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The sternum in this cut consists of two bones. The first is broad and thick above, and contracts as it descends. It is convex before and concave behind. At the upper angle a, the collarbone is articulated; b, the articular surface for the cartilage of the first rib; b, for the second rib; c,d,e,f,g, mark the articular surfaces of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th ribs; h, the ensiform cartilage, terminates the lower extremity of the sternum. In older people, this cartilages is often changed into bone.

Sternum

The sternum in this cut consists of two bones. The first is broad and thick above, and contracts as…

Bones of the hand.

Bones of the Hand

Bones of the hand.

The jaw bones of the Mosasaurus, a great snake-like reptile of the Cretaceous Period.

Mosasaurus Jaw

The jaw bones of the Mosasaurus, a great snake-like reptile of the Cretaceous Period.

A tooth of the Mosasaurus, a great snake-like reptile of the Cretaceous Period.

Mosasaurus Toot

A tooth of the Mosasaurus, a great snake-like reptile of the Cretaceous Period.

The Hesperornis regalis was an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

Hesperornis Regalis

The Hesperornis regalis was an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

The lower jaw of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

Hesperornis Lower Jaw

The lower jaw of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

A tooth of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

Hesperornis Tooth

A tooth of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

A vertebrae of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

Hesperornis Vertebrae

A vertebrae of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

A vertebrae of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

Hesperornis Vertebrae

A vertebrae of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

The pelvis of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

Hesperornis Pelvis

The pelvis of the Hesperornis regalis, an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

The ichthyornis an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

Ichthyornis

The ichthyornis an ancient bird of the Cretaceous Period.

The skull and upper jaw of an early rhinoceros-like mammal from the Cenozoic time.

Dinoceras Mirabile

The skull and upper jaw of an early rhinoceros-like mammal from the Cenozoic time.

A squirrel digging up the dog's bones.

Dog and Squirrel

A squirrel digging up the dog's bones.

"Fore and Hind Leg of a Tapir. A, scapula; I, ilium, or shinbone of pelvis; H, humerus; F, femur; O, olecranon, or tip of the elbow; P, patella; U, ulna; T, tibia; R, radius; Fi, fibula." -Cooper, 1887

Tapir Legs

"Fore and Hind Leg of a Tapir. A, scapula; I, ilium, or shinbone of pelvis; H, humerus; F, femur; O,…

The skeleton of a frog.

Frog Skeleton

The skeleton of a frog.

"Skull of Boa constrictor. a, quadrate bone; b, b, halves of lower jaw." -Cooper, 1887

Boa Constrictor Skull

"Skull of Boa constrictor. a, quadrate bone; b, b, halves of lower jaw." -Cooper, 1887

The foot bones of a lion.

Lion Foot

The foot bones of a lion.

The skull of a beaver.

Beaver Skull

The skull of a beaver.

The eyelids viewed from before; a,a, the lachrymal canals; b, the lachrymal sack. The lachrymal sac is a bag of an oval shape, fixed to the end of the double canal, and lies in a depression of the nasal bones. It terminates in the tube called the duct, which passes through a hole made for it, in the bones of the nose, and opens into the nostril.

Eyelids, Viewed from the Front

The eyelids viewed from before; a,a, the lachrymal canals; b, the lachrymal sack. The lachrymal sac…

Bones of the ear: Malleus, Incus and Orbiculare, Stapes. The bones of the area are connected with each other in the drum and serve to transmit vibrations of the membrane of the tympanum to the internal ear. They are very hard and brittle, with no cartilage on their articular surfaces like other bones.

Bones of the Ear

Bones of the ear: Malleus, Incus and Orbiculare, Stapes. The bones of the area are connected with each…

A, the malleus, or mallet, with its long handle running down, to touch with its delicate extremity the membrane of the drum. B, is the incus, or anvil, nicely fitted to the mallet, and showing C, the orbicular bone placed between its termination, and D, the stirrup. The line a,b, represents the center of motion of the malleus, and c,d, the center of motion of the incus. Now this chain of bones acts on the principle of a long level, as a small motion at one end of a long pole serve to move it through a wide space at the other.

Bones of the Ear

A, the malleus, or mallet, with its long handle running down, to touch with its delicate extremity the…

"Ideal fore limb. H., Humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; r'., radiale; u'., ulnare; i., intermedium; c., centrale; 1-5, carpalia bearing the corresponding digits with metacarpals (mc.) and phalanges (ph)." -Thomson, 1916

Vertebrate Fore Limb

"Ideal fore limb. H., Humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; r'., radiale; u'., ulnare; i., intermedium; c.,…

"f., Femur; ti., tibia; fi., fibula; i., intermedium; t., tibiale (astragalus); f., fibulare (os calcis); c., centrale; 1-5, tarsalia bearing the corresponding digits with metatarsals (mt.) and phalanges (ph.)." -Thomson, 1916

Vertebrate Hind Limb

"f., Femur; ti., tibia; fi., fibula; i., intermedium; t., tibiale (astragalus); f., fibulare (os calcis);…

Skeleton of skate. nc, nasal capsules; pq, palato-pterygo-quadrate cartilage; M, Meckel's cartilage; hm, hyo-mandibular; h.br., fifth hypobranchial; v.pl., vertebral plate; st, sensory tubes; sc, scapular region; c, coracoid region; p.pt., anterior basal cartilage or pro-pterygium; m.pt., meso pterygium; mt.pt., meta-pterygium; pu., pubic bar; st, stomach; sv, spiral valve of intestine. -Thomson, 1916

Skate Skeleton

Skeleton of skate. nc, nasal capsules; pq, palato-pterygo-quadrate cartilage; M, Meckel's cartilage;…

"Pectoral girdle and fin of cod. fr., Fin-rays; b.o., brachial ossicles; cor., coracoid; sc., scapula; cl., clavicle; p.cl., post-clavicle; s.cl., supra-clavicle; p.t., post-temporal." -Thomson, 1916

Cod Fin

"Pectoral girdle and fin of cod. fr., Fin-rays; b.o., brachial ossicles; cor., coracoid; sc., scapula;…

"Vertebral column and pelvic girdle of bull-frog. t.p., Transvers processes of sacral vertebra; Il., ilium; U., urostyle; Fe., femur; Isch., ischiac region." -Thomson, 1916

Bullfrog Vertebrae

"Vertebral column and pelvic girdle of bull-frog. t.p., Transvers processes of sacral vertebra; Il.,…

"Skull of frog. Upper surface-- Pmx., premaxilla; N., nasal; M., maxilla; Sq., squamosal; Q.j., quadrato-jugal; e.o., ex-occipitals; P.f., parieto-frontals; Sph.E., sphenethmoid; P.O., pro-otic." -Thomson, 1916

Upper Surface of Frog Skull

"Skull of frog. Upper surface-- Pmx., premaxilla; N., nasal; M., maxilla; Sq., squamosal; Q.j., quadrato-jugal;…

"Skull of frog. Lower surface-- Pmx., premaxilla; M., maxilla; Q.j., quadrato-jugal; Q., quadrate; Pt., pterygoid; Ps., parasphenoid; P.O., pro-otic; Sp.E., sphenethmoid; Pl., palatine; V., vomer; c., columella." -Thomson, 1916

Lower Surface of Frog Skull

"Skull of frog. Lower surface-- Pmx., premaxilla; M., maxilla; Q.j., quadrato-jugal; Q., quadrate; Pt.,…

"Skeleton of frog. The half of the pectoral girdle, and fore- and hind-limb of the right side are not shown. pmx., premaxilla; m.x., maxilla; n., nasal; sph., sphenethmoid; p.f., parieto-frontal; P.O., pro-otic; pt., pterygoid; q.j., quadrato-jugal; sq., squamosal; Q., quadrate; c., columella auris; A., atlas; t.p., transverse process; S.V., sacral vertebra; U., urostyle; S.sc., supra scapula; H., humerus; R.U., radio ulna; Cp., carpals; Mc., metacarpals; Il., ilium; Is., ischium; F., femur; T.F., tibio-fibula; Ca., calcaneum; As., astragalus; C., calcar; Mt., metatarsals." -Thomson, 1916

Frog Skeleton

"Skeleton of frog. The half of the pectoral girdle, and fore- and hind-limb of the right side are not…

"Pectoral girdle of Rana esculenta. The cartilaginous parts are dotted. Ep., Episternum; om., omosternum; Ep.c., Epicoracoids; st., sternum; x., xiphisternum; cl., clavicle with underlying precoracoid cartilage; co., coracoid; Sc., scapula; S.sc., supra-scapula; Gl., glenoid cavity for humerus." -Thomson, 1916

Frog Pectoral Girdle

"Pectoral girdle of Rana esculenta. The cartilaginous parts are dotted. Ep., Episternum; om., omosternum;…

"Skull of turtle. "S.O., supra-occipital; PAR., parietal; FR., frontal; P.F., pre-frontal; PO.F., post-frontal; SQ., squamosal; PMX., pre-maxilla; MX., maxilla; J., jugal; Q.J., quadrato-jugal; Q., quadrate; D., dentary; AN., angular; AR., articular; S., surangular." -Thomson, 1916

Turtle Skull

"Skull of turtle. "S.O., supra-occipital; PAR., parietal; FR., frontal; P.F., pre-frontal; PO.F., post-frontal;…

"Pectoral girdle of a Chelonian. G., Glenoid cavity; SC., scapula; P.C., procoracoid fused to the scapula; C., coracoid; E.C., epicoracoid cartilage; L., ligament." -Thomson, 1916

Turtle Pectoral Girdle

"Pectoral girdle of a Chelonian. G., Glenoid cavity; SC., scapula; P.C., procoracoid fused to the scapula;…

"Internal view of tortoise skeleton. H., humerus; SC., scapula running dorsally; PC., precoracoid; C., coracoid; EC., epicoracoid cartilage; P., pubis; IL., ilium running dorsally to sacral vertebrae; IS., ischium; DV., dorsal vertebrae fused in carapace; R., head of a rib; CEV., cervical vertebrae free; CAV., caudal vertebrae free." -Thomson, 1916

Tortoise Skeleton

"Internal view of tortoise skeleton. H., humerus; SC., scapula running dorsally; PC., precoracoid; C.,…

"Hyoid apparatus of a Chelonian. BH., Body of the hyoid (basihyal); H., representing another part of the hyoid arch; A.C., anterior cornu, representing the first branchial arch; P.C., posterior cornu, representing the second branchial arch." -Thomson, 1916

Turtle Hyoid

"Hyoid apparatus of a Chelonian. BH., Body of the hyoid (basihyal); H., representing another part of…

"Side view of skull of Lacerta. px., Premaxilla; mx., maxilla; l., lachrymal; j., jugal; t.pa., transpalatine; epg., epipterygoid; pg., pterygoid; bpg., basipterygoid; b.o., basioccipital; q., quadrate; oc.c., occipital condyle; sq., squamosal; pr.o., pro-otic; pt.o., postorbital; st.1, st.2, supratemporals; ps., presphenoid (the optic nerve is seen issuing in front of the end of the reference line); p.e., mesethmoid; s.ob., supraorbitals; pf., prefrontal; n., nasal; ar., articular; ag., angular; sag., surangular; cr., coranary; d., dentary." -Thomson, 1916

Lizard Skull

"Side view of skull of Lacerta. px., Premaxilla; mx., maxilla; l., lachrymal; j., jugal; t.pa., transpalatine;…

"Half of the pelvic girdle of a young crocodile. Il., Ilium; a.f., acetabulum; Is., ischium; P., pubis or epipubis." -Thomson, 1916

Crocodile Pelvic Girdle

"Half of the pelvic girdle of a young crocodile. Il., Ilium; a.f., acetabulum; Is., ischium; P., pubis…

"Fore-limb and hind-limb compared. H., Humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; r., radiale; u., ulnare; C., distal carpals united to carpo-metacarpus; CC., the whole carpal region; MC.I., metacarpal of the thumb; I., phalanx of the thumb; MC.II., second metacarpus; II., second digit; MC.III., third metacarpus; III., third digit. F., femur; T.T., tibio-tarsus; Fi., fibula; Pt., proximal tarsals united to lower end of tibia; dt., distal tarsals nited to upper end of tarso-metatarsus (T.MT.); T., entire tarsal region; MT.I., first metatarsal, free; I.-IV., toes." -Thomson, 1916

Bird Limbs

"Fore-limb and hind-limb compared. H., Humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; r., radiale; u., ulnare; C., distal…

"Entire skeleton of condor, showing the relative positions of the chief bones." -Thomson, 1916

Condor Skeleton

"Entire skeleton of condor, showing the relative positions of the chief bones." -Thomson, 1916

"Disarticulation of bird's skull. Membrane bones shaded. B.Oc., basioccipital; E.Oc., exoccipital; S.Oc., supraoccipital; Pa., parietal; Fr., frontal; Na., nasal; pm., premaxilla; M., maxilla; Ju., jugal; Qj., quadrato-jugal; Qu., quadrate; pe., periotic; Sq., squamosal; AS., alisphenoid; B.S., basisphenoid; O.S., orbito-sphenoid; Pr.Sph., presphenoid; vo., vomer; iOS., interorbitalk septum; E., ethmoid; Se., nasal septum; De., dentary; Sp., splenial; An., angular; Ar., articular; MK., Meckel's cartilage." -Thomson, 1916

Bird Skull Disarticulation

"Disarticulation of bird's skull. Membrane bones shaded. B.Oc., basioccipital; E.Oc., exoccipital; S.Oc.,…

"Wing of dove. h., Humerus; s.f., secondary feathers; r., radius; u., ulna; c., carpals; mc., carpo-metacarpus; p.f., primary feathers." -Thomson, 1916

Dove Wing

"Wing of dove. h., Humerus; s.f., secondary feathers; r., radius; u., ulna; c., carpals; mc., carpo-metacarpus;…

"Bones of hind-limb of eagle. f., Femur; t.t., tibio-tarsus; fb., fibula; a., ankle-joint; m.t., tarso-metatarsus; m.t'., first metatarsal (free)." -Thomson, 1916

Eagle Hind-Limb

"Bones of hind-limb of eagle. f., Femur; t.t., tibio-tarsus; fb., fibula; a., ankle-joint; m.t., tarso-metatarsus;…

"Hesperornis. ST., Sternum; CO., coracoid; CL., clavicle; H., rudimentary humerus; SC., scapula; P., pectineal pubic process; IL., ilim; IS., ischium; P.P., post-pubis; C.T., crest of tibia; F. fibula; T.T., base tibio-tarsus; T.M.T., tarso-metatarsus." -Thomson, 1916

Hesperornis Skeleton

"Hesperornis. ST., Sternum; CO., coracoid; CL., clavicle; H., rudimentary humerus; SC., scapula; P.,…

"Fore-limb and shoulder-girdle (I.) and hind-limb (II.) of rabbit. SC., Scapula; A., acromion; M., metacromion process; H., humerus; O., olecranon process; U., ulna; R., radius; C., carpals; MC., metacarpals; D., five digits; F., femur; P., patella; FI., fibula; T., tibia; OC., os calcis; AS., astragalus; DT., distal tarsals; MT., metatarsals; D., four digits." -Thomson, 1916

Rabbit Limbs

"Fore-limb and shoulder-girdle (I.) and hind-limb (II.) of rabbit. SC., Scapula; A., acromion; M., metacromion…

"Side view of rabbit's skull. Pmx., Premaxilla; Na., nasal; Fr., frontal; Pa., parietal; Sq., squamosal; S.O., supraoccipital; Per., periotic; T., tympanic (the reference line points to the bony external auditory meatus, beneath it lies the inflated bulla); PO., paroccipital process." -Thomson, 1916

Rabbit Skull

"Side view of rabbit's skull. Pmx., Premaxilla; Na., nasal; Fr., frontal; Pa., parietal; Sq., squamosal;…

"Upper surface of rabbit's skull. N., Anterior nostril; PMX., premaxilla; NA., nasal; FR., anterior part of frontal; MX., posterior part of maxilla; j., anterior part of jugal; SO.F., supraorbital process of frontal; FRR., posterior part of frontal; JJ., posterior end of jugal protruding below zygomatic portion of squamosal (Z.SQ.); PA., parietal; AM., external auditory meatus; SO., supraoccipital; IP., interparietal; SQ., squamosal." -Thomson, 1916

Upper Surface Rabbit Skull

"Upper surface of rabbit's skull. N., Anterior nostril; PMX., premaxilla; NA., nasal; FR., anterior…

"Under surface of rabit's skull. Inc. I., First incisors; Inc. II., second incisors; PMX., premaxilla; PA.PMX., palatal process of premaxilla; MX., maxilla; PAL., palatine; Z., zygomatic arch; BS., basisphenoid; J., posterior part of jugal; BO., basioccipital; PAR.OCC., paroccipital process of exoccipital; SOC., supraoccipital; C., one of the condyles; AM., external auditory meatus; TB., tympanic bulla; GF., glenoid fossa; PT., pterygoid." -Thomson, 1916

Under Surface Rabbit Skull

"Under surface of rabit's skull. Inc. I., First incisors; Inc. II., second incisors; PMX., premaxilla;…

"Pectoral girdle of Echidna. sc., Scapula; cl., clavicle; i.cl., prosternum or "interclavicle"; co., coracoid or metacoracoid; e.co., procoracoid or precoracoid; st., mesosternum." -Thomson, 1916

Echidna Pectoral Girdle

"Pectoral girdle of Echidna. sc., Scapula; cl., clavicle; i.cl., prosternum or "interclavicle"; co.,…

"Pelvis of Echidna. S., Sacrum; Ep., epipubic bones; Ac., acetabulum; o.f., obturator foramen between ischium and pubis (p.)." -Thomson, 1916

Echidna Pelvis

"Pelvis of Echidna. S., Sacrum; Ep., epipubic bones; Ac., acetabulum; o.f., obturator foramen between…

"Foot of young kangaroo. 2, 3, Small syndactylous toes; 4, large fourth toe; 5, fifth toe." -Thomson, 1916

Kangaroo Foot

"Foot of young kangaroo. 2, 3, Small syndactylous toes; 4, large fourth toe; 5, fifth toe." -Thomson,…

"Side view of sheep's skull. PMX., Premaxilla; MX., maxilla; NA., nasal; J., Jugal; L., lachrymal; FR., frontal; PA., parietal; SQ., squamosal; CO., condyle; PP., paroccipital process." -Thomson, 1916

Sheep Skull

"Side view of sheep's skull. PMX., Premaxilla; MX., maxilla; NA., nasal; J., Jugal; L., lachrymal; FR.,…

"Side view of horse's skull. P., Parietal; FR., frontal; NA., nasal; PMX., premaxilla; MX., maxilla; J., jugal; L., lachrymal; SQ., squamosal; PP., paroccipital process; CO., condyle CA., canine." -Thomson, 1916

Horse Skull

"Side view of horse's skull. P., Parietal; FR., frontal; NA., nasal; PMX., premaxilla; MX., maxilla;…

"Left fore-limb of Balaenoptera. Sc., Sca pula with spine (sp.); H., humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; C., carpals embedded in matrix; Mc., metacarpals; Ph., phalanges." -Thomson, 1916

Whale Forelimb

"Left fore-limb of Balaenoptera. Sc., Sca pula with spine (sp.); H., humerus; R., radius; U., ulna;…

"Fore-limb of whale (Megaptera longimana)." -Thomson, 1916

Whale Forelimb

"Fore-limb of whale (Megaptera longimana)." -Thomson, 1916

"Pelvis and hind-limb of Greenland whale (Balaena). P., Pelvis; F., femur; T., tibia." -Thomson, 1916

Greenland Whale Pelvis

"Pelvis and hind-limb of Greenland whale (Balaena). P., Pelvis; F., femur; T., tibia." -Thomson, 1916

"Lower surface of dog's skull. o.c., Occipital condyle; B.O., basioccipital; T., tympanic bulla; m.c., postglenoid process behind fossa for condyle of mandible; B.S., basisphenoid; P.S., base of presphenoid; V., vomer; M.2, second molar; M.1, first molar; Pm. 1-4, premolars, the 4th the large carnassial; c., canine; I.1-3, incisors; Pmx., premaxilla; mx., maxilla; Pal., palatine; J., jugal; A.S., alisphenoid; Pt., pterygoid; Sq., squamosal (the reference line points to the glenoid fossa)." -Thomson, 1916

Dog Skull

"Lower surface of dog's skull. o.c., Occipital condyle; B.O., basioccipital; T., tympanic bulla; m.c.,…

"Skeleton of male gorilla. cl., Clavicle; sc., tip of scapula; S., praesternum; H., humerus; r., radius; u., ulna; Il., ilium; C., coccyx; P., pubis; Is., ischium; F., femur; t., tibia; f., fibula." -Thomson, 1916

Gorilla Skeleton

"Skeleton of male gorilla. cl., Clavicle; sc., tip of scapula; S., praesternum; H., humerus; r., radius;…

"Diagrams of the girdles and appendages in a typical Vertebrate. A, anterior; B, posterior. ac., acetabulum, articulation of the humerus with its girdle; c, coracoid; ca., carpals; c.e., centralia; d.c., distal carpals; d.t., distal tarsals; el., elbow joint; f, fibula; fe., femur; fi., fibulare; gc., glenoid cavity, articulation of arm with girdle; h, humerus; il., ilium; in., intermediale; is. ischium; kn., knee joint; m.c., metacarpals (1-5); m.t., metatarsals (1-5); p, pubis; ph., phalanges (1-5); pr.c., precoracoid; r, radius; ra., radiale; sc., scapula; t, tibia; ta., tarsals; ti., tibiale; u., ulna; ul., ulnare." -Galloway, 1915

Vertebrate Appendages

"Diagrams of the girdles and appendages in a typical Vertebrate. A, anterior; B, posterior. ac., acetabulum,…

"Salmo fario, the entire skull, from the left side. art, articular; branchiost, branchiostegal rays; dent, dentary; epiot, epiotic; eth, supra-ethnoid; fr, frontal; hyom, hyomandibular; intop, inter-opercular; pal, palantine; par, parietal; pmx, pre-maxilla; praop, pre-opercular; pt, pterygoid; pter, pterotic; Quad, quadrate; socc, supra-occipital; sphot, sphenotic; subop, sub-opercular; sympl, symplectic; Zunge, basi-hyal." -Parker, 1900

Fish Skull

"Salmo fario, the entire skull, from the left side. art, articular; branchiost, branchiostegal rays;…

"Rana esculenta. The shoulder girdle from the ventral aspect. Co, coracoid; Co', epicoracoid; Cl, clavicle; G, glenoid cavity; Ep, episternum; Fe, fenestra between procoracoid and coracoid; KC, cartilage separating scapula and clavicle; Kn, xiphisternum; m, junction of epicoracoids; S, scapula; St, sternum." -Parker, 1900

Edible Frog Shoulder Girdle

"Rana esculenta. The shoulder girdle from the ventral aspect. Co, coracoid; Co', epicoracoid; Cl, clavicle;…

"Rana esculenta. Pelvic girdle from the right side. G, acetabulum; Il, P, ilium; Is, ischium; Kn, pubis." -Parker, 1900

Edible Frog Pelvic Girdle

"Rana esculenta. Pelvic girdle from the right side. G, acetabulum; Il, P, ilium; Is, ischium; Kn, pubis."…