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"Melospiza fasciata. Song Sparrow. Silver-tongue. Below, white, slightly shaded with brownish on the flanks and crissum; with numerous black-centred, brown-edged streaks cross breast and along sides, usually forming a pectoral blotch and coalescing into maxillary stripes bounding the white throat; crown dull bay, with fine black streaks, divided in the middle and bounded on either side by ashy-whitish lines; vague brown or dusky and whitish markings on sides of the head; a brown post-ocular stripe over the gray auriculars, and another, not so well defined, from angle of mouth below the auriculars; the interscapular streaks black, with bay and ashy-white edgings; rump and cervix grayish-brown, with merely a few bay marks; wings with dull bay edgings, the coverts and inner quills marked like the interscapulars; tail plain brown, with darker shaft lines, on the middle feathers at least, and often with obsolete transverse wavy markings. Very constant in plumage, the chief difference being in the sharpness and breadth of the markings, due in part to the wear of the feathers. In worn midsummer plumage, the streaking is very sharp, narrow, and black, from wearing of the rufous and whitish, especially observable below where the streaks contrast with white, and giving the impression of heavier streaking than in fall and winter, when in fresher feather, the markings are softer and more suffuse. The aggregation of spots into a blotch on the middle of the breast is usual. Bill dark brown, paler below; feet pale brow." Elliot Coues, 1884

Song Sparrow

"Melospiza fasciata. Song Sparrow. Silver-tongue. Below, white, slightly shaded with brownish on the…

"General arrangement of Apron Conveyor for loading vessels, pans are 48 inches wide, 12 inches pitch, attached to chains working over sprockets at 24 fee centers. Capacity of conveyor is about 250 tons of coal per hour, material being received from a 42 inch M. & G. belt conveyor. The Apron Conveyor will work at any angle, the outer end being raised or lowered to suit vessel." -Meese, 1913

Apron Pan Conveyor

"General arrangement of Apron Conveyor for loading vessels, pans are 48 inches wide, 12 inches pitch,…

An illustration of a angle's face and wings doodad.

Angel with Wings Doodad

An illustration of a angle's face and wings doodad.

"Zamelodia. Song Grosbeak. Bill extremely heavy, with the lower mandible as deep as the upper or deeper, the commissural angle strong, far in advance of the feathered base of the bill, the rictus overhung with a few long stiff bristles. Wing with outer 4 primaries abruptly longer than 5th. Tail shorter than wing, even or scarcely rounded. Feet short and stout. Embracing two larger species, of beautiful and striking colors, the sexes dissimilar. Male black and white, with carmine-red or orange-brown; Female otherwise, but with lining of wings yellow. Brilliant songsters; nest in trees and bushes; eggs spotted." Elliot Coues, 1884

Song Grosbeak Bill

"Zamelodia. Song Grosbeak. Bill extremely heavy, with the lower mandible as deep as the upper or deeper,…

"Fig 63 - Skull of a duck (Clangula islandica), nat. size; Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. a, premaxillary bone; b, partly ossified internasal septum; b', pervious part of nostril; c, end of premaxillary, perforated form numerous branches of second division of the fifth cranial nerve; d, dentary bone of under mandible; e, groove of nerves, etc.; f, a vacuity between dentary and other pieces of the mandible; g, articular surface; h, recurved "angle of the jaw;" i, occipital protuberance; j, vacuity in supraoccipital bone; k, muscular impression on back of skull; l is over the black ear-cavity; m, post-frontal process; n, quadrate bone; o, pterygoid; p, palatine; q, quadrato-jugal; r, jugal; s, maxillary; t, fronto-parietal dome of the brain-cavity; u; u, the lacrymal bone, immense in a duck, nearly completing rim of the orbit by approaching m; v, vomer; w, supra-orbital depression for the nasal gland; x, cranio-facial hinge; y, optic foramen; z, etc. interorbital vacuities." Elliot Coues, 1884

Duck Skull

"Fig 63 - Skull of a duck (Clangula islandica), nat. size; Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. a, premaxillary…

"Circus cyaneus hudsonius. American Marsh Hawk, Harrier. Blue hawk. Adult Male: In perfect plumage pale pearly-bluish, or bluish-ash, above, with the upper tail-coverts entirely pure white; but most specimens have a dusky wash obscuring the bluish, and retain traces of brown or rufous. Five outer primaries mostly blackish, all of them and the secondaries with large white basal areas on inner webs; tail-feathers banded with 5 or 6 obscure dusky bars, the terminal one strongest and most distinct, and marbled with white toward their bases. The bluish cast invades the fore under parts, the rest of which are white, with sparse drop-shaped rufous spots; lining of wings white. From this blue-and-white state the bird is found grading by degrees into the very different plumage of the female and young: Above, dark umber-brown, everywhere more or less varied with reddish-brown or yellowish-brown, the upper tail-coverts, however, white, forming a very conspicuous mark; under parts a variable shade of brownish-yellow, or ochraceous, streaked with umber-brown, at least on breast and sides; tail crossed with 6-7 blackish bars." Elliot Coues, 1884

Marsh Hawk

"Circus cyaneus hudsonius. American Marsh Hawk, Harrier. Blue hawk. Adult Male: In perfect plumage pale…

"Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Duck Hawk. Great-footed Hawk. A medium-sized falcon, about as large as the foregoing, but known at a glance from any bird of N. Am. by the slaty-plumbeous or dark bluish-ash of the upper parts, the black "moustache," and other marks, taken with its particular size and shape. Wings stiff, long, thin, pointed by the 2d quill, supported nearly to its tip by 1st and 3d; 1st quill alone abruptly emarginate on inner web, this about 2 inches from its tip; none cut on outer webs. Tomium of upper mandible strongly toothed, of under mandible deeply notched. Tarsus feathered but a little way down in front, otherwise entirely reticulate; toes very long, giving great grasp to the talons. Adult: Above rich dark bluish-ash or slate-color, very variable, sometimes quite slaty-blackish, again much lighter bluish-slate; the tint pretty uniform, whatever it may be, over all the upper parts, but all the feathers with somewhat paler edges, and the larger ones for the most part obscurely barred with lighter and darker hues. Under parts at large varying from nearly pure white to a peculiar muddy buff color of different degrees of intensity; the throat and breast usually free from markings (or only with a few sharp shaft pencillings), and this white or light color mounting on the auriculars, so that it partly isolates a blackish moustache from the blackish of the side of the head; the under parts, except as said, and including the under wing- and tail-coverts closely and regularly barred, or less closely and more irregularly spotted, with blackish; the bars best pronounced on the flanks, tibiae, and crissum, other parts tending to spotting, which may extend forward to invade the breast (this is the rule in European birds, the exception, though not a rare one, in American birds). Tail and its upper coverts regularly and closely barred with blackish and ashy-gray, the interspacing best marked on the inner webs, and all the feathers narrowly tipped with white or whitish." Elliot Coues, 1884

Peregrine Falcon Small

"Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Duck Hawk. Great-footed Hawk. A medium-sized falcon, about as large…

"Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Duck Hawk. Great-footed Hawk. A medium-sized falcon, about as large as the foregoing, but known at a glance from any bird of N. Am. by the slaty-plumbeous or dark bluish-ash of the upper parts, the black "moustache," and other marks, taken with its particular size and shape. Wings stiff, long, thin, pointed by the 2d quill, supported nearly to its tip by 1st and 3d; 1st quill alone abruptly emarginate on inner web, this about 2 inches from its tip; none cut on outer webs. Tomium of upper mandible strongly toothed, of under mandible deeply notched. Tarsus feathered but a little way down in front, otherwise entirely reticulate; toes very long, giving great grasp to the talons. Adult: Above rich dark bluish-ash or slate-color, very variable, sometimes quite slaty-blackish, again much lighter bluish-slate; the tint pretty uniform, whatever it may be, over all the upper parts, but all the feathers with somewhat paler edges, and the larger ones for the most part obscurely barred with lighter and darker hues. Under parts at large varying from nearly pure white to a peculiar muddy buff color of different degrees of intensity; the throat and breast usually free from markings (or only with a few sharp shaft pencillings), and this white or light color mounting on the auriculars, so that it partly isolates a blackish moustache from the blackish of the side of the head; the under parts, except as said, and including the under wing- and tail-coverts closely and regularly barred, or less closely and more irregularly spotted, with blackish; the bars best pronounced on the flanks, tibiae, and crissum, other parts tending to spotting, which may extend forward to invade the breast (this is the rule in European birds, the exception, though not a rare one, in American birds). Tail and its upper coverts regularly and closely barred with blackish and ashy-gray, the interspacing best marked on the inner webs, and all the feathers narrowly tipped with white or whitish." Elliot Coues, 1884

Two Peregrine Falcons

"Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. Duck Hawk. Great-footed Hawk. A medium-sized falcon, about as large…

"Lagopus leucurus. White-tailed Ptarmigan. Rocky Mountain Snow Grouse. Male and Female in winter: Entirely snow-white; bill black, rather slender, and general size and proportions nearly as in L. rupestris. Male and female, in summer: Tail, most of the wing, and lower parts from the breast, remaining white; rest of the plumage minutely marked with black, white, and tawny or grayish-brown, varying in precise character almost with every specimen; but there is no difficulty in recognizing this whit-tailed species, of alpine distribution in Western N. A. from the Arctic regions to New Mexico (lat. 37 degrees)." Elliot Coues, 1884

White-tailed Ptarmigan

"Lagopus leucurus. White-tailed Ptarmigan. Rocky Mountain Snow Grouse. Male and Female in winter: Entirely…

"Parra. Jacanas. Bill plover-like, contracted in continuity, enlarged terminally; with culmen depressed to end of nasal groove, then convex and decurved; outline of mandibular rami about straight to the gonys, which is ascending; commissure about straight to the decurved end. Nasal grooves along the contracted portion of the bill; nostrils small, elliptical, situate in advance of the base of the bill. Angle of mouth with a leaf-like lobe of skin (rudimentary in our species). Forehead with a large leaf-like lobe of skin, with free lateral and posterior edges, adherent centrally and anteriorly where reaching base of upper mandible. A sharp horny spur on bend o wing Primaries 10, not peculiar in structure; outer 3 about equal and longest, overlaid by the inner quills in the closed wing. Tail very short, with soft rectrices concealed be the coverts. Tibia bare below, and with the tarsus scutellate before and behind, the scutella tending to become confluent in a continuous sheath. All the toes, claws included, longer than tarsus; middle toe alone nearly as long as tarsus; outer toe alone about as long as middle, its claw shorter than that of middle toe; inner toe a little shorter than outer, its claw longer; hind toe only about as long as basal joint of middle toe, but its claw much longer than itself; all the claws slender, about straight, very acute." Elliot Coues, 1884

Parra Jacana

"Parra. Jacanas. Bill plover-like, contracted in continuity, enlarged terminally; with culmen depressed…

"Cygnus columbianus. Common American Swan. Whistling Swan. Bill with a yellow spot or blotch in front of eye, usually small, sometimes wanting. Bill less lengthened and expanded terminally than in C. buccinator, the nostrils across the middle; the distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the hind edge of the nostril more than thence to the end of the bill. Tail-feathers normally 20." Elliot Coues, 1884

Whistling Swan

"Cygnus columbianus. Common American Swan. Whistling Swan. Bill with a yellow spot or blotch in front…

"Querquedula (N.) carolinensis. American Green-winged Teal. Bill black; feet bluish-gray: iris brown. A white crescent in front of wing. Head and upper neck rich chestnut, blackening on chin, with a glossy green patch behind each eye blackening on its lower border and on the nape where it meets its fellow among the lengthened feathers of the parts, bordered below by a more or less evident whitish line, which may often be traced to the angle of the mouth. Upper parts and flanks waved with narrow black bars on a whitish ground. Under parts white, becoming, becoming buff or fawn-colored on breast, nebulated with gray, on the breast with numerous sharp circular black spots; fore neck and sides of breast waved like the upper parts. Crissum black, with a buff or creamy patch on each side. Primaries and wing-coverts leaden gray; speculum velvety purplish-black on outer half, the inner half rich green; bordered in front with chestnut, fawn or whitish tips of the greater coverts, behind by white tips of secondaries, interiorly with purplish-black stripes on the outer webs of the lengthened secondaries." Elliot Coues, 1884

American Green-winged Teal

"Querquedula (N.) carolinensis. American Green-winged Teal. Bill black; feet bluish-gray: iris brown.…

"Chroicocephalus atricilla. Laughing Gull. Black-headed Gull. Bill longer than middle toe and claw, shorter than tarsus or head, moderately compressed, rather stout for this genus. Culmen and commissure both decurved and the end, the latter somewhat sinuate at the base. Gonys considerably concave in front of the angle, somewhat so between the angle and tip; although the angle id well defined, the tip of the bill is so decurved that a chord from tip to base does not touch it." Elliot Coues, 1884

Laughing Gull Bill

"Chroicocephalus atricilla. Laughing Gull. Black-headed Gull. Bill longer than middle toe and claw,…

"Sterna dougalli. Roseate Tern. Paradise Tern. Bill about as long as head or foot, straight, slender, compressed, very acute; gonys longer than rami, former straight, latter concave in outline, with acute but not prominent angle between them. Wings shorter than usual, 1st primary little longer than next, all rounded. Tail exceedingly long and deeply forked, with very narrow filamentous outer feathers. Tibia slightly denuded; tarsus a little shorter than middle toe and claw. Whole form trim and elegant. Bill black, the extreme point yellowish, the base for a little distance, and inside of mouth, red. Feet bright yellowish-red; claws black. Cap lustrous black, very ample, reaching to lower border of eyes; under eyelid white, as is a streak to end of feathers on bill. Neck all around and entire under parts snowy white, tinted with lovely rose-pink. Mantle delicate pale pearly, over all the upper parts from the neck, including rump and base of tail, fading however to white on tips of tertials and inner webs of secondaries. Long tail-feathers white with a faint pearly tint. Primaries grayish-black, strongly silvered when fresh; outer web of the first blackish; inner webs of all pure white for more than half their breadth, this white stripe broadest on the first, toward the base of which it occupies the whole web, and on all of them continued to and usually around the very tips; shafts of all the quills white both sides nearly to end." Elliot Coues, 1884

Roseate Tern

"Sterna dougalli. Roseate Tern. Paradise Tern. Bill about as long as head or foot, straight, slender,…

"Simorhynchus cristatellus. Crested Auk. Snub-nosed Auk. Bill fundamentally small and simple, compressed-conic, with convex culmen and little sinuate horizontal commissure; but in the breeding season developing several corneous appendages, which alter its shape greatly, make it singularly irregular, and modify even the outline of the feathers at its base. These accessory pieces are: a nasal plate, filling the nasal fossa, separate from its fellow of the opposite side; a subnasal strip prolonged on the cutting edge of the upper mandibles backwards from the nostrils; a rosette-like plate at base of upper mandible just over angle of the mouth; a large shoe encasing the posterior part of the under mandible; the latter single, the other three pieces in pairs, making seven in all which are moulted; all these elements vermilion or coral-red; end of the bill enamel-yellow. (Before acquiring these growths the young bird is tetraculus of authors; the adult in winter, after shedding the, is dubius.)" Elliot Coues, 1884

Crested Auk in Summer

"Simorhynchus cristatellus. Crested Auk. Snub-nosed Auk. Bill fundamentally small and simple, compressed-conic,…

"Bill averaging somewhat longer, about 1.90; culmen, commissure, and gonys nearly straight; upper mandible somewhat dilated toward the base along the cutting edges, and less feathered; gonydeal angle prominent. Bill consequently approaches that of the next species, in width and depth, but exaggerates the length and straightness of that of the last species." Elliot Coues, 1884

Californian Guillemot Bill

"Bill averaging somewhat longer, about 1.90; culmen, commissure, and gonys nearly straight; upper mandible…

"Lomvia arra. Thick-billed Guillemot. Arrie. Bill short, stout, wide, deep; culmen curved throughout; commissure decurved at end; gonys if anything concave in outline, the angle very protuberant; cutting edges of the upper mandible dilated and denuded toward the base, this bare turgid space flesh-colored in life, drying pale yellowish." Elliot Coues, 1884

Thick-billed Guillemot Bill

"Lomvia arra. Thick-billed Guillemot. Arrie. Bill short, stout, wide, deep; culmen curved throughout;…

"Zenaidura carolinensis. Carolina Dove. Mourning Dove. Wild Dove. Upper parts, including middle tail-feathers, grayish-blue shaded with brownish-olive, the head and neck ochrey-brown overlaid with glaucous-blue, the sides of the neck glittering with golden and ruby iridescence; a violet-black spot under the ear-coverts. Under parts glaucous-purplish, changing gradually to ochraceous on the belly and crissum, to bluish on the sides and under the wings, to whitish on the chin; the purplish tint spreading up on the sides and front of the head to blend with the glaucous-blue. Black spots on some of the scapulars and wing-coverts, most of which are colored to correspond with the back, the larger ones being rather bluish-plumbeous. Lateral tail-feathers plumbeous-bluish, crossed with a black bar, the outer four on each side broadly ended with white. Bill black; angle of mouth carmine; iris brown; bare skin around eye livid bluish; feet lake-red, drying dull yellowish." Elliot Coues, 1884

Carolina Dove

"Zenaidura carolinensis. Carolina Dove. Mourning Dove. Wild Dove. Upper parts, including middle tail-feathers,…

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 90-degree angle.

Left Advance Turn Arrow Auxiliary, Black and White

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 90-degree angle.

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 90-degree angle.

Left Advance Turn Arrow Auxiliary, Outline

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 90-degree angle.

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 90-degree angle.

Left Advance Turn Arrow Auxiliary, Silhouette

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 90-degree angle.

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 45-degree angle.

Left Advance Turn Arrow Auxiliary, Black and White

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 45-degree angle.

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 45-degree angle.

Left Advance Turn Arrow Auxiliary, Outline

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 45-degree angle.

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 45-degree angle.

Left Advance Turn Arrow Auxiliary, Silhouette

This is an advance turn arrow pointed to the left. The shaft is bent at a 45-degree angle.

2 intersecting lines, one of which is vertical and one of which is horizontal. The intersection forms a right angle.

Intersecting Lines, 2 Perpendicular

2 intersecting lines, one of which is vertical and one of which is horizontal. The intersection forms…

A 6 inches diameter protractor to measure angles to half degrees, made of brass or German silver. They are useful in map and topographical work.

Semicircular Protractor

A 6 inches diameter protractor to measure angles to half degrees, made of brass or German silver. They…

Dotting pen is used to create five different dotted and dashed lines. The dot lengths can be varied by changing the angle of the handle.

Dotting Pen

Dotting pen is used to create five different dotted and dashed lines. The dot lengths can be varied…

The arrows shows the motion direction of drawing a 30-degrees, 45-degrees, or a-60 degrees angle using a 60-degree triangle.

Drawing Lines using Triangle, 30-, 45-, 60-Degrees

The arrows shows the motion direction of drawing a 30-degrees, 45-degrees, or a-60 degrees angle using…

The 45-degree triangle can be used to make a line at a multiple of 15 degrees.

Drawing Lines using Triangle at Angles in Multiples of 15 degrees

The 45-degree triangle can be used to make a line at a multiple of 15 degrees.

Parallel lines are drawn by holding the triangle against the T-square at an angle, or another triangle, then slip the first triangle onto the required position.

Drawing Parallel Lines Using T-square and Triangle

Parallel lines are drawn by holding the triangle against the T-square at an angle, or another triangle,…

Perpendicular lines are drawn by fitting the hypothenuse of the triangle to the T-square at an angle, or another triangle. Then, turn the triangle so that the hypothenuse is perpendicular to the line.

Drawing Perpendicular Lines Using T-square and Triangle

Perpendicular lines are drawn by fitting the hypothenuse of the triangle to the T-square at an angle,…

"Draw three-inch square. Draw lines AB, BC, DE and EF at 30 degrees. Divide lower side into seven equal parts with the dividers. Draw the vertical lines, and mark divisions on AC with pencil as each line is drawn. Through the division points on top and bottom draw the converging lines using the triangle alone as a straight-edge." —French, 1911

Drawing Converging Lines

"Draw three-inch square. Draw lines AB, BC, DE and EF at 30 degrees. Divide lower side into seven equal…

"Through the center of the space draw the three construction lines, AB vertical, DE and FG at 30 degrees. Measure CA and CB 1 1/2" long. Draw AE, AF, DB and BG at 30 degrees. Complete hexagon by drawing DF and GE vertical. Set spacers to 3/32". Step off 3/32" on each side of the center lines, and 3/16" from each side of hexagon. Complete figure as shown with triangle against T-square." —French, 1911

Drawing Hexagonal Figure

"Through the center of the space draw the three construction lines, AB vertical, DE and FG at 30 degrees.…

"Draw three-inch square and one-inch square. From the corners of inner square draw lines to outer square at 15 degrees and 75 degrees, with the two triangles in combination. Mark points with spacers 3/16" inside of each line of this outside cross, and complete figure with triangles in combination." —French, 1911

Drawing Maltese Cross using T-square, Spacers, and Triangles

"Draw three-inch square and one-inch square. From the corners of inner square draw lines to outer square…

"On base AB, 3 1/2" long construct an equilateral triangle, using the 60-degree triangle. Bisect the angles with the 30-degree angle, extending the bisectors to the opposite sides. With these middle points of the sides as centers and radius equal to 1/2 the side, draw arcs cutting the bisectors. These intersection will be centers for the inscribed circles. With centers on the intersection of these circles and the bisectors, round off the points of the triangle as shown." —French, 1911

Drawing Tangent Circles and Lines with Compass and Triangles

"On base AB, 3 1/2" long construct an equilateral triangle, using the 60-degree triangle. Bisect the…

The cone is sliced by a ellipse by making an angle within the plane. This can be drawn with knowing characteristics of each shape.

Conic Section Using Ellipse

The cone is sliced by a ellipse by making an angle within the plane. This can be drawn with knowing…

The cone is sliced by a hyperbola within a plane. The angle of the hyperbola will make a smaller angle than the other elements.

Conic Section Using Hyperbola

The cone is sliced by a hyperbola within a plane. The angle of the hyperbola will make a smaller angle…

Ironing is the work of using a heated tool to remove wrinkles from fabric. The heating is commonly done to a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. Ironing works by loosening the bonds between the long chain polymer molecules.

Sad Iron

Ironing is the work of using a heated tool to remove wrinkles from fabric. The heating is commonly done…

The end wrench differs from the monkey wrench in that the gripping faces of the jaws are displaced to a 15 degree angle relative to the tools handle.

Wrench Handle

The end wrench differs from the monkey wrench in that the gripping faces of the jaws are displaced to…

A ladder is an inclined set of steps, hinged in the middle to form an inverted V, with stays to keep the two havles at a fixed angle.

Folding Step Ladder

A ladder is an inclined set of steps, hinged in the middle to form an inverted V, with stays to keep…

A collapsible boat includes a skeleton and an impervious skin tensioned about the skeleton. The skeleton includes a plurality of longitudinal and transverse frame members forming stringers and former, the frame members being attached to the gunwale frame of the boat and the transverse members being turn able relative to the gunwale frame. The flexible skin is permanently attached to the gunwale frame and the longitudinal frame members are hinge connected to the gunwale frame at front and rear portions thereof. The longitudinal members are turn able relative to the gunwale frame in a direction transversely of the boat, and the longitudinal frame members along their horizontal portion each being provided with one or more hinge members turn able through an angle of 180°.

Collapsible Boat

A collapsible boat includes a skeleton and an impervious skin tensioned about the skeleton. The skeleton…

"The single stroke inclined letter made to a slope of between 60 and 70 degrees is preferred by perhaps a majority of draftsman. The order and direction of strokes for the capitals of this form will be the same as in the upright form, but these letters are usually not extended." —French, 1911

Inclined Capital Letters

"The single stroke inclined letter made to a slope of between 60 and 70 degrees is preferred by perhaps…

"A block revolved from its first position about an axis perpendicular to H through 45 degrees, then about an axis perpendicular to P through 45 degrees until the cut face MNO is parallel to the vertical plane. To avoid confusion it is well to letter or number the corresponding points as the views are carried along." —French, 1911

Successive Revolutions of Geometric Shapes

"A block revolved from its first position about an axis perpendicular to H through 45 degrees, then…

A child cradle, stroller or baby carrier consists of devices for transporting and carrying infants. A "child carrier" or "baby carrier" is a device used to carry an infant or small child on the body of an adult. Such on-the-body carriers are designed in various forms such as baby slings, backpack carriers, and soft front or hip carriers, with varying materials and degrees of rigidity, decoration, support and confinement of the child.

Multiple Purpose Child Cradle

A child cradle, stroller or baby carrier consists of devices for transporting and carrying infants.…

This is a combination step ladder, clothes rack, and ironing board. A step ladder is hinged in the middle to form an inverted V, with stays to keep the two halves at a fixed angle. A clothes rack refers to a frame upon which clothes are hung after washing to easily let each garment dry. Most ironing is done on an ironing board, a small, portable, foldable table with a heat resistant top. Some commercial-grade ironing boards incorporate a heating element and a pedal-operated vacuum to pull air through the board and dry the garment.

Combination Step Ladder, Clothes Rack, and Ironing Board

This is a combination step ladder, clothes rack, and ironing board. A step ladder is hinged in the middle…

For safety, a rigid ladder should be leaned at an angle of about fifteen degrees to the vertical. In other words, the distance from the foot of the ladder to the wall should be about one quarter of the height of the top of the ladder. At steeper angles, the ladder is at risk of toppling backwards when the climber leans away from it

Four Wheeled Cart Mount for Ariel Ladder

For safety, a rigid ladder should be leaned at an angle of about fifteen degrees to the vertical. In…

A printers quoin is a device for locking up or fastening type in chases or galleys.

Printers Quoin

A printers quoin is a device for locking up or fastening type in chases or galleys.

Bevel, is a and tool consisting of two rules that are hinged together so you can draw or measure angles of any size. A sliding T bevel is an adjustable gauge for setting and transferring angles. The handle is usually made of wood or plastic and is connected to a metal blade with a thumbscrew or wing nut.

Bevel Square

Bevel, is a and tool consisting of two rules that are hinged together so you can draw or measure angles…

An office chair, or desk chair, is a type of chair that is designed for use at a desk in an office. It is generally comfortable and adjustable and can swivel 360 degrees.

Adjustable Office Chair

An office chair, or desk chair, is a type of chair that is designed for use at a desk in an office.…

An illustration of sharpening a pen to equal shape and length using a a stone soaked in oil. The pen is held about 30 degrees, and drawing line back and forth until sharpened to desired shape and length.

Sharpening Pen using Stone

An illustration of sharpening a pen to equal shape and length using a a stone soaked in oil. The pen…

A diagram illustrating the airplane's angle of incidence at axis A, direction of motion and thrust.

Plane Angle of Incidence

A diagram illustrating the airplane's angle of incidence at axis A, direction of motion and thrust.

The diagram illustrating the plane's angle of incidence pointing down at the motion axis. The plan will exert momentum and thrust force from angle of incidence.

Plane Pointing Down Angle of Incidence

The diagram illustrating the plane's angle of incidence pointing down at the motion axis. The plan will…

An airplane flying above the show illustrating the aerodynamics of the plane with the tail wing at the same angle as the main body. This reduces the lift of the plane by decreasing the angle of incidence.

Airplane Flying Above Shore

An airplane flying above the show illustrating the aerodynamics of the plane with the tail wing at the…

A plane flying above land illustrating the use of ailerons to adjust the angle of incidence to adjust the lift. Ailerons are located at the wing tips and controlled by the pilot.

Airplane Flying Above Land

A plane flying above land illustrating the use of ailerons to adjust the angle of incidence to adjust…

A propeller airplane with rudder, elevator, and ailerons. The rudder stabilizes the plane vertical, and elevator adjusts the pressure exerted by the horizontal stabilizer for a downward force.

Airplane Rudder and Elevator

A propeller airplane with rudder, elevator, and ailerons. The rudder stabilizes the plane vertical,…

An illustration of the plane flying over land from point A to B by flying the plane with the direction of the plane. Then, flying to point D by creating a diagonal line at 100 mph onto destination point B.

Aeroplane Flying Over Plane

An illustration of the plane flying over land from point A to B by flying the plane with the direction…

A pilot's cockpit from a propeller aeroplane, or airplane. The diagram illustrates the different parts of the cockpit used to control the plane. The cockpit contains gauges; watch; joystick controlling ailerons and elevators; and wires to adjust wings.

Aeroplane Cockpit

A pilot's cockpit from a propeller aeroplane, or airplane. The diagram illustrates the different parts…

Baby transport, child carrier, stroller, or pram consists of devices used for transporting and carrying infants. A child carrier is a device used to carry an infant or small child on the body of an adult. Such on-the-body carriers are designed in various forms such as baby slings, backpack carriers, and soft front or hip carriers, with varying materials and degrees of rigidity, decoration, support and confinement of the child.

Folding Baby Carriage

Baby transport, child carrier, stroller, or pram consists of devices used for transporting and carrying…

An office chair, or desk chair, is a type of chair that is designed for use at a desk in an office. It is generally comfortable and adjustable and can swivel 360 degrees.

Adjustable Support for School Desks

An office chair, or desk chair, is a type of chair that is designed for use at a desk in an office.…

Illustration of a propeller aeroplane, or airplane, with lower tail in flight.

Aeroplane Low Tail Design

Illustration of a propeller aeroplane, or airplane, with lower tail in flight.