboat

First used by the Dutch in the 16th and 17th centuries and later refined in North America from the early…

Image of an Argentine ant. This destructive insect is native to parts of South America, but was accidentally introduced to other countries including North America, Australia, Hawaii, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, and Easter Island. The smaller image is slightly smaller than its actual size.

Argentine Ant

Image of an Argentine ant. This destructive insect is native to parts of South America, but was accidentally…

This illustration shows the baptismal font at Lydbury North in England.

Baptismal Font at Lydbury North

This illustration shows the baptismal font at Lydbury North in England.

The Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) is a widely distributed duck, appearing throughout Europe and N. America, as well as in Asia and the north of Africa. It is a freshwater species, remarkable for the great development of the comb-like 'teeth' at the margin of the bill. It is 19-20 inches long, generally grayish, finely mottled, with chestnut wing coverts. The underside of the wing pure white, while the speculum of the drake is blue.

Gadwall Duck

The Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) is a widely distributed duck, appearing throughout Europe and N.…

A raised area of land, flat like a table at the top. In America, they are called Mesas (Spanish for Table).

Mesa (Land Form)

A raised area of land, flat like a table at the top. In America, they are called Mesas (Spanish for…

Also known as the Kinglet, the Golden-Crested Wren (Regulus cristatus) is the smallest of European birds. In America, only the hummingbird is less in size. It is one of the warblers (Sylviidæ). The length of the body is from three to six inches, there is a bright yellow crest, the back is yellowish olive green, the wings and tail ash brown with black and white markings. The Golden-Crested Wren is generally distributed over Europe. In spring it utters a sweet and surprisingly loud song.

Golden-Crested Wren

Also known as the Kinglet, the Golden-Crested Wren (Regulus cristatus) is the smallest of European birds.…

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

British Golden-rod

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American.…

The Common Guillemot (<i>Uria troile</i>) is a member of the auk family. It breeds on all rocky coasts of the North Atlantic. The bill is long, straight, and strong, the wings and tail short. In spring, the upper surface of the body is brownish black, the under white, save for the dark throat; in winter, the throat becomes white or mottled. All guillemots lay a single pear-shaped on the ledge of a sea-cliff. They make no nest whatever, and large colonies brood in company.

Common Guillemot

The Common Guillemot (Uria troile) is a member of the auk family. It breeds on all rocky coasts of the…

Yappa, or modern day Joppa, from the North.

Yappa

Yappa, or modern day Joppa, from the North.

Lamium album (also known as the white dead-nettle, or archangel) is a member of the Lamium, a genus of Labiatæ, whose flowers are marked by possessing four stamens longer than the corolla tube, a bell-shaped calyx with five teeth, and a two-lipped corolla, the upper lip being arched, the lower trifid and spreading. It has been naturalized in America and has a square stem and white flowers with black stamens.

Lamium Album

Lamium album (also known as the white dead-nettle, or archangel) is a member of the Lamium, a genus…

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear monoecious flowers, the male catkins being small and oval, whilst the female ones are much longer. The leaves are bright green, linear, soft, and usually produced in short bundles on each side of the spray. They appear very early in the spring. The timber, which is very hard and tough, is much used in shipbuilding and for railway sleepers, and in cabinet work is capable of taking a very high polish. The species most commonly planted is 'L. europaea', whcich grows to about 100 ft in height. Other species are 'L. occidentalis', a tall and handsome American tree and 'L. laricina', the tamarack, or hackmatack, of North America. This is a straggling tree, most common in swampy soils, with smaller cones than has the the European species. It reaches a height of 70 ft., and the wood is valuable for the same purposes as that of other larches. (1. Scale of cone with two seeds; 2. anther)

Larch, Cone and Flowers (male and female)

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear…

A lemming is a small, yellowish-brown rodent, closely related to the vole, and belonging to the genus Myodes. The Norwegian lemming (M. lemmus) is about five inches in length, with the tail extremely short. It excavates shallow burrows in the soil of the mountain meadows in which it lives, and in winter tunnels beneath the snow for its food, which is wholly vegetable, consisting of roots, shoots, catkins, moss, and lichens. Special interest attaches to this rodent from the fact that at irregular intervals, varying from five to twenty years, it suddenly appears in vast numbers in Northern Europe; great bodies, said to number millions of individuals, migrate from place to place in search of food, leaving behind them a track of desolation as they eat their way through fields of corn and grass. They show a remarkable persistency both in the act of migration and in the general direction of the movement, and swim without hesitation any bodies of water which may block their path. As, from the contour of the Scandinavian peninsula, they inevitably come eventually to the sea, those which have not perished from overcrowding, from disease, or from the attacks of their enemies, die in attempting to swim across it. The lemming of Northern Europe is known is replaced in North America by the allied M. obensis and the banded lemming (Cuniculus torquatus); the latter is circumpolar, and turns white in winter. Other allies, called lemming-mice, inhabit Northwestern Canada, and have somewhat similar habits, but rarely, if ever, migrate from their habitat.

Lemming

A lemming is a small, yellowish-brown rodent, closely related to the vole, and belonging to the genus…

Sectional elevation of the 31,000 h.p. turbo generator units used in the Yadkin River development (North Carolina) of the Tallassee Power Company.

Turbo Generator

Sectional elevation of the 31,000 h.p. turbo generator units used in the Yadkin River development (North…

Leading alphabet of antiquity. Included is Punic (Western Semitic from Carthage, North Africa - now extinct), Pelasgian (a form of Greek), Phoenician (Northern Semitic language), Ancient Hebraic or Samaritan (an ancient group closely related to Semitics), and Greek.

Alphabet of Antiquity

Leading alphabet of antiquity. Included is Punic (Western Semitic from Carthage, North Africa - now…

Coat of arms for the French Republic and Imperial Arms of France. France is the most western portion of Central Europe. It is bordered on the north by the English Channel and the south by Dover, which separates it from England, by Belgium.

Coat of Arms

Coat of arms for the French Republic and Imperial Arms of France. France is the most western portion…

A phylloxera. Typically found in eastern North America, and related to the aphid, they typically feed of the sap of grapevines.

Phylloxera-mite

A phylloxera. Typically found in eastern North America, and related to the aphid, they typically feed…

View of Ancient Corinth looking North. The Gulf of Corinth is at the left and the isthmus is center right.

The Town and Isthmus of Corinth

View of Ancient Corinth looking North. The Gulf of Corinth is at the left and the isthmus is center…

The puma, also known as the cougar, panther, or mountain lion <i> (Felis concolor) </i> , is a large American cat, formerly to be met anywhere from the St. Lawrence River and southern British Columbia to Patagonia, but now practically exterminated east of the Rocky Mountains. It is remarkable among the larger cats for its uniformity of coloration, whence it is popularly known as 'lion' throughout all the countries south of the United States. The fur is thick and close, and in adults is plain tawny above, except for a dark streak along the middle of the back, and a dark tip to the tail, while the under surface is of a paler tint. The presence in the young, however, of a ringed tail and of spots on the body shows that the puma's ancestors possessed the characteristically feline type of coloration. There is much variation in size: the largest authenticated measurement is eight feet two inches from the snout to the tip of the tail, the tail being three feet eight inches; but the usual length of the body, exclusive of the tail, appears to be under four feet. The puma is able to live in low-lying plains and on mountain slopes, among dense forests and on the treeless pampas. Its natural prey is such animals as deer in North and in Central America, while of the pampas it feeds largely on huanacos; but everywhere it preys as hunger suggests or occasion requires on any smaller and more agile creature it is able to pick up. Like the leopard, it is especially destructive to sheep, a single puma when it gains access to a fold sometimes slaughtering 100 in a night, seemingly in a blind revel of killing. It rarely attacks man unprovoked, and has the reputation, especially in the Plains regions, of being absolutely cowardly. When hunted with dogs (the usual method), it tries first to flee, and when overtaken climbs a tree, where it remains, snarling at the pack of dogs until the hunter comes up and dispatches it. Nevertheless, when cornered it fights to the death, showing that its real disposition is that of timidity and caution rather than of poltroonery. The two sexes live apart, but pair in winter and summer. Two or three young are born at once.

Puma

The puma, also known as the cougar, panther, or mountain lion (Felis concolor) , is a large American…

An aerial view of the siege of Château Gaillard, also called the Saucy Castle. Construction of the castle was begun by Richard the Lionheart in 1196. The castle was besieged by the French who are pictured encamped to the south of the castle with a siege tower and two catapults. The fortified town of Petit-Andely is pictured to the north in the background. The River Seine runs to the west.

The Siege of Château Gaillard, the Saucy Castle of Richard the Lionheart - Aerial View

An aerial view of the siege of Château Gaillard, also called the Saucy Castle. Construction of the…

<i>Salsola kali</i>. This plant is also called a Russian Thistle, Prickly Glasswort, Tumbleweed, and Glasswort. It is a member of the amaranth family and is an annually growing herb. It has a bushy stem with many branches. It produces a small, white flower. It is native on sea beaches in Europe, western Asia, North and South America, and Australia.

Prickly Saltwort

Salsola kali. This plant is also called a Russian Thistle, Prickly Glasswort, Tumbleweed, and Glasswort.…

"A duck, <i>Fuligula</i> or <i>Fulix marila</i> and related species. The common scaup inhabits Europe, Asia, and North America. It is from 18 to 20 inches long, and from 30 to 35 in extent of wings." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>In this illustration the duck is sitting on placid water, its feet tucked up underneath its body. Its head and upper body is dark, while its belly is white. There is a tree line in the distance.

Scaup, a Common Duck

"A duck, Fuligula or Fulix marila and related species. The common scaup inhabits Europe, Asia, and North…

The base of the column, torus, displays a concave molding called a scotia. This type of base was not present in the Greek Doric architecture, but are present throughout Ionic and Corinthian columns. The column is fluted. The Erechtheum, or Erechtheion is an ancient Greek temple on the north side of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. a. sotia.

The Base of an Ionic Column at the Erechtheum

The base of the column, torus, displays a concave molding called a scotia. This type of base was not…

"A fetid animal of the American genus <i>Mephitis, M. mephitica</i>... The animal inhabits all of temperate North America, and continues abundant in the most thickly settled regions. It is about as large as a house-cat, but stouter-bodied, with shorter limbs, and very long bushy tail, habitually erected or turned over the back. The color is black or blackish, conspicuously but to a variable extent set off with pure white- generally as a frontal stripe, a large crown-spot, a pair of broad divergent bands along the side of the back, and white hairs mixed with the black ones of the tail." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Common Skunk

"A fetid animal of the American genus Mephitis, M. mephitica... The animal inhabits all of temperate…

"<i>Polygala senega</i> of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing single close racemes of white flowers." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration includes the upper portion of the stem and the flowers.

Seneca Snakeroot - Stem and Flowers

"Polygala senega of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing…

"<i>Polygala senega</i> of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing single close racemes of white flowers. It is the source of the officinal senegaroot, and from being much gathered is said to have become scarce in the east." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration is of the fruit of the plant.

Seneca Snakeroot - the Fruit

"Polygala senega of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing…

"<i>Polygala senega</i> of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing single close racemes of white flowers. It is the source of the officinal senegaroot, and from being much gathered is said to have become scarce in the east." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration shows the knotty roots and the lower portion of the stem.

Seneca Snakeroot - Roots and Base of the Stem

"Polygala senega of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing…

"An embiotocoid fish of the Pacific coast of North America, <i>Micrometrus aggregatus</i>; a name also extended to others of the same waters and genus. That above named is about six inches long; the adult males in spring are almost entirely black; the usual coloration is silvery with dusky back and longitudinal dark stripes interrupted by three vertical yellow bars." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Sparada

"An embiotocoid fish of the Pacific coast of North America, Micrometrus aggregatus; a name also extended…

<i>Tetrapturus albidus</i>. Also called a billfish or spearfish, "the dorsal fin is low or moderately developed, and the ventrals are represented only by spines. It inhabits American waters as far north as New England in summer, and is not seldom taken in fathoms deep. The spear-fish is related to the swordfish (though of another family), and has a similar beak or sword. It attains a length of six or eight feet. In the West Indies its Spanish name is <i>aguja</i>." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

White Marlin, a Sailfish

Tetrapturus albidus. Also called a billfish or spearfish, "the dorsal fin is low or moderately developed,…

<i>Spermophilus tridecemlineatus</i>. Illustration of the most common of the <i>Spermophilinae</i>. "...having a number (six or eight) of longitudinal stripes, with five or seven rows of spots between them, likened by that patriot to the 'stars and stripes'. It inhabits the prairies of the United States at large, and extends northward into British America." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Thirteen-Lined Spermophile, Also Called a Federation Squirrel

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Illustration of the most common of the Spermophilinae. "...having a number…